High performance technical textiles

Cover......Page 1
Front page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
List of Contributors......Page 10
 1.2 Application Areas of Technical Textiles......Page 13
 1.3 Technical Textiles by Functional Finishing......Page 14
  1.4.1 Household and Packaging Textiles......Page 15
  1.4.3 Medical Textiles......Page 16
  1.4.5 Personal Protective Clothing......Page 17
  1.4.8 Geotextiles and Environmental Protection Textiles......Page 18
  1.4.10 Building and Construction Textiles......Page 19
  1.4.12 Marine Textiles......Page 20
 1.5 Conclusion......Page 21
 2.2 Textile Materials, Properties, and Manufacturing......Page 23
   2.2.1.1 Types and Properties......Page 24
   2.2.1.2 Manufacturing......Page 26
   2.2.2.1 Types and Properties......Page 28
  2.3.1 Household Textiles......Page 32
  2.3.2 Packaging Textiles......Page 33
  2.4.1 Household Textiles......Page 35
  2.4.2 Packaging Textiles......Page 37
  2.5.1 Household Textiles......Page 38
  2.5.2 Packaging Textiles......Page 42
 References......Page 44
 3.2 Textile Fibres......Page 49
  3.2.1 Natural Fibres......Page 50
  3.2.2 Regenerated Fibres......Page 51
  3.2.3 Synthetic Fibres......Page 52
  3.2.4 Special Fibres......Page 53
 3.3 Developments in Yarns......Page 54
 3.4 Developments in Fabric Structures......Page 55
 3.5 Special Finishes......Page 57
  3.6.2 Desirable Attributes of Functional Sportswear......Page 58
  3.6.4 Requirements for an Active Sportswear......Page 60
  3.6.5 Moisture Management......Page 62
   3.6.6.1 Thermal Insulation......Page 63
   3.6.6.2 Cold Protective Clothing......Page 64
   3.6.6.4 Layered Clothing......Page 65
   3.6.6.5 Comfort......Page 66
  3.6.9 Multiple Criteria Decision Making......Page 67
  3.7.3 Patterning......Page 69
  3.8.1 Wearable Technology......Page 70
 3.9 Testing Methods and Quality Control......Page 73
 References......Page 74
  4.1.1 Medtech Definition......Page 80
 4.2 Textile Materials, Structures, and Processes......Page 81
 4.3 High Performance Applications of Medical Textiles......Page 83
 4.4 Nanotechnology in Medicine and Healthcare......Page 87
  4.4.1 Blood Vessels......Page 89
  4.4.2 Wound Healing......Page 90
  4.4.3 Drug Delivery......Page 91
 4.5 Thermo‐Physiological Comfort of Medical Textiles......Page 92
 4.6 Biocompatibility – Bioresorbability – Biostability......Page 94
 4.7 Intelligent Medical and Healthcare Textiles......Page 96
 4.8 Antimicrobial Textiles......Page 104
 4.9 Testing Methods and Quality Control......Page 106
 4.10 Sustainability and Ecological Aspects......Page 109
 References......Page 111
 5.1 Introduction......Page 117
 5.2 Performance Requirements of Protective Textiles......Page 119
 5.3 High Performance Fibres......Page 120
  5.4.1 Protection Against Cold......Page 125
   5.4.1.1 Feather and Down Fibres......Page 126
   5.4.1.2 Kapok......Page 128
   5.4.1.4 Synthetic Insulative Materials......Page 129
   5.4.1.5 Other Thermal Insulative Materials......Page 130
  5.4.2 Protection Against Mechanical Cut Hazards......Page 131
  5.4.3 Protection Against Flame and Heat [80]......Page 132
  5.5.1 Thermal Burden from Protective Clothing......Page 141
  5.5.2 Materials for Improving Thermo‐Physiological Comfort......Page 143
  5.5.3 Phase Change Materials (PCMs)......Page 144
  5.5.4 Smart Structure for Protection and Thermal Comfort......Page 146
  5.5.5 Active Cooling System for Clothing Comfort......Page 147
  5.6.1 Protective Clothing and Gloves Against Cold......Page 148
  5.6.3 Protective Clothing Against Radiation......Page 149
  5.6.6 Protective Clothing Against Mechanical Hazards......Page 150
  5.6.8 Other Standards......Page 151
 5.8 Conclusion......Page 158
 References......Page 159
 6.1 Introduction......Page 168
 6.2 General Aspects of Textile Based PPC......Page 169
  6.3.1 Natural Fibres......Page 171
  6.3.2 Synthetic Fibres......Page 172
  6.3.3 Dyed Fibres......Page 175
 6.4 Yarns for PPC......Page 176
  6.4.1 Ring‐Spun Yarns......Page 177
   6.4.2.1 Rotor‐Spun Yarn......Page 179
   6.4.2.3 Air‐Jet‐Spun Yarn......Page 180
  6.4.3 Dyed Yarn......Page 181
