Hebrew Bible / Old Testament: The History of Its Interpretation, Vol. III: From Modernism to Post-Modernism: 19th and 20th Centuries, Part 1: The Nineteenth Century - A Century of Modernism and Historicism

Cover
......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 16
1. Fascination with ‘History’ – Biblical Interpretation in a Century of Modernism and Historicism......Page 18
1. Roots of Historical Thinking and Historicism......Page 22
2. Growth and Impact of New Historical Evidence......Page 24
3. The Challenge of the Historicism......Page 26
A. The General Cultural Context of Nineteenth Century’s Biblical Interpretation......Page 30
1. Aspects of the Enlightenment’s Cultural and Philosophical Legacy......Page 32
2. F. D. E. Schleiermacher – His Criticism of the Old Testament......Page 39
3. G. F. W. Hegel – the Impact of His Philosophy on Old Testament Studies......Page 46
4. Old Testament Studies and Protestant Theology at German Universities......Page 53
3. The Phenomenon of ‘Historicism’ as a Backcloth of Biblical Scholarship......Page 65
1. The Rise of Historical Consciousness and the Term ‘Historicism’......Page 67
2. The Way of Historicism in the Nineteenth Century......Page 74
3. Historicism in Biblical Studies......Page 81
4. Expansion of the Historical Context of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament......Page 91
1. Introduction......Page 95
2. The Bible in the Context of the Ancient Near East – the Significance of New Comparative Texts......Page 96
3. The Historical Geography of the Holy Land......Page 105
4. The Emergence of a so-called ‘Biblical Archaeology’ in Europe and North America......Page 111
5. Expansion of the Anthropological, Sociological and Mythological Context of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament......Page 120
1. Introduction......Page 121
2. Comparative Folkloristic Studies......Page 122
3. New Anthropological and Sociological Perspectives – the Case of William Robertson Smith and his Work......Page 128
4. New Mythological Studies......Page 133
1. Increasing Knowledge of the Semitic Languages......Page 135
2. Wilhelm Gesenius and the Development of Hebrew Studies......Page 149
3. Further Achievements in Hebrew Philology......Page 157
B. Main Regional and Confessional Areas of the Nineteenth Century’s Biblical Scholarship......Page 170
7. The ‘New World’ of North America and Canada – and the Globalization of Critical Biblical Scholarship......Page 172
1. Biblical Criticism in the Early Nineteenth Century: Common Sense and a Democratic Scripture......Page 177
1.2. The Beginnings of Old Testament Scholarship in America: Moses Stuart at Andover......Page 178
1.3. Edward Robinson and the Innovation of Biblical Archeology......Page 181
1.4. Unitarian Biblical Scholarship at Harvard......Page 182
2.1. Genesis and Geology in America: The Old Testament and the Challenges from New Science......Page 184
2.2. The Bible, Slavery, and the Civil War......Page 186
3. The Formation of an American Academy of Biblical Scholarship: Early Collaborative Efforts......Page 188
3.1. Biblical Commentary: The Lange Project......Page 189
3.2. Biblical Translation: The Revised Version......Page 190
4. The Old Testament and Higher Criticism in the United States and Canada, 1880–1900......Page 191
4.1. The Old Testament and the University: The Vision of William Rainey Harper......Page 194
4.2. The Protestant Heresy Trial in the United States: The Case of Charles Briggs......Page 196
4.3. Historical Criticism and American Catholicism......Page 199
4.4. Historical Criticism in Canada......Page 201
5. Conclusion......Page 202
8. Protestant Biblical Scholarship on the European Continent and in Great Britain and Ireland......Page 204
1. The Political and Ecclesiastical Background......Page 205
2. The Continent of Europe from 1800 to 1860......Page 206
3. Great Britain and Ireland from 1800 to 1860......Page 210
4. The Continent of Europe 1860–1899......Page 211
5. Great Britain and Ireland 1860–1899......Page 216
9. Biblical Scholarship in Northern Europe......Page 224
1. The Historical Background......Page 225
2. Bible Reading and Bible Promotion in the Nordic Countries......Page 226
3. Biblical Scholarship at the Nordic Universities......Page 227
4.1. Historical “Biblicism” – a Conservative Synthesis......Page 230
4.2. Historical Criticism – a New Synthesis Emerging......Page 233
5.1. Carl Paul Caspari......Page 235
5.2 Frants Buhl......Page 237
6.1. Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig......Page 241
6.2. Søren Kierkegaard......Page 243
10. The Catholic Church and Historical Criticism of the Old Testament......Page 245
1. Introduction......Page 246
