High-Energy Spectroscopic Astrophysics: Saas-Fee Advanced Course 30 2000. Swiss Society for Astrophysics and Astronomy

3540405011......Page 1
Contents......Page 8
1 Introduction......Page 14
1.1 The Role of X-Ray Spectroscopy in Astrophysics......Page 15
1.2 Characteristics of Cosmic X-ray Sources......Page 16
2.1 Introduction......Page 20
2.2 Overview of the Classical Equations......Page 21
2.3 Electromagnetic Waves......Page 22
2.4 The Classical Multipole Expansion......Page 23
2.5 The Classical Oscillator......Page 26
2.6 Quantum Radiation Theory – Overview......Page 28
2.7 The Radiation Hamiltonian......Page 30
2.8 Bound-Free Absorption (Photoionization)......Page 31
2.9 Bound-Bound Transitions......Page 32
2.10 The Quantum Multipole Expansion......Page 33
2.11 Spontaneous Emission......Page 34
3.1 Introduction......Page 35
3.2 Hydrogen-like Ions......Page 36
3.3 Scaling with Nuclear Charge......Page 39
3.4 Relativistic Corrections......Page 41
3.5 The Central Field Approximation and Quantum Indistinguishability......Page 42
3.6 Electron Exchange – Helium-like Atoms......Page 44
3.7 Approximation Techniques for Multi-Electron Atoms......Page 46
3.8 LS, jj and Intermediate Coupling......Page 48
3.9 Spectroscopic Notation and Ground-State Configurations......Page 49
3.11 Selection Rules for Radiative Transitions......Page 51
4.1 Overview......Page 52
4.2 Collisional Excitation – Scattering Theory......Page 55
4.3 Collisional Excitation – Classical Estimate......Page 58
4.4 Collisional Ionization......Page 60
4.5 Radiative Recombination......Page 62
4.6 Dielectronic Recombination and Autoionization......Page 64
5 Types of Equilibria......Page 68
5.1 Properties of LTE......Page 69
5.2 Coronal Equilibrium......Page 71
5.3 X-Ray Photoionization Equilibrium......Page 73
5.4 Thermal Instability in Photoionized Plasmas......Page 78
6 Discrete Line Diagnostics......Page 81
6.1 Lyman Series Transitions in H-like Ions......Page 82
6.2 He-like Transitions......Page 85
6.3 Iron L-Shell Transitions......Page 86
6.4 The Iron K-Shell Complex......Page 89
7 Concluding Remarks......Page 91
References......Page 92
1 Introduction......Page 94
1.1 The Instrumental Development of Gamma-Ray Astrophysics......Page 95
1.2 From Gamma-Ray Astronomy to Nuclear Astrophysics......Page 102
1.3 Requirements on Instruments for Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy......Page 107
2 Interaction of High Energy Photons with Matter......Page 109
2.1 Photoelectric Effect......Page 113
2.2 Scattering from Free Electrons......Page 114
2.3 Scattering from Bound Electrons......Page 116
2.4 Optical Properties of Materials: Reflection and Refraction......Page 123
2.5 Pair Production......Page 125
2.6 The Spectral Signatures of Energy Loss Processes......Page 128
2.7 Characterizing the Detector Response......Page 130
3 Detectors......Page 132
3.1 Gas-filled Detectors......Page 133
3.2 Scintillators......Page 144
3.3 Semiconductor Detectors......Page 154
4.1 Geometric Optics: Modulating Aperture Systems......Page 160
4.2 Quantum Optics: Compton Telescopes......Page 179
4.3 Wave Optics: Focusing Telescopes......Page 191
References......Page 204
Hard X-Ray and Gamma Ray Spectroscopy......Page 210
1.1 Photon Frequency Shift upon Scattering from a Free Electron......Page 211
1.2 Scattering Cross Section......Page 212
1.3 Radiation Force......Page 215
1.4 Energy Exchange Between Plasma and Radiation......Page 220
2 Comptonization in Infinite Homogeneous Media......Page 223
2.1 Analytic Approximations for the Compton Scattering Kernel......Page 224
2.2 Kompaneets Equation......Page 228
2.4 Analytic Results for the Homogeneous Problem......Page 232
2.5 Induced Compton Scattering......Page 234
2.6 Photon Production Mechanisms......Page 239
3 Comptonization in Bounded Plasma Clouds......Page 245
3.2 Distribution of Photons over the Escape Time......Page 246
3.3 Solution of the Stationary Equation of Comptonization......Page 248
3.4 Solution by the Convolution Method......Page 250
3.5 Double Compton Effect as Source of Low Frequency Photons......Page 252
3.6 Monte Carlo Calculations of Comptonization Spectra......Page 253
3.7 Bulk Comptonization......Page 254
4 Interaction of X-Rays with Partially Ionized Media......Page 260
4.1 X-Ray Reflection......Page 261
4.2 Scattering of X-Ray Lines on Neutral Hydrogen and Helium......Page 267
5 6.4-keV Fluorescent Emission from Molecular Clouds in the Galactic Center......Page 275
5.1 Surface Brightness Distribution of the Neutral and Ionized Iron Line Emission......Page 276
5.2 Sgr B2 Giant Molecular Cloud......Page 277
5.3 X-Ray Archaeology: Activity of Sgr A* in the Recent Past......Page 279
6 X-Ray Emission from Supernova 1987A......Page 280
6.1 Analytic Solution of the Problem......Page 281
7.1 Introduction......Page 283
7.2 Efficiency of Accretion onto a Rapidly Rotating Neutron Star......Page 285
7.3 Structure of the Boundary Layer......Page 286
7.4 Time Variability in the Accretion Disk and in the Boundary Layer......Page 288
References......Page 289
B......Page 295
C......Page 296
D......Page 297
E......Page 298
H......Page 299
M......Page 300
P......Page 301
R......Page 302
S......Page 303
W......Page 304
Z......Page 305