 6.5 Fabrics for PPC......Page 182
  6.5.2 Knitted Fabrics......Page 183
  6.5.3 Nonwoven Fabrics......Page 184
  6.5.5 Dyed and Printed Fabrics......Page 186
  6.5.6 Finished Fabrics......Page 187
  6.5.7 Fabric Testing......Page 188
 6.6 PPC Fabrication......Page 192
  6.7.1 Development of New High Performance Fabric Materials......Page 196
  6.7.2 Ecologically Sustainable Processing Techniques and Materials......Page 197
 References......Page 198
 7.2 Ballistic and Sharp Weapon Protection......Page 205
  7.2.1 Protective Materials......Page 207
  7.2.2 Test Methods......Page 210
  7.3.2 Mechanisms of Injury......Page 211
 7.4 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN)Protective Clothing......Page 214
 7.6 Conclusion......Page 218
 References......Page 219
 8.1 Introduction......Page 222
  8.2.1 High Performance Synthetic Fibres......Page 223
   8.2.2.2 Pollutant Capture Mechanism of Fibrous Filters......Page 224
   8.2.2.3 Synthetic Polymers for Technical Nanofibres......Page 225
 8.3 Natural Fibres for Technical Applications......Page 226
  8.3.2 Technical Applications of Natural Fibres......Page 227
  8.4.1 Electrospinning for Technical Textiles......Page 228
   8.4.2.1 Fibre Diameter......Page 229
   8.4.3.1 Monofilaments......Page 230
   8.4.3.3 Fibrillated Tape Yarns......Page 231
  8.5.1 Heat‐Setting Process......Page 232
  8.5.4 Calendering Technique......Page 233
 8.6 Textile Reinforced Composite Materials......Page 234
  8.7.2 Needlefelts......Page 235
  8.8.1 General Quality Control Tests......Page 236
   8.8.4.1 Geometrical Characterization......Page 237
   8.8.4.2 Chemical Characterization......Page 238
 8.9 Sustainability and Ecological Aspects......Page 239
 8.10 Conclusion......Page 240
 References......Page 241
 9.1 Introduction......Page 245
 9.2 Structure and Performance......Page 246
 9.3 Fibres for Geotextiles......Page 249
  9.3.1 Natural Fibres......Page 250
  9.3.2 Synthetic Fibres......Page 257
  9.3.3 Nonpolymeric Fibres......Page 259
 9.4 Geotextiles and Soil......Page 260
 9.5 Manufacturing Techniques......Page 266
  9.5.1 Two‐Dimensional Woven Fabric......Page 267
  9.5.2 Triaxial Fabrics......Page 270
  9.5.4 Nonwovens......Page 272
   9.5.4.1 Standard Nonwovens......Page 273
    9.5.4.2.1 Mechanical Fixation of Surfaces of Nonwoven Structures......Page 274
    9.5.4.2.2 Principle of Quasi‐Yarn Formation......Page 275
    9.5.4.2.3 ROTIS Principle of Nonwoven Structures Production......Page 276
 9.6 Sustainability and Ecological Aspects......Page 278
  9.6.2 Environmental Impacts of Geotextiles......Page 279
 9.7 Conclusion......Page 280
 References......Page 281
 10.1 Introduction......Page 285
  10.2.1 Natural Fibres......Page 286
  10.2.3 Biopolymers......Page 288
  10.2.4 Nanofibres......Page 289
 10.3 Textile Structures for Agrotextiles......Page 290
  10.4.1 Nets and Protection Barriers for Crops......Page 291
  10.4.2 Fishing Nets......Page 293
  10.4.5 Crop Covers, Floating Row Covers, Row Covers......Page 297
 10.5 Testing Standards Applicable to Agrotextiles......Page 301
  10.5.1 Mechanical Properties......Page 304
   10.5.1.1 Tensile Strength......Page 307
  10.5.2 Optical and Radiative Properties......Page 310
  10.5.3 Biodegradability......Page 312
  10.5.5 Measurement of Air Permeability......Page 314
  10.5.6 Fabric Weight......Page 316
 10.6 Sustainability and Ecological Aspects......Page 317
 10.7 Conclusion......Page 318
 References......Page 319
 11.1 Introduction......Page 325
 11.2 Architectural Textiles......Page 326
   11.2.1.1 Air Supported Structure......Page 328
  11.2.3 Material Requirements......Page 329
   11.2.3.1 Mechanical Properties......Page 331
   11.2.3.3 Thermal Behaviour......Page 332
 11.3 House Wraps......Page 333
   11.3.1.1 Water Resistance......Page 335
   11.3.1.2 Durability......Page 336
   11.3.1.4 Drainage......Page 337
  11.3.2 House Wrap Materials......Page 339
 11.4 Insulation......Page 340
  11.4.1 Types of Insulating Materials......Page 341
  11.4.3 Fibrous Insulating Materials......Page 342
    11.4.3.1.1 Fibreglass......Page 344
   11.4.3.2 Organic Fibres......Page 345