2. The First Catholic Reaction to Historical Criticism......Page 247
3. The Catholic Attack on Modernism......Page 253
4. From Pius XII to Vatican II: The Catholic Embrace of Historical Criticism......Page 258
11. Jewish Biblical Scholarship between Tradition and Innovation......Page 263
1. Introduction......Page 264
2. Approaches to Textual Criticism......Page 267
3. On Authorship and Dating of Biblical Texts......Page 279
4. Exegesis......Page 293
5. Epilogue......Page 303
C. Special Fields and Different Approaches in the Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament......Page 306
1. Introduction: The Development of a Historical Methodology in the Seventeenth Century......Page 308
2. Modern Studies of History in the Nineteenth Century......Page 310
3. Biblical Chronology......Page 314
3.1. Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540–1609)......Page 316
3.2. Denis Pétau (Dionysius Petavius) (1583–1652)......Page 317
3.3. James Ussher (1581–1656)......Page 318
4. The Emergence of an Independent History of Israel......Page 320
4.1. Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) and Richard Simon (1638–1712)......Page 321
4.2. The Netherlands: Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) and Peter Cunaeus (1586–1638)......Page 322
4.3. Great Britain and France: Moses Lowman (1679–1752); Bernard de Montfaucon (1655–1741); Humphrey Prideaux (1648–1724); Henry Hart Milman (1791–1868); Francis William Newman (1801–1890)......Page 324
4.4. Germany: Hermann Samuel Reimarus (1694–1798); Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803); Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette (1780–1849)......Page 327
5. Georg Heinrich August Ewald (1803–1875)......Page 330
5.1. The Purpose of Ewald’s History of Israel......Page 331
5.2. Ewald’s Method......Page 332
5.3. The Written Sources of a History of Israel......Page 333
5.4. The Patriarchs in Ewald’s History of Israel......Page 336
6. Julius Wellhausen (1844–1918)......Page 338
7. The Other “Histories of Israel”......Page 342
13. ‘Lower Criticism’: Studies in the Masoretic Text and the Ancient Versions of the Old Testament as Means of Textual Criticism......Page 347
1. Introduction......Page 351
2. Abraham Geiger’s Urschrift und Uebersetzungen der Bibel (1857)......Page 352
3. Paul de Lagarde......Page 359
4. Permutations: Nöldeke, Wellhausen and Cornill......Page 363
5. Study of the Masoretic Text and Its Details (Masorah, Accents)......Page 368
7. Septuagint and Other Greek Versions......Page 373
8. The Study of the Other Ancient Versions......Page 378
9. Conclusions......Page 380
10. Addendum: Development and Transformation of the Nineteenth Century’s Legacy in the Twentieth......Page 381
1. W. M. L. de Wette......Page 394
1.1. De Wette and Deuteronomy (1805)......Page 396
1.2. de Wette and Vater......Page 398
1.3. The Pentateuch as a Mythical Story of Origins......Page 400
2.1. Moses and the Pentateuch......Page 401
2.2. Hexateuch instead of Pentateuch......Page 407
2.3. Theories about the Evolution of Israel’s Religious Ideas......Page 408
2.4. Three Main Models to Explain the Formation of the Pentateuch: Fragment Hypothesis, Supplementary Hypothesis and Documentary Hypothesis......Page 411
3.1. The theory of Deuteronomistic Redactions in the Books of Joshua – Kings......Page 416
3.2. Source and Redaction Criticism in the Latter Prophets......Page 418
4. On the Way to Wellhausen: Reuss, Popper, Graf and the Invention of a Postmonarchic Priestly Document......Page 421
1. Introduction......Page 425
2. Kuenen: Inquiry and History......Page 427
2.1. Beginnings......Page 428
2.2. Historisch-kritisch Onderzoek......Page 429
2.3. The Hexateuch......Page 431
2.4. Prophecy......Page 434
2.5. Religious History......Page 435
3. Wellhausen: Judaism and Ancient Israel......Page 437
3.1. The Early Works......Page 439
3.2. Prolegomena to the History of Israel......Page 444
3.3. Israelite and Jewish History......Page 449
3.4. Concerns and Criteria......Page 451
16. Albert Eichhorn and Hermann Gunkel: The Emergence of a History of Religion School......Page 455
1. Preludial......Page 456
3. The Beginnings......Page 457
4. Interdisciplinary Work......Page 459
5. Focus on Jesus......Page 460
6. Christian Doctrine?......Page 461
7. Hebrew Scriptures......Page 463
8. Twentieth Century Developments......Page 468
9. Outlook......Page 471
1. Introduction......Page 473
2. Wellhausen as Literary Critic......Page 475
3.1. The Representative “Introductions”......Page 477
3.2. The ZAW......Page 478
3.3. First Variations......Page 479
3.4. Literary History......Page 482
3.5. Geschichte des Volkes Israel......Page 483
3.6. Commentaries......Page 487
