High energy cosmic rays

10.1007/978-3-540-85148-6......Page 1
High Energy Cosmic Rays......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Preface to the second edition......Page 6
Preface to the first edition......Page 7
Table of Contents......Page 8
1.1 Where does the cosmic ray field belong?......Page 12
1.2 Is progress in the cosmic ray field slow?......Page 18
1.3 Main topics for future research......Page 20
1.4 How this book is organized......Page 22
Part I > The Standard Model of Cosmic Rays\r......Page 25
2.1 Components and structure of matter......Page 26
2.1.2 Units of energy and interaction strength......Page 28
2.2.1 Coulomb scattering......Page 29
2.2.2 Ionization loss......Page 30
2.2.3 Cherenkov light......Page 31
2.2.4 Compton scattering......Page 32
2.2.5 Bremsstrahlung......Page 33
2.2.6 Creation of electron–positron pairs......Page 36
2.3.1 Synchrotron radiation......Page 37
2.3.2 Inverse Compton effect......Page 39
2.4 Inelastic hadronic interactions below 1,000 GeV......Page 40
2.4.1 Secondary particles spectra, average multiplicity and inelasticity......Page 43
2.4.2 Kinematic variables and invariant cross-section......Page 47
2.5 Nuclear fragmentation......Page 48
3.1 Stellar energetics. The pp chain......Page 51
3.1.1 Solar neutrinos......Page 53
3.1.2 Stellar evolution......Page 59
3.1.3 Supernova explosions......Page 62
3.1.4 Supernova neutrinos......Page 63
3.1.5 Supernova remnants......Page 67
3.2.1 Stochastic acceleration of charged particles......Page 70
3.2.2 Particle acceleration at astrophysical shocks......Page 73
3.2.3 Acceleration with energy loss......Page 78
4 Cosmic rays in the Galaxy......Page 80
4.1 Interstellar matter and magnetic field......Page 81
4.2 Basic principles of the propagation......Page 85
4.2.1 Particle diffusion......Page 86
4.3 Formation of the chemical composition......Page 88
4.4 Diffuse galactic gamma rays......Page 92
4.4.1 Relative importance of γ-ray production processes......Page 93
4.4.2 More exact γ-ray yields......Page 94
4.4.3 Energy spectrum of γ-rays from the central Galaxy......Page 95
5 Cosmic rays at the top of the atmosphere......Page 98
5.1 Cosmic ray detectors......Page 99
5.2 Solar modulation......Page 103
5.3 Geomagnetic field effects......Page 106
5.4 Cosmic ray spectra and composition......Page 109
5.4.1 Energy spectra of different cosmic ray components......Page 114
5.4.2 Electron spectrum......Page 123
5.4.3 Antiprotons......Page 126
6 Cosmic rays in the atmosphere......Page 128
6.1 Atmospheric structure......Page 129
6.2 Analytic approximations......Page 131
6.2.1 Muons from meson decay......Page 133
6.3 Muon fluxes in the atmosphere......Page 135
6.3.1 Experimental results on atmospheric muons......Page 136
7 Cosmic rays underground......Page 144
7.1 High energy muons underground......Page 145
7.2 Atmospheric neutrinos......Page 153
7.2.1 Upward-going muons......Page 158
7.2.2 Flux calculations......Page 162
7.2.3 Experimental data......Page 166
7.3 Neutrino oscillations......Page 169
7.3.1 Matter effects......Page 171
7.3.2 Oscillation parameters......Page 172
Part II > Contemporary Challenges\r......Page 179
8 Cosmic ray showers......Page 180
8.1 Electromagnetic cascades......Page 181
8.1.1 Electromagnetic cascade theory......Page 182
8.1.2 Monte Carlo calculations......Page 186
8.2 Hadronic showers......Page 190
8.2.1 Air shower detection......Page 197
8.2.2 Reconstruction of the shower parameters from the observations......Page 199
8.3 Extension of the hadronic interaction models......Page 210
8.3.1 The minijet model......Page 211
8.3.2 Monte Carlo realization of QCD models......Page 213
8.3.3 Contemporary models used for the analysis of air shower data......Page 216
8.4 Energy spectrum and composition at the knee......Page 219
9 The end of the cosmic ray spectrum......Page 227
9.1 Cosmic microwave background......Page 228
9.2 UHECR interactions on the microwave background......Page 229
9.2.1 Propagation of UHE protons in the Universe......Page 233
9.2.2 Propagation of UHE nuclei......Page 237
9.3.1 Giant air shower detectors......Page 239
9.3.2 Spectrum and composition of UHECR......Page 243
9.3.3 Possible astrophysical sources of UHECR......Page 249
9.3.4 Exotic models......Page 253
9.4 UHECR astronomy......Page 257
9.4.1 Arrival directions of UHECR......Page 258
9.4.2 UHECR and the cosmic magnetic fields......Page 262
9.5 Current status of the field......Page 266
9.6 Future detectors......Page 268
10 High energy neutrino and gamma-ray astronomy......Page 272
10.1 The neutrino cross-section at very high energy......Page 274
10.2.1 Satellite gamma-ray telescopes......Page 275
10.2.2 Ground-based gamma-ray telescopes......Page 276
10.3 Galactic gamma-ray and neutrino fluxes......Page 279
10.3.1 Galactic binary systems – Cygnus X-3 tales......Page 280
10.3.2 Supernova remnants......Page 282
10.3.3 Observational constraints......Page 283
10.4 Extragalactic sources......Page 287
10.4.1 Observations of GeV and TeV gamma-rays from extragalactic sources......Page 288
10.4.2 Models of gamma-ray production in AGN......Page 290
10.4.3 Models of neutrino production in AGN......Page 294
10.4.4 Neutrino production in GRB......Page 296
10.4.5 Diffuse extragalactic neutrinos......Page 297
10.4.6 Summary of the expected neutrino fluxes......Page 298
10.5 Neutrinos and UHE cosmic rays......Page 301
10.5.1 Neutrinos from propagation of ultra high energy cosmic rays......Page 303
10.6 Detection of high energy astrophysical neutrinos......Page 306
10.6.1 Detection of neutrino-induced showers......Page 307
10.6.2 Neutrino oscillations and neutrino telescopes......Page 310
10.6.3 Neutrino telescopes......Page 311
back-matter......Page 317
A.3 Properties of particles discussed in the book......Page 318
References......Page 320
Index......Page 331