High Energy Cosmic Rays

Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Contents
1 Overview
	1.1 Where Does the Cosmic Ray Field Belong?
	1.2 Is Progress in the Cosmic Ray Field Slow?
	1.3 Main Topics for Future Research
	1.4 How this Book is Organized
	References
Part I The Standard Model of Cosmic Rays
	2 Cosmic Ray Interactions
		2.1 Components and Structure of Matter
			2.1.1 Strong, Electromagnetic and Weak Interactions
			2.1.2 Units of Energy and Interaction Strength
		2.2 Electromagnetic Processes in Matter
			2.2.1 Coulomb Scattering
			2.2.2 Ionization Loss
			2.2.3 Cherenkov Light
			2.2.4 Compton Scattering
			2.2.5 Bremsstrahlung
			2.2.6 Creation of Electron–Positron Pairs
		2.3 Electromagnetic Collisions on Magnetic and Photon Fields
			2.3.1 Synchrotron Radiation
			2.3.2 Inverse Compton Effect
		2.4 Inelastic Hadronic Interactions Below 1000GeV
			2.4.1 Secondary Particles Spectra, Average Multiplicity and Inelasticity
			2.4.2 Kinematic Variables and Invariant Cross-Section
		2.5 Nuclear Fragmentation
		References
	3 The Birth of Cosmic Rays
		3.1 Stellar Energetics: The pp Chain
			3.1.1 Solar Neutrinos
				3.1.1.1 Solar Neutrino Results
			3.1.2 Stellar Evolution
			3.1.3 Supernova Explosions
			3.1.4 Supernova Neutrinos
				3.1.4.1 The Neutrinos from SN1987a
			3.1.5 Supernova Remnants
		3.2 Acceleration of Cosmic Rays
			3.2.1 Stochastic Acceleration of Charged Particles
			3.2.2 Particle Acceleration at Astrophysical Shocks
				3.2.2.1 Some Additional Considerations
			3.2.3 Acceleration with Energy Loss
		References
	4 Cosmic Rays in the Galaxy
		4.1 Interstellar Matter and Magnetic Field
		4.2 Basic Principles of the Propagation
			4.2.1 Particle Diffusion
		4.3 Formation of the Chemical Composition
		4.4 Diffuse Galactic Gamma Rays
			4.4.1 Relative Importance of γ-ray Production Processes
			4.4.2 More Exact γ-ray Yields
			4.4.3 Energy Spectrum of γ-rays from the Central Galaxy
		References
	5 Cosmic Rays at the Top of the Atmosphere
		5.1 Cosmic Ray Detectors
		5.2 Solar Modulation
		5.3 Geomagnetic Field Effects
		5.4 Cosmic Ray Spectra and Composition
			5.4.1 Energy Spectra of Different Cosmic Ray Components
				5.4.1.1 Hydrogen and Helium Fluxes
				5.4.1.2 Heavier Nuclei
				5.4.1.3 Nucleon Fluxes
			5.4.2 Electron Spectrum
			5.4.3 Antiprotons
		References
	6 Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere
		6.1 Atmospheric Structure
		6.2 Analytic Approximations
			6.2.1 Muons from Meson Decay
		6.3 Muon Fluxes in the Atmosphere
			6.3.1 Experimental Results on Atmospheric Muons
				6.3.1.1 Muon Flux Calculations
		References
	7 Cosmic Rays Underground
		7.1 High Energy Muons Underground
		7.2 Atmospheric Neutrinos
			7.2.1 Upward-Going Muons
				7.2.1.1 Neutrino Cross-Sections
			7.2.2 Flux Calculations
			7.2.3 Experimental Data
		7.3 Neutrino Oscillations
			7.3.1 Matter Effects
			7.3.2 Oscillation Parameters
		References
Part II Contemporary Challenges
	8 Cosmic Ray Showers
		8.1 Electromagnetic Cascades
			8.1.1 Electromagnetic Cascade Theory
			8.1.2 Monte Carlo Calculations
		8.2 Hadronic Showers
			8.2.1 Air Shower Detection
			8.2.2 Reconstruction of the Shower Parameters from the Observations
				8.2.2.1 Shower Arrays
				8.2.2.2 Cherenkov Detectors
				8.2.2.3 Fluorescent Detectors
				8.2.2.4 Radio Detection of EAS
		8.3 Extension of the Hadronic Interaction Models
			8.3.1 The Minijet Model
			8.3.2 Monte Carlo Realization of QCD Models
			8.3.3 Contemporary Models Used for the Analysis of Air Shower Data
			8.3.4 Energy Spectrum and Compositions at the Knee
		References
	9 The End of the Cosmic Ray Spectrum
		9.1 Cosmic Microwave Background
		9.2 UHECR Interactions on the Microwave Background
			9.2.1 Propagation of UHE Protons in the Universe
			9.2.2 Propagation of UHE Nuclei
		9.3 Experimental Results and Implications
			9.3.1 Giant Air Shower Detectors
			9.3.2 Spectrum and Composition of UHECR
			9.3.3 Interaction Cross Section
			9.3.4 Possible Astrophysical Sources of UHECR
			9.3.5 Exotic Models
		9.4 UHECR Astronomy
			9.4.1 Arrival Directions of UHECR
			9.4.2 UHECR and the Cosmic Magnetic Fields
		9.5 Current Status of the Field
		9.6 Future Detectors
		References
	10 High Energy Neutrino and Gamma-Ray Astronomy
		10.1 The Neutrino Cross-Section at Very High Energy
		10.2 Gamma-Ray Telescopes
			10.2.1 Satellite Gamma-Ray Telescopes
			10.2.2 Ground-Based Gamma-Ray Telescopes
		10.3 Galactic Gamma-Ray and Neutrino Fluxes
			10.3.1 Galactic Binary Systems: Cygnus X-3 Tales
			10.3.2 Supernova Remnants
			10.3.3 Observational Constraints
		10.4 Extragalactic Sources
			10.4.1 Observations of GeV and TeV Gamma-Rays from Extragalactic Sources
			10.4.2 Models of Gamma-Ray Production in AGN
			10.4.3 Models of Neutrino Production in AGN
			10.4.4 Neutrino Production in GRB
			10.4.5 Diffuse Extragalactic Neutrinos
			10.4.6 Summary of the Expected Neutrino Fluxes
		10.5 Neutrinos and UHE Cosmic Rays
			10.5.1 Neutrinos from Propagation of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays
			10.5.2 Multi-Messenger Astrophysics
		10.6 Detection of High Energy Astrophysical Neutrinos
			10.6.1 Detection of Neutrino-Induced Showers
			10.6.2 Neutrino Oscillations and Neutrino Telescopes
			10.6.3 Neutrino Telescopes
			10.6.4 IceCube
			10.6.5 A New Generation of Neutrino Telescopes
		References
Appendix
	A.1 Physical Constants
	A.2 Astrophysical Constants
	A.3 Properties of Particles Discussed in the Book
Further Reading
Index