Herbal Treatment of Anxiety: Clinical Studies in Western, Chinese and Ayurvedic Traditions

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Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 What Is Anxiety?
	References
Chapter 2 Non-Pharmacological Treatments of Anxiety
	References
Chapter 3 The Neurobiology of Anxiety
	3.1 Brain Circuitry of Anxiety
	3.2 Neurochemistry
		3.2.1 Gamma Amino Butyric Acid
		3.2.2 Glutamate
		3.2.3 Monoamines
		3.2.4 Acetylcholine
		3.2.5 Endocannabinoids
		3.2.6 Endorphins
		3.2.7 Histamine
		3.2.8 Glycine
	3.3 Stress
	3.4 Inflammation
	3.5 Metabolic Syndrome
	3.6 Summary
	References
Chapter 4 Medications Commonly Used to Treat Anxiety
	4.1 Benzodiazepines
	4.2 Buspirone
	4.3 Antidepressants
	4.4 Gabapentin
	4.5 Pregabalin
	4.6 Hydroxyzine
	4.7 Propranolol
	4.8 Clonidine
	4.9 Neurosteroids
	4.10 Mechanisms of Anxiolytic Drug Action
	References
Chapter 5 Anxiolytic Phytochemicals
	5.1 Flavonoids
	5.2 Terpenes
	5.3 Alkaloids
	5.4 Phytochemicals That Relieve Anxiety
		5.4.1 Amentoflavone
		5.4.2 Apigenin
		5.4.3 Baicalein
		5.4.4 β-Caryophyllene
		5.4.5 Bisabolol
		5.4.6 Caffeic Acid
		5.4.7 3-Carene
		5.4.8 Carvacrol
		5.4.9 Chrysin
		5.4.10 7,8,Dihydroxyflavone
		5.4.11 Ellagic Acid
		5.4.12 Epigallocatechin Gallate
		5.4.13 Eugenol
		5.4.14 Ferulic Acid
		5.4.15 Hispidulin
		5.4.16 Hyperoside
		5.4.17 Icariin
		5.4.18 Isopulegol
		5.4.19 Kaempferol
		5.4.20 Limonene
		5.4.21 Linalool
		5.4.22 Luteolin
		5.4.23 Menthol
		5.4.24 Mangiferin
		5.4.25 Myricetin
		5.4.26 Naringin
		5.4.27 Nerolidol
		5.4.28 Nobiletin
		5.4.29 Pinene
		5.4.30 Resveratrol
		5.4.31 Quercetin
		5.4.32 Rosmarinic Acid
		5.4.33 Ursolic Acid
		5.4.34 Wogonin
	References
Chapter 6 Herbal Treatment of Anxiety
	6.1 Acorus calamus
		6.1.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.1.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.1.3 Dosage
		6.1.4 Toxicity
		6.1.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.1.6 Drug Interaction
	6.2 Avena sativa
		6.2.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.2.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.2.3 Dosage
		6.2.4 Toxicity
		6.2.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.2.6 Drug Interactions
	6.3 Bacopa monnieri
		6.3.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.3.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.3.3 Dosage
		6.3.4 Toxicity
		6.3.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.3.6 Drug Interactions
	6.4 Camellia sinensis
		6.4.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.4.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.4.3 Dosage
		6.4.4 Toxicity
		6.4.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.4.6 Drug Interactions
	6.5 Cannabis sativa
		6.5.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.5.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.5.3 Dosage
		6.5.4 Toxicity
		6.5.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.5.6 Drug Interactions
	6.6 Centella asiatica
		6.6.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.6.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.6.3 Dosage
		6.6.4 Toxicity
		6.6.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.6.6 Drug Interactions
	6.7 Cinnamomum spp
		6.7.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.7.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.7.3 Dosage
		6.7.4 Toxicity
		6.7.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.7.6 Drug Interactions
	6.8 Citrus aurantium
		6.8.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.8.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.8.3 Dosage
		6.8.4 Toxicity
		6.8.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.8.6 Drug Interaction
	6.9 Convolvulus pluricaulis
		6.9.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.9.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.9.3 Dosage
		6.9.4 Toxicity
		6.9.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.9.6 Drug Interaction
	6.10 Crocus sativus
		6.10.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.10.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.10.3 Dosage
		6.10.4 Toxicity
		6.10.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.10.6 Drug Interactions
	6.11 Curcuma longa
		6.11.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.11.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.11.3 Dosage
		6.11.4 Toxicity
		6.11.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.11.6 Drug Interactions
	6.12 Echinacea angustifolia
		6.12.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.12.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.12.3 Dosage
		6.12.4 Toxicity
		6.12.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.12.6 Drug Interaction
	6.13 Echium amoenum
		6.13.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.13.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.13.3 Dosage
