Herbal Bioactive-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Challenges and Opportunities

Front Cover
Herbal Bioactive-based Drug Delivery Systems
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 Role of herbal bioactives and their formulations in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Anatomy and physiology of gastrointestinal tract
			1.1.1.1 Mucosa
			1.1.1.2 Submucosa
			1.1.1.3 Muscularis
			1.1.1.4 Serosa
	1.2 Role of herbal bioactives and formulations in the treatment of gastrointestinal tract disorders
		1.2.1 Gastroesophageal reflux disease
			1.2.1.1 Rikkunshito
			1.2.1.2 Faringel
			1.2.1.3 Cannabis and cannabinoids
			1.2.1.4 Sini Zuojin decoction
		1.2.2 Peptic ulcer
			1.2.2.1 Capsicum annuum (chili)
			1.2.2.2 Azadirachta indica (neem)
			1.2.2.3 Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice)
			1.2.2.4 Vaccinium oxycoccos (cranberry)
			1.2.2.5 Curcuma longa (turmeric)
			1.2.2.6 Avipattikar churna
			1.2.2.7 DHC-1
		1.2.3 Colon cancer
			1.2.3.1 Triphala
			1.2.3.2 C168
			1.2.3.3 Resveratrol
		1.2.4 Constipation
			1.2.4.1 Ma Zi Ren Wan pills
			1.2.4.2 Liu Wei Neng Xiao capsule
			1.2.4.3 Maren pills
			1.2.4.4 Shatsakar churna
		1.2.5 Diarrhea
			1.2.5.1 Samangadikahshaya
			1.2.5.2 Bal chaturbhadrachurna
			1.2.5.3 Tri-sa-maw extract
		1.2.6 Irritable bowel syndrome
			1.2.6.1 Artichoke leaf extract
			1.2.6.2 Carmint
			1.2.6.3 Tong Xie Yao Fang
			1.2.6.4 Iberogast (STW 5)
			1.2.6.5 Padma lax
			1.2.6.6 Enteric-coated peppermint
		1.2.7 Nanotechnology-based herbal formulations for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases
			1.2.7.1 Curcumin-loaded nanoparticles
			1.2.7.2 Grape exosome–like nanoparticles
			1.2.7.3 Silymarin-loaded chitosan–montmorilloite microbeads
	1.3 Conclusion
	Conflict of interests
	Funding
	References
2 Herbal bioactives for ocular drug delivery systems
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Anatomy, physiology, and pharmacokinetic of eye
	2.3 Herbal medicine for ocular diseases
	2.4 Herbal medicine for ocular drug delivery systems
		2.4.1 Micro- and nanoparticles
		2.4.2 Micro- and nanoemulsions
		2.4.3 Nanosuspensions
		2.4.4 Micelles
		2.4.5 Liposomes
		2.4.6 Phytosomes
		2.4.7 Dendrimers
		2.4.8 Hydrogelling systems
		2.4.9 Ocular inserts and implants
	2.5 Herbal excipients used in ocular drug delivery systems
		2.5.1 Cellulose derivatives
		2.5.2 Alginate
		2.5.3 Starch
		2.5.4 Pectin
		2.5.5 Gums and mucilages
		2.5.6 Cyclodextrins
	2.6 Conclusions and future perspectives
	References
3 Herbal bioactives for pulmonary drug delivery systems
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Asthma
	3.3 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
	3.4 Lung cancer
	3.5 Pulmonary fibrosis
	3.6 Research and market scenario
	3.7 Conclusion
	References
4 Herbal bioactives in transdermal drug delivery system
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Herbal bioactives
	4.3 Merits and demerits of herbal drug formulations
	4.4 Transdermal drug delivery system
	4.5 Novel herbal bioactive carriers in transdermal drug delivery
		4.5.1 Liposomes
			4.5.1.1 Method of preparation
		4.5.2 Phytosomes