 11.5 Textile Reinforced Concrete......Page 347
  11.5.1 Requirements for Textile Reinforcement Materials......Page 348
  11.5.2 Types of Reinforcing Fibrous Materials......Page 349
  11.5.3 Applications of Textile Reinforced Concrete......Page 352
 11.6 Sustainability and Ecological Issues......Page 353
 References......Page 355
 12.1 Introduction......Page 359
  12.2.2 Classification of Automotive Textiles......Page 360
  12.3.1 Seat Covers and Upholstery......Page 361
   12.3.1.2 Properties......Page 362
   12.3.1.4 Utility Performance of Seats......Page 363
  12.3.2 Carpets......Page 365
  12.3.3 Roof Headliner......Page 366
   12.3.4.1 Manufacturing Process......Page 367
   12.3.4.2 Seatbelt Material Properties......Page 368
  12.3.5 Airbags......Page 369
   12.3.5.1 Fabrics for Airbags......Page 370
   12.3.5.2 Future Trends......Page 371
  12.3.10 Tyre Cord Fabric......Page 372
  12.3.12 Filters and Engine Compartment Items......Page 373
  12.3.13 Acoustic Textiles......Page 374
 12.4 Textile Composites for Automobiles......Page 375
  12.4.1 Textile Structural Composites......Page 376
  12.4.3 An Engineered Alternative......Page 377
 12.5 3D Fabrics for Automotive Applications......Page 378
  12.5.1 Applications Areas......Page 379
  12.5.2 3D Woven Structures for Reinforcements......Page 380
  12.5.3 Advantages of 3D Woven Preforms......Page 381
 12.6 Comfort Properties of Automotive Interior......Page 382
  12.6.2 Warmth Sensation......Page 383
  12.6.3 Moisture Sensation......Page 384
 12.7 Conclusion......Page 385
 References......Page 386
 13.2 Textiles for Marine Applications......Page 390
   13.2.1.2 Glass Fibre......Page 391
   13.2.1.6 Carbon Fibre......Page 392
   13.2.2.2 Vinyl Ester Resin......Page 393
   13.2.3.1 Balsa......Page 394
   13.2.3.7 FRP Planking......Page 395
   13.2.4.2 Reinforcement Fabric......Page 396
    13.2.4.2.1 Woven Reinforcement Structure......Page 397
    13.2.4.2.3 Omnidirectional Reinforcement Structure......Page 398
  13.3.1 Antifouling......Page 399
  13.3.2 Flame‐Retardant Nature......Page 400
  13.4.1 Furnishing Fabrics......Page 402
  13.4.3 Hovercrafts Skirts......Page 403
  13.4.5 Naval Ships and Submarines......Page 404
  13.4.7 Oil–Water Separation......Page 405
 References......Page 408
 14.1 Introduction......Page 412
 14.2 Synthetic and Nanotechnical Fibres......Page 413
  14.2.1 Carbon Fibre......Page 414
  14.2.3 Glass Fibre......Page 415
  14.2.4 Vectran Fibre......Page 416
  14.2.6 Graphene......Page 417
  14.3.1 Flax......Page 418
  14.3.3 Jute......Page 419
  14.4.1 Spinning......Page 420
  14.4.2 Electrospinning......Page 421
  14.4.4 Three‐Dimensional Weaving......Page 422
  14.4.5 Knitting......Page 423
  14.4.7 Nonwoven/Stitching......Page 424
  14.5.1 Hand Lay‐Up Technique......Page 425
  14.5.2 Vacuum Bagging Technique......Page 426
  14.5.4 Injection Moulding......Page 427
  14.5.5 Autoclave......Page 428
  14.5.6 Pultrusion......Page 429
 14.6 Textile Composite Material Finishing......Page 430
  14.7.2 Textile Composites in the Aerospace Industry......Page 431
   14.7.2.3 Wing......Page 432
 14.8 Testing Methods and Quality Control......Page 433
  14.8.2 Compression Testing......Page 434
  14.8.3 Shear Testing......Page 435
 14.9 Self‐Healing of Composite Materials......Page 436
 14.11 Conclusion......Page 437
 References......Page 438
 15.1 Introduction......Page 443
  15.3.1 Shape Memory Materials......Page 444
  15.3.2 Optical Textiles......Page 445
  15.3.3 Wearable Electronics......Page 447
   15.3.3.1 Piezoelectric Sensors......Page 449
   15.3.3.2 Diapers and Incontinence Products with Sensors......Page 450
  15.3.7 Warfare Protective Clothing......Page 451
  15.3.8 Phase Change Materials......Page 454
  15.3.9 Chromic Textiles......Page 456
 15.4 Application of Smart Textiles......Page 457
   15.4.1.2 On the Patient......Page 459
   15.4.1.3 In the Patient......Page 460
  15.4.2 Healthcare Applications......Page 462
  15.4.3 Sports and Fitness......Page 463
  15.4.5 Conductive Ink on Textiles......Page 464
 15.5 Sustainability and Ecological Aspects......Page 466
 References......Page 468
Index......Page 478