		6.13.4 Toxicity
		6.13.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.13.6 Drug Interactions
	6.14 Eleutherococcus senticosus
		6.14.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.14.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.14.3 Dosage
		6.14.4 Toxicity
		6.14.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.14.6 Drug Interactions
	6.15 Eschscholzia californica
		6.15.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.15.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.15.3 Dosage
		6.15.4 Toxicity
		6.15.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.15.6 Drug Interaction
	6.16 Euphytose
		6.16.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.16.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.16.3 Dosage
		6.16.4 Toxicity
		6.16.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.16.6 Drug Interactions
	6.17 Evolvulus alsinoides
		6.17.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.17.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.17.3 Dosage
		6.17.4 Toxicity
		6.17.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.17.6 Drug Interaction
	6.18 Foeniculum vulgare
		6.18.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.18.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.18.3 Dosage
		6.18.4 Toxicity
		6.18.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.18.6 Drug Interactions
	6.19 Galphimia glauca
		6.19.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.19.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.19.3 Dosage
		6.19.4 Toxicity
		6.19.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.19.6 Drug Interaction
	6.20 Ganoderma lucidum
		6.20.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.20.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.20.3 Dosage
		6.20.4 Toxicity
		6.20.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.20.6 Drug Interaction
	6.21 Ginkgo biloba
		6.21.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.21.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.21.3 Dosage
		6.21.4 Toxicity
		6.21.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.21.6 Drug Interactions
	6.22 Humulus lupulus
		6.22.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.22.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.22.3 Dosage
		6.22.4 Toxicity
		6.22.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.22.6 Drug Interactions
	6.23 Hypericum perforatum
		6.23.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.23.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.23.3 Dosage
		6.23.4 Toxicity
		6.23.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.23.6 Drug Interactions
	6.24 Lavandula angustifolia
		6.24.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.24.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.24.3 Dosage
		6.24.4 Toxicity
		6.24.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.24.6 Drug Interactions
	6.25 Leonurus cardiaca
		6.25.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.25.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.25.3 Dosage
		6.25.4 Toxicity
		6.25.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.25.6 Drug Interaction
	6.26 Lepidium meyenii
		6.26.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.26.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.26.3 Dosage
		6.26.4 Toxicity
		6.26.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.26.6 Drug Interaction
	6.27 Lilium brownii
		6.27.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.27.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.27.3 Dosage
		6.27.4 Toxicity
		6.27.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.27.6 Drug Interaction
	6.28 Lippia citriodora
		6.28.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.28.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.28.3 Dosage
		6.28.4 Toxicity
		6.28.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.28.6 Drug Interactions
	6.29 Magnolia officinalis
		6.29.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.29.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.29.3 Dosage
		6.29.4 Toxicity
		6.29.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.29.6 Drug Interactions
	6.30 Matricaria recutita
		6.30.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.30.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.30.3 Dosage
		6.30.4 Toxicity
		6.30.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.30.6 Drug Interaction
	6.31 Melissa officinalis
		6.31.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.31.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.31.3 Dosage
		6.31.4 Toxicity
		6.31.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.31.6 Drug Interactions
	6.32 Mentha piperita
		6.32.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.32.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.32.3 Dosage