			4.5.2.1 Method
		4.5.3 Niosomes
			4.5.3.1 Method of preparation
		4.5.4 Nanoparticles
			4.5.4.1 Method of preparation
		4.5.5 Emulsions
		4.5.6 Ethosomes
			4.5.6.1 Method of preparation
		4.5.7 Microsphere
			4.5.7.1 Method of preparation
		4.5.8 Transferosomes
			4.5.8.1 Method of preparation
	4.6 Proniosomes
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
5 Herbal bioactive–based vaginal and rectal drug delivery systems
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Vaginal route for herbal bioactives
		5.2.1 Anatomy of vagina
		5.2.2 Vaginal absorption and factors affecting vaginal drug delivery
		5.2.3 Vaginal disorders and their treatment using medicinal plant extracts
			5.2.3.1 Vaginitis and sexually transmitted infections
			5.2.3.2 Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and gynecological cancer
			5.2.3.3 Other pathological conditions of vagina
		5.2.4 Vaginal herbal formulations based on plant extracts
		5.2.5 Major herbal bioactives and their formulations for vaginal delivery
			5.2.5.1 Flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins
			5.2.5.2 Curcumin
			5.2.5.3 Resveratrol
			5.2.5.4 Terpenes and essential oils
			5.2.5.5 Alkaloids
			5.2.5.6 Saponin glycosides
			5.2.5.7 Oligosaccharides as vaginal prebiotics
	5.3 Rectal route for herbal bioactives
		5.3.1 Anatomy of rectum
		5.3.2 Factors affecting absorption through the rectum
		5.3.3 Rectal dosage forms for plant extracts
		5.3.4 Delivery of plant extracts or bioactives through rectal route
			5.3.4.1 Ulcerative colitis
			5.3.4.2 Colorectal cancer
			5.3.4.3 Chronic anal fissure and hemorrhoids
			5.3.4.4 Herbs used rectally for miscellaneous diseases
	5.4 Conclusion and future scope
	References
6 Herbal bioactive–based nano drug delivery systems
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 History and conventional approaches to herbal bioactive
		6.2.1 History of delivery systems
	6.3 Principle objectives for nano drug delivery system and herbal bioactive
	6.4 Recent approaches of drug delivery system for herbal bioactive substances
	6.5 Why nano drug delivery for herbal bioactive
	6.6 Types of drug delivery system used for herbal bioactive
		6.6.1 Liposomes
			6.6.1.1 Herbal extract–loaded Liposomes limitation
		6.6.2 Nanoemulsions
			6.6.2.1 Advantages of nanoemulsion
			6.6.2.2 Role of nanoemulsion in the delivery of herbal bioactive
		6.6.3 Niosomes
		6.6.4 Phytosome
			6.6.4.1 Advantages of phytosome
		6.6.5 Polymeric micelles
		6.6.6 Nanoparticles
		6.6.7 Nanogels/hydrogel
		6.6.8 Other NDDS herbal formulation
			6.6.8.1 Proprietary NDDS for herbal bioactive and extracts
	6.7 Future perspective and challenges of herbal bioactive
	Conflict of interest
	References
7 Herbal bioactive–based cosmetics
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 What is cosmetics?
		7.1.2 History of cosmetics
		7.1.3 Reasons for the use of cosmetics
	7.2 Categories of cosmetics
		7.2.1 Classification based on the physical state of the product
		7.2.2 Cosmetics based on the type of formulation
		7.2.3 Cosmetics based on the part of the body for application (Lifestyle Lounge; Romanowski, 2014; Sharma, Gadiyah, & Dhana...
