Heavy Metals in the Environment (Advances in Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment)

Heavy Metals In The Environment......Page 1
Related Titles......Page 2
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 7
Editors......Page 9
Contributors......Page 10
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 12
1.3.1 LANGUAGE OF PUBLICATION......Page 13
1.3.3 PUBLICATION PERFORMANCE: COUNTRIES, INSTITUTES, AND AUTHORSHIP......Page 14
1.3.4 RESEARCH EMPHASIS: AUTHOR KEYWORDS AND KEYWORDS PLUS......Page 19
1.4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 21
REFERENCES......Page 22
CONTENTS......Page 24
2.1.1.1 Lead......Page 25
2.1.1.1.2 Health Effects......Page 26
2.1.1.2 Cadmium......Page 27
2.1.1.2.2 Health Considerations......Page 28
2.1.1.3.1 Occurrence......Page 29
2.1.1.3.2 Health Effects......Page 30
2.1.1.3.4 Toxicity......Page 31
2.1.1.4 Chromium......Page 32
2.1.2.1 Uranium......Page 33
2.1.2.1.2 Chemical Toxicity......Page 34
2.1.2.2.2 Health Effects......Page 35
2.1.3.2 Arsenic- Contaminated Countries......Page 36
2.1.3.3 Clinical Effects......Page 37
2.2 METALS IN GROUNDWATERS......Page 38
2.2.1 HEAVY METALS IN AQUIFERS......Page 39
2.2.2 CASES AND REMEDIATION......Page 44
2.3.1.1 Chemistry of Acid Mine Water......Page 46
2.3.1.2 Extent of the Damage......Page 47
2.3.1.3 Radioactive AMD......Page 48
2.3.1.4.2 Vegetation Cover......Page 49
2.3.1.4.3 Wet Barriers and Wetlands......Page 50
2.3.2 METAL FINISHING AND SURFACE TREATMENT OPERATIONS......Page 51
2.3.2.1 A Typical Electroplating Process......Page 54
2.3.3 LEATHER TANNING PROCESS......Page 56
2.3.3.1 Description of the Chromium Tanning Process......Page 57
2.3.3.1.2 Tanyard Process......Page 58
2.3.3.2.1 A Leather Tannery Wastewater Case......Page 59
2.3.3.3.2 Treatment Improvements......Page 61
2.3.4 FERROUS METAL INDUSTRIES......Page 62
2.3.4.1.1 Primary Iron and Steel Production......Page 63
2.3.5 COAL- FIRED POWER GENERATION......Page 64
2.3.5.1 Coal- Fired Station Types......Page 66
2.3.5.2 Generating Station Water Use......Page 68
REFERENCES......Page 69
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 73
3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF NPs......Page 75
3.3.1 NATURAL INORGANIC NPS......Page 76
3.3.3 ENGINEERED INORGANIC NPS......Page 77
3.4 nZVI FOR GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION......Page 79
3.5 RELEASE OF INORGANIC NPs INTO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 81
3.6.1 BEHAVIOR DURING WATER AND WASTE TREATMENT......Page 82
3.6.2 BEHAVIOR IN WATER......Page 83
3.6.3 BEHAVIOR IN POROUS MEDIA......Page 84
3.7.2 EXPOSURE MODELING......Page 85
3.8.2 ECOTOXICOLOGY......Page 87
3.8.3 \" TROJAN HORSE\" EFFECT......Page 89
REFERENCES......Page 90
CONTENTS......Page 98
4.1.1 HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN WATER BODIES: AN INCREASING CONCERN FOR HUMAN HEALTH......Page 99
4.1.2.3 Flotation......Page 100
4.1.2.6 Electrochemical Treatment Techniques......Page 101
4.1.3 HEAVY METAL REMOVAL: USE OF MICROORGANISMS......Page 102
TABLE 4.1 Most Important Heavy Metal- Binding Groups Present in the External Layers of Microbial Cells......Page 103
4.1.4.2 Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm......Page 104
4.2.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CYANOBACTERIA......Page 105
4.