		6.32.4 Toxicity
		6.32.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.32.6 Drug Interaction
	6.33 Nardostachys jatamansi
		6.33.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.33.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.33.3 Dosage
		6.33.4 Toxicity
		6.33.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.33.6 Drug Interaction
	6.34 Ocimum sanctum
		6.34.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.34.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.34.3 Dosage
		6.34.4 Toxicity
		6.34.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.34.6 Drug Interactions
	6.35 Panax ginseng
		6.35.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.35.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.35.3 Dosage
		6.35.4 Toxicity
		6.35.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.35.6 Drug Interactions
	6.36 Passiflora incarnata
		6.36.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.36.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.36.3 Dosage
		6.36.4 Toxicity
		6.36.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.36.6 Drug Interactions
	6.37 Piper methysticum
		6.37.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.37.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.37.3 Dosage
		6.37.4 Toxicity
		6.37.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.37.6 Drug Interactions
	6.38 Poria cocos
		6.38.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.38.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.38.3 Dosage
		6.38.4 Toxicity
		6.38.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.38.6 Drug Interactions
	6.39 Psilocybe spp
		6.39.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.39.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.39.3 Dosage
		6.39.4 Toxicity
		6.39.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.39.6 Drug Interaction
	6.40 Rhodiola rosea
		6.40.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.40.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.40.3 Dosage
		6.40.4 Toxicity
		6.40.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.40.6 Drug Interactions
	6.41 Rosmarinus officinalis
		6.41.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.41.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.41.3 Dosage
		6.41.4 Toxicity
		6.41.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.41.6 Drug Interactions
	6.42 Salvia officinalis
		6.42.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.42.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.42.3 Dosage
		6.42.4 Toxicity
		6.42.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.42.6 Drug Interaction
	6.43 Schisandra chinensis
		6.43.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.43.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.43.3 Dosage
		6.43.4 Toxicity
		6.43.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.43.6 Drug Interactions
	6.44 Scutellaria baicalensis
		6.44.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.44.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.44.3 Dosage
		6.44.4 Toxicity
		6.44.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.44.6 Drug Interactions
	6.45 Silybum marianum
		6.45.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.45.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.45.3 Dosage
		6.45.4 Toxicity
		6.45.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.45.6 Drug Interactions
	6.46 Tinospora cordifolia
		6.46.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.46.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.46.3 Dosage
		6.46.4 Toxicity
		6.46.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.46.6 Drug Interaction
	6.47 Trifolium pratense
		6.47.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.47.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.47.3 Dosage
		6.47.4 Toxicity
		6.47.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.47.6 Drug Interaction
	6.48 Valeriana jatamansi
		6.48.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.48.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.48.3 Dosage
		6.48.4 Toxicity
		6.48.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.48.6 Drug Interaction
	6.49 Valeriana officinalis
		6.49.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.49.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.49.3 Dosage
		6.49.4 Toxicity
		6.49.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.49.6 Drug Interactions
	6.50 Vitex agnus-castus
		6.50.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.50.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.50.3 Dosage
		6.50.4 Toxicity
		6.50.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.50.6 Drug Interactions
	6.51 Withania somnifera
		6.51.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.51.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.51.3 Dosage
