High-Frequency Oscillator Design for Integrated Transceivers

Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
Glossary......Page 18
Abbreviations......Page 24
1.1 History......Page 26
1.2 Application examples......Page 28
1.3 Literature on oscillators......Page 31
1.5 Scope......Page 34
2.1 The ideal oscillator......Page 38
2.2 The non-ideal oscillator......Page 40
2.3 Classification......Page 42
2.4.1 Feedback modeling......Page 46
2.4.2 Negative resistance modeling......Page 54
2.5 Amplitude stabilization and settling time......Page 55
2.5.1 Self-limiting......Page 56
2.5.2 Automatic gain control......Page 59
2.6 Summary......Page 61
3 – Structured design with FOMs......Page 62
3.1 Analog circuit design......Page 63
3.1.1 Functional specifications and design resources......Page 64
3.1.2 Design phases......Page 65
3.1.3 Design heuristics......Page 67
3.2 Structured and automated design methods......Page 69
3.2.1 Trial-and-error......Page 70
3.2.2 Optimization tools......Page 71
3.2.3 Expert systems and synthesis environments......Page 72
3.3 FOM-based structured design......Page 74
3.3.1 Structured design requirements......Page 75
3.3.2 Figures of merit......Page 76
3.4.1 System level modeling......Page 83
3.4.2 Behavioral level modeling......Page 86
3.4.3 Circuit level modeling......Page 88
3.5 Summary......Page 89
4.1 Nominal specifications versus design specifications......Page 92
4.2 Frequency and tuning range......Page 93
4.2.1 Tuning constant and linearity......Page 95
4.3 Phase noise to carrier ratio......Page 96
4.3.1 Reciprocal mixing......Page 99
4.3.2 Signal to noise degradation of FM signals......Page 100
4.3.3 Spurious emission......Page 101
4.4 Jitter......Page 102
4.5 Waveform......Page 104
4.6 Carrier amplitude and power......Page 105
4.7 Phase and amplitude matching......Page 106
4.9 Supply pushing......Page 108
4.10 Voltage, temperature and process variation......Page 109
4.10.3 Process spread......Page 110
4.12 Summary......Page 111
5 – Elementary properties......Page 114
5.1.1 LC oscillators......Page 115
5.1.2 Ring oscillators......Page 120
5.2 Tuning......Page 123
5.2.1 LC oscillators......Page 124
5.3 Waveform......Page 126
5.3.1 LC oscillators......Page 127
5.3.2 Ring oscillators......Page 131
5.5 Summary......Page 133
6 – Practical properties......Page 136
6.1.1 Single-phase LC oscillators......Page 138
6.1.2 Multi-phase LC oscillators......Page 143
6.1.3 The two-integrator oscillator......Page 148
6.1.4 N-stage ring oscillators......Page 153
6.2 Tuning......Page 157
6.2.1 LC oscillators......Page 158
6.2.2 Ring oscillators......Page 177
6.3 L(f[sub(m)]): linear time-invariant modeling......Page 180
6.3.1 LC oscillators......Page 181
6.3.2 Ring oscillators......Page 190
6.4 L(f[sub(m)]): linear time-variant and nonlinear modeling......Page 194
6.4.1 Qualitative analysis......Page 195
6.4.2 Quantitative analysis......Page 198
6.5 Waveform......Page 202
6.6 Carrier amplitude and power......Page 203
6.7 Power dissipation and supply voltage......Page 206
6.8 Summary......Page 207
7 – Figures of merit......Page 210
7.1 Design FOMs......Page 211
7.1.1 Frequency design FOMs......Page 212
7.1.3 L(f[sub(m)]) design FOMs......Page 213
7.2 Benchmark FOMs......Page 215
7.2.2 Normalized phase noise......Page 216
7.2.3 Oscillator design efficiency......Page 218
7.3 Summary......Page 224
8 – AC phase noise simulation tool......Page 226
8.1.1 Introduction......Page 227
8.1.2 ACPN simulation principle......Page 228
8.2 ACPN simulation flow......Page 232
8.3 Simulation example I: verification of L[sub(bipo)](f[sub(m)])......Page 233
8.4 Simulation example II: L(f[sub(m)]) of a SOA LC oscillator......Page 236
8.5 Summary......Page 238
9 – Design examples......Page 240
9.1.1 Specifications......Page 241
9.1.2 SOA technology......Page 242
9.1.3 Oscillator design......Page 244
9.1.4 Experimental results......Page 247
9.1.5 Benchmarking......Page 248
9.1.6 Conclusion......Page 249
9.2 A 0.9–2.2 GHz two-integrator VCO for Sat-TV......Page 250
9.2.1 Specifications......Page 252
9.2.2 Oscillator design......Page 253
9.2.3 Experimental results......Page 255
9.3.1 Specifications......Page 258
9.3.2 Resonator design......Page 259
9.3.3 Active oscillator design......Page 262
9.3.4 Experimental results......Page 263
9.3.6 Conclusion......Page 266
9.4 A 10 GHz I/Q ring VCO for optical receivers......Page 267
9.4.1 Specifications......Page 268
9.4.2 Two-stage ring oscillator topologies......Page 269
9.4.4 Adding buffered outputs......Page 272
9.4.5 Experimental results......Page 274
9.4.6 Benchmarking......Page 276
9.4.7 Conclusion......Page 277
A – Resonator quality factor......Page 280
B – Behavioral modeling building blocks......Page 282
C.1 DC transfer characteristics of a MOS differential pair......Page 286
C.2 DC transfer characteristics of a bipolar differential pair......Page 287
C.3 Graphical example......Page 288
D – I/Q signal generation implementations......Page 290
E – The frequency of a ring oscillator......Page 292
F.1 Generic transistor model......Page 296
F.2 Bipolar and MOS parameter values......Page 297
G – Overview of LC oscillator designs......Page 300
H – Overview of ring oscillator designs......Page 304
I.1 Single-phase LC oscillators......Page 306
I.2 Multi-phase LC oscillators......Page 308
J.1 The two-integrator oscillator......Page 312
J.2 N-stage ring oscillators......Page 314
References......Page 316
Literature on LC oscillator designs......Page 330
Literature on ring oscillator designs......Page 334
About the Authors......Page 336
C......Page 338
I......Page 339
M......Page 340
P......Page 341
R......Page 342
T......Page 343
W......Page 344