		7.2.4 Cosmetics based on the function of the preparation (Lifestyle Lounge; Romanowski, 2014; Sharma et al., 2018)
		7.2.5 Outline of various cosmetics products (Cosmetic Info)
		7.2.6 Fragrance products
		7.2.7 Dusting powders
		7.2.8 Hair care products
		7.2.9 Nail products
		7.2.10 Oral care products
		7.2.11 Products for personal cleanliness
	7.3 Challenges/disadvantages of synthetic-based cosmetic
		7.3.1 Adverse reaction of cosmetics
	7.4 Herbal bioactive cosmetic products
		7.4.1 Herbal bioactive constituents employed in the treatment of dry skin
			7.4.1.1 Castor oil
			7.4.1.2 Cocoa butter
			7.4.1.3 Mango seed oil
			7.4.1.4 Coconut oil
			7.4.1.5 Sunflower oil
			7.4.1.6 Olive oil
		7.4.2 Herbal bioactive components employed in the treatment of eczema
			7.4.2.1 Turmeric
		7.4.3 Herbal bioactive components employed in the treatment of acne, spots, and pimples
			7.4.3.1 Artemisia
			7.4.3.2 Pea
			7.4.3.3 Pumpkin
			7.4.3.4 Onion
		7.4.4 Herbal bioactive components employed as skin antiaging agents
			7.4.4.1 Ginseng
		7.4.5 Herbal bioactive components employed for free-radical scavenging effects
			7.4.5.1 Tea
		7.4.6 Herbal bioactive components employed for antiinflammatory effects
			7.4.6.1 Chamomile
			7.4.6.2 Jojoba oil
			7.4.6.3 Licorice root
		7.4.7 Herbal bioactive components employed in hair care
			7.4.7.1 Hair growth stimulants
			7.4.7.2 Management of dandruff
			7.4.7.3 Hair coloring
			7.4.7.4 Essential oils
			7.4.7.5 Aromatic skincare
	7.5 Sources of some notable herbal bioactive ingredients and their uses
		7.5.1 Soy
		7.5.2 Silibinin
		7.5.3 Pycnogenol
		7.5.4 Ginkgo biloba
		7.5.5 Green tea
		7.5.6 Aloesin
	7.6 Standardization of useful herbal bioactive ingredients in cosmetics
		7.6.1 Source of material
		7.6.2 Collection of plant samples
		7.6.3 Authentication of sample
		7.6.4 Morphological and microscopical evaluations
		7.6.5 Physico-chemical evaluations
		7.6.6 Phytochemical assessment
		7.6.7 Standardization of bioactive ingredients markers
	7.7 Patented herbal bioactive-based cosmetics
		7.7.1 Patent the application of the natural or organic-based cosmetic
		7.7.2 Patent the formulation of natural or organic cosmetic
	References
8 Herbal bioactive–based nutraceuticals using a metabolomics approach
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Nutraceuticals and development in metabolomics
	8.3 Metabolomics in herbal plants
	8.4 Techniques in metabolomics
	8.5 Profiling of bioactives and classifications
	8.6 Nutraceuticals biomarkers from metabolomics approaches
	8.7 Quality control and optimization
	8.8 Conclusion
	References
9 Herbal bioactives for wound healing application
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Types of wounds
		9.1.2 Various types of wound healing
	9.2 Stages of wound healing
	9.3 Nanotechnology based approached for wound healing
	9.4 Patents
	9.5 Future directions and conclusions
	References
10 Therapeutic updates and future prospects on anticancer effects of medicinal plants and phytochemicals
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Global cancer statistics
	10.3 Carcinogenesis and treatment strategies
	10.4 Role of phytochemicals in cancer for complementary therapy
	10.5 Phytochemicals and molecular mechanisms of action in cancer
	10.6 Signal transduction and signaling pathways involved in cancer
	10.7 Potentials of medicinal plants and phytochemicals for cancer chemoprevention and therapy
	10.8 Phytochemicals and clinical trials for cancer chemotherapeutics
	10.9 Future recommendations and conclusions
	10.10 Conflict of interest statement
	10.11 Financial disclosure
	References
11 Herbal bioactive-incorporated scaffolds for wound healing applications
	11.1 Background
	11.2 Curcumin-incorporated scaffolds for wound healing applications
	11.3 Quercetin-incorporated scaffolds for wound healing applications
	11.4 EGCG-incorporated scaffolds for wound healing applications
	11.5 Moringa extract incorporated scaffolds for wound healing applications
	11.6 Miscellaneous
	References
12 Development of natural bioactive delivery systems through pressurized fluids-modern techniques
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Classification of emergent methods based on pressurized fluid function: solvent, solute, and antisolvent
	12.3 Development of delivery systems through emergent methods and their potential application in human health
		12.3.1 Rapid expansion of supercritical solutions
			12.3.1.1 Origin, concept, and characteristics
			12.3.1.2 Applications, research potential
		12.3.2 Particles from gas saturated solutions
			12.3.2.1 Origin, concept, and characteristics
			12.3.2.2 Applications, research potential
		12.3.3 Supercritical antisolvent precipitation
			12.3.3.1 Origin, concept, and characteristics