		6.51.4 Toxicity
		6.51.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.51.6 Drug Interactions
	6.52 Zizyphus jujuba
		6.52.1 Anxiolytic Effects
		6.52.2 Mechanism of Action
		6.52.3 Dosage
		6.52.4 Toxicity
		6.52.5 Safety in Pregnancy
		6.52.6 Drug Interactions
	6.53 Anxiolytic Herbs Recommended by Experts That Remain Untested
		6.53.1 Borago officinalis
		6.53.2 Lactuca virosa
		6.53.3 Mimosa pudica
		6.53.4 Nepeta cataria
		6.53.5 Piscidia piscipula
		6.53.6 Taraxacum officinale
		6.53.7 Tilia spp
	References
Chapter 7 Chinese Herbal Treatment of Anxiety
	7.1 Traditional Chinese Treatments of Anxiety
	7.2 Herbal Treatment in Traditional Chinese Medicine
		7.2.1 Bai zi yang xin tang with Shu gan ning shen san
		7.2.2 Ban xia hou pu
		7.2.3 Bao shen
		7.2.4 Geng ni an chun
		7.2.5 Gui pi tang
		7.2.6 Jiu wei zhen xin
		7.2.7 Kami-shoyo-san and Hange-koboku-to
		7.2.8 Rikkunshinto
		7.2.9 Shen qi wu wei zi
		7.2.10 Shen song yang xin
		7.2.11 Suan zao ren tang in Combination with Zhi zi chi tang
		7.2.12 Wen dan tang
		7.2.13 Xiao yao san
		7.2.14 Xin wei tang
		7.2.15 Yang xin tang
		7.2.16 Yi gan san
		7.2.17 Yi qi yang xin
		7.2.18 Yukgunja and Banhabakchulchunma Decoctions
	7.3 Traditional but Untested Anxiolytic Chinese Herbal Formulas
	7.4 The Mainstays of Chinese Herbal Treatments
		7.4.1 Acorus gramineus
		7.4.2 Albizzia julibrissin
		7.4.3 Angelicae gigantis
		7.4.4 Bupleurum chinense
		7.4.5 Cnidium officinale
		7.4.6 Coptis chinensis
		7.4.7 Curcuma wenyujin
		7.4.8 Cynomorium songaricum
		7.4.9 Ganoderma lucidum
		7.4.10 Glycyrrhiza uralensis
		7.4.11 Paeonia lactiflora
		7.4.12 Panax ginseng
		7.4.13 Pinellia ternata
		7.4.14 Polygala tenuifolia
		7.4.15 Polygonum multiflorum
		7.4.16 Poria cocos
		7.4.17 Rehmannia glutinosa
		7.4.18 Schisandra chinensis
		7.4.19 Zizyphus jujuba
	References
Chapter 8 Ayurvedic Herbal Treatment of Anxiety
	8.1 Herbal Treatment of Anxiety in Ayurvedic Medicine
		8.1.1 Ashwagandha churna
		8.1.2 Ashwagandha and Mandookaparni
		8.1.3 Asparagus racemosus and Glycyrrhiza glabra
		8.1.4 Brahmi gritha
		8.1.5 Geriforte
		8.1.6 Guduchyadi medhya rasayana
		8.1.7 Kushmandadi ghrita
		8.1.8 Medhyarasayana ghrita and Vachadi ghrita nasya
		8.1.9 Mentat
		8.1.10 OCTA
		8.1.11 Sarasvata choorna
		8.1.12 Sarpagandha ghana vati
		8.1.13 Shankhapushpi panak and Shirodhara with Mamsyadi kwatha
		8.1.14 Shankhapushpyadi ghana vati
		8.1.15 Vacha brahmi ghan
		8.1.16 Worry Free
	8.2 Mainstays of Ayurvedic
		8.2.1 Acorus calamus
		8.2.2 Albizzia lebbek
		8.2.3 Allium cepa
		8.2.4 Anacyclus pyrethrum
		8.2.5 Asparagus racemosus
		8.2.6 Bacopa monnieri
		8.2.7 Benincasa hispida
		8.2.8 Cannabis sativa
		8.2.9 Centella asiatica
		8.2.10 Convolvulus pluricaulis
		8.2.11 Cuscuta reflexa
		8.2.12 Cynodon dactylon
		8.2.13 Evolvulus alsinoides
		8.2.14 Ficus religiosa
		8.2.15 Glycyrrhiza glabra
		8.2.16 Hyoscyamus niger
		8.2.17 Juglans regia
		8.2.18 Lawsonia inermis
		8.2.19 Moringa oleifera
		8.2.20 Nardostachys jatamansi
		8.2.21 Piper nigrum
		8.2.22 Punica granatum
		8.2.23 Saussurea lappa
		8.2.24 Tinospora cordifolia
		8.2.25 Valeriana jatamansi
		8.2.26 Vitex negundo
		8.2.27 Withania somnifera
	References
Chapter 9 Adaptogens
	References
Chapter 10 Aromatherapy
	10.1 Herbs Utilized in Aromatherapy
		10.1.1 Boswellia carterii
		10.1.2 Citrus aurantium
		10.1.3 Citrus sinensis
		10.1.4 Cymbopogon citratus
		10.1.5 Eugenia aromaticum
		10.1.6 Jasminum officinale
		10.1.7 Lavandula spp
		10.1.8 Matricaria recutita
		10.1.9 Melissa officinalis
		10.1.10 Mentha piperita
		10.1.11 Nardostachys jatamansi
		10.1.12 Neroli Oil
		10.1.13 Pelargonium graveolens
		10.1.14 Rosa damascena
		10.1.15 Rosmarinus officinalis
		10.1.16 Salvia officinalis
		10.1.17 Santallum spp
	10.2 Herbal Combinations in Aromatherapy
		10.2.1 Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus Massage with Lavandula officinalis Inhalation
		10.2.2 Lavandula officinalis, Cananga odorata, and Citrus bergamia
		10.2.3 Lavandula officinalis, Chamaemelum nobile, and Citrus aurantium
		10.2.4 Lavandula officinalis, Pelargonium graveolens, and Citrus reticulata
		10.2.5 Lavandula officinalis and Rosa damascena
		10.2.6 Lavandula officinalis and Santalum album
	10.3 Aromatherapy and Sleep
	10.4 Some Final Thoughts about Aromatherapy
	References
Chapter 11 Choosing an Herbal Treatment for Anxiety
	11.1 Efficacy
	11.2 What Type of Anxiety Is Being Treated?
	11.3 Single Herbs or Combinations?
	11.4 Treatment of Chronic Anxiety Disorders
	11.5 Comorbidities
		11.5.1 Major Depression
		11.5.2 Insomnia
		11.5.3 Menopause and Dysmenorrhea
		11.5.4 Pain
		11.5.5 Inflammation
		11.5.6 Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		11.5.7 Diabetes
		11.5.8 Dementia
	11.6 Safety
	11.7 Final Considerations about the Practical Use of Herbs
	References
Index