Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity (Helix Books)

Cover......Page 1
The Ulam Lecture Series......Page 6
Contents......Page 14
Preface......Page 18
1. Basic Elements......Page 24
Objectives......Page 28
Agents, Meta-Agents, and Adaptation......Page 29
Aggregation (property)......Page 33
Tagging (mechanism)......Page 35
Nonlinearity (property)......Page 38
Flows (property)......Page 46
Diversity (property)......Page 50
Internal Models (mechanism)......Page 54
Building Blocks (mechanism)......Page 57
Where Next?......Page 60
2. Adaptive Agents......Page 64
A Performance System......Page 66
Input / Output......Page 67
Processing and Syntax......Page 68
Simultaneous Activity - Parallelism......Page 73
Adaptation - By Credit Assignment......Page 76
Internal Models......Page 80
Adaptation - By Rule Discovery......Page 83
Schemata......Page 85
Crossing Over and the Fitness of Schemata......Page 88
Genetic Algorithms......Page 92
Effects of Crossover......Page 95
Effects of Mutation......Page 99
Combined Effects......Page 101
An Example: An Adaptive Agent for the Prisoner's Dilemma......Page 103
Adaptive Agents and Economics......Page 107
Recapitulation......Page 110
Onward......Page 113
3. Echoing Emergence......Page 116
Organizing Cas Data......Page 118
The Criteria for Echo......Page 121
Model 1: Offense, Defense, and a Reservoir......Page 124
Extending the Basic Model......Page 130
Model 2: Conditional Exchange......Page 134
Model 3: Resource Transformation......Page 136
Model 4: Adhesion......Page 138
Boundaries......Page 140
Options and Tests......Page 144
Model 5: Selective Mating......Page 145
Model 6: Conditional Replication......Page 146
Multiagents and Agent-Compartments......Page 149
Conditional Replication of Agent-Compartments......Page 151
Multiagent Interaction......Page 153
Distinguishing Multiagents from Other Aggregates......Page 155
Summarizing......Page 157
What Has Been Left Out?......Page 159
A Scenario for the Emergence of Organization......Page 164
The Nature of Simulation......Page 167
Exchange Contacts......Page 171
Mating Contacts......Page 172
A Flow Diagram......Page 174
Tests: A Population-Based Prisoner's Dilemma......Page 175
Future Uses......Page 178
Flight Simulators......Page 179
How Far Have We Come?......Page 181
5. Toward Theory......Page 184
The Separation between Observation and Theory......Page 185
Two-Tiered Models......Page 186
The Lower Tier......Page 187
The Upper Tier......Page 189
A Theory of Two Tiers......Page 190
A Broader View......Page 192
Bibliography......Page 196
Index......Page 200