			12.3.3.2 Applications, research potential
	12.4 Conclusion
	References
13 Nanoformulated herbal bioactives for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Neurodegenerative diseases
	13.3 Herbal bioactives in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases
		13.3.1 Plants and their constituents from traditional Chinese medicine
		13.3.2 Plants and their constituents from traditional Indian medicine (Ayurvedic medicine)
		13.3.3 Plants and their constituents from Iranian traditional medicine
		13.3.4 Plants and their constituents from South American and African traditional medicines
	13.4 Nanoformulated herbal bioactive in neurodegenerative diseases
		13.4.1 Role of nanoformulated Curcumin in neurodegenerative diseases
		13.4.2 Role of nanoformulated quercetin in neurodegenerative diseases
		13.4.3 Role of nanoformulated resveratrol in neurodegenerative diseases
		13.4.4 Role of nanoformulated rutin in neurodegenerative diseases
		13.4.5 Role of nanoformulated piperine in neurodegenerative diseases
		13.4.6 Role of nanoformulated gallic acid and epigallocatechin-3-gallate in neurodegenerative diseases
		13.4.7 Role of nanoformulated ferulic acid in neurodegenerative diseases
		13.4.8 Role of nanoformulated Selenium in neurodegenerative diseases
	13.5 Conclusion
	References
14 Standardization of herbal bioactives
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Standardization of herbals
		14.2.1 Present scenario with standardization of bioactive material
		14.2.2 Herbal drugs in pharmacopeia
	14.3 Analytical methods for herbal standardization
		14.3.1 Hyphenated techniques
		14.3.2 Pharmacopeial standard material
	14.4 Some practical aspects of extraction
	14.5 Challenges while working with drug delivery system containing bioactive constituents
		14.5.1 Factors affecting in vitro, in vivo bioactivity studies
			14.5.1.1 Selection of sample
			14.5.1.2 Selection of formulation
			14.5.1.3 Standardization of sample of drug delivery system
			14.5.1.4 Selection of solvent for extraction
	14.6 Directions for further studies
	14.7 Conclusion
	References
15 Enhancement of the properties of herbal bioactives for drug delivery application
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Enhancement of the absorption of herbal bioactives
		15.2.1 Size reduction
		15.2.2 Emulsion technology
		15.2.3 Modification of surface properties
		15.2.4 Micro- and nanocarriers
	15.3 Therapeutic modifications
	15.4 Approaches to improve the stability of herbal bioactives
		15.4.1 Storage conditions
		15.4.2 Antioxidant addition
		15.4.3 Adsorbent use
	15.5 Conclusion
	References
16 Regulatory considerations of herbal bioactive–based formulations
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Classification of herbal medicines
		16.2.1 Category 1: Indigenous herbal medicines
		16.2.2 Category 2: Herbal medicines in systems
		16.2.3 Category 3: Modified herbal medicines
		16.2.4 Category 4: Imported products with a herbal medicine base
	16.3 Facts and statistics of herbal medicinal products
	16.4 Need for herbal regulations
	16.5 Challenges in regulation of herbal medicines
		16.5.1 Lack of knowledge about herbal medicines within national drug authorities
		16.5.2 Standardization challenges
		16.5.3 Safety challenges
		16.5.4 Quality challenges
		16.5.5 Clinical trials challenges
		16.5.6 Pharmacovigilance challenges
	16.6 Indian regulatory body
		16.6.1 Ministry of AYUSH
			16.6.1.1 Good clinical practice guidelines for ASU drugs
		16.6.2 Legistations and legal status
			16.6.2.1 Indian Medicine Central Council Act, 1970
			16.6.2.2 The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940
				16.6.2.2.1 Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian System of Medicine
				16.6.2.2.2 Schedule T GMP Certificate for ASU drugs
	16.7 United States regulatory body
		16.7.1 Herbal medicines as botanical drugs
		16.7.2 Legislations and legal status
			16.7.2.1 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1994
			16.7.2.2 CDER Botanical Review Team
	16.8 European regulatory system
		16.8.1 Legistations and legal status
			16.8.1.1 European Medicines Agency
			16.8.1.2 Registration of herbal medicines under European Medicines Agency
	16.9 Legal status and regulatory guidelines of various countries
	16.10 Conclusion
	16.11 Recommendations
	References
17 Modern extraction techniques for herbal bioactives
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Pulsed electric field–assisted extraction
	17.3 Ultrasound-assisted extraction
	17.4 Microwave-assisted extraction
	17.5 Pressurized liquid extraction
	17.6 Supercritical fluid extraction
	17.7 Conclusion and future challenges
	References
Index
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