3.7. Swan Songs......Page 492
1. Introduction......Page 495
2. Hengstenberg......Page 496
2.1. Career and Church Politics......Page 497
2.2. The Old Testament......Page 503
3. Delitzsch......Page 510
3.1. Biography......Page 511
3.2. In Discussion......Page 513
3.3. Judaism......Page 517
3.4. Exegesis and Criticism......Page 519
19. Studies on the Historical Books – Including Their Relationship to the Pentateuch......Page 522
1. The Historical Books......Page 524
2. Joshua–2 Kings......Page 526
2.1. Deuteronomy Re-dated. Consequences for the Interpretation of the Historical Books: W. M. L. de Wette......Page 527
2.2. Reactions to de Wette’s Theory......Page 528
2.3. A Postexilic Source in the Pentateuch and the Consequences for the Interpretation of the Historical Books. K. H. Graf......Page 531
2.4. The Historical Books and the History of Israel. J. Wellhausen......Page 533
2.5. Writing the History of Israel after Graf and Wellhausen......Page 535
2.6. Joshua and its Literary Context: the Hexateuch Problem......Page 536
2.7.1. Scholars adopting the New Theories......Page 538
2.7.2. Intermediary Critics......Page 540
2.7.3. Researchers outside Germany......Page 542
3.1. Questioning the Reliability. W. M. L. de Wette; K. H. Graf......Page 544
3.2. The Chronicler’s Source:“ein spätes Machwerk”. J. Wellhausen......Page 547
3.3. Research towards the End of the Century......Page 548
4.1. The Law in Ezra–Nehemiah......Page 551
4.2. Sources, Date, Historical Reliability......Page 552
20. Prophecy in the Nineteenth Century Reception......Page 557
1. Introduction......Page 559
2. Prophets and Law......Page 562
3. Prophets in Order......Page 565
4. Isaiah......Page 571
5. Jeremiah and Ezekiel......Page 575
6. Daniel......Page 579
7. Conclusion......Page 581
21. Studies of the Psalms and Other Biblical Poetry......Page 583
1. The Legacy of the Eighteenth Century......Page 586
2. Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette......Page 588
3. Philology, History, Poetics and Linguistic-historical Commentaries......Page 591
3.2. History......Page 592
3.4. Historical-linguistic Commentaries on the Psalms until 1860......Page 593
3.5. Job, Song of Songs, Lamentations......Page 594
4. Conservatism: Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg and Franz Delitzsch......Page 595
5.1 The Psalms......Page 597
5.2. Job......Page 598
5.3. Song of Songs......Page 599
6. Bernhard Duhm’s Commentaries of 1897 and 1899......Page 600
7. Outlook into the Twentieth Century......Page 603
22. Studies of the Didactical Books of the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament......Page 604
1. Introduction......Page 606
1.1. The Scholarly Climate in the Early Nineteenth Century......Page 607
1.2. Scholarship in the Later Nineteenth Century......Page 608
2.1. Dating and Authorship Issues......Page 609
2.2. Dating and Literary Issues......Page 610
2.3. The Character of Proverbial Wisdom and Use of Terminology......Page 612
2.4. Cross Reference with the Wider Old Testament and the Development of Ideas......Page 613
3. Job......Page 615
3.1. Did Job Live?......Page 616
3.2. Date and Authorship......Page 617
3.3. Stages of Literary Development......Page 618
3.4. Theological Purpose and Position in Wider Development of Ideas......Page 619
4. Ecclesiastes......Page 620
4.2. Links with the Greek World and Dating Issues......Page 621
4.3. Redactions and Epilogue......Page 622
4.4. Evaluations of the Message......Page 623
5. Conclusion......Page 625
23. The Question of a ‘Biblical Theology’ and the Growing Tension between ‘Biblical Theology’ and a ‘History of the Religion of Israel’: from Johann Philipp Gabler to Rudolf Smend, Sen.......Page 626
1. Introduction......Page 628
2. The ‘Pre-history’ of Biblical Theology......Page 629
3. The Beginnings of Modern ‘Biblical Theology’: Gabler, his Immediate Predecessors and Contemporaries, and the Collision with Kant’s Hermeneutics......Page 631
4. ‘Biblical Theology’ and the Impact of Hegel......Page 642
5. The Breakthrough of ‘Historicism’ Proper and its Consequences......Page 646
6. Epilogue......Page 651
24. Modernity’s Canonical Crisis: Historiography and Theology in Collision......Page 652
1. Modernity’s Canonical Crisis......Page 657
2. J. G. Eichhorn: Canon as the Jerusalem Temple Archive......Page 660
3. Moses Stuart: Canon as the Scripture of Christ and the Apostles......Page 668
4. The Rise of the Three-Stage Theory......Page 674
4.1. H. Graetz: Canon as Three Assemblies......Page 677
4.2. Ryle: Canon as Three Canons......Page 682
Contributors......Page 692
Abbreviations......Page 697
Names......Page 706
Topics......Page 729
References......Page 750
Back Cover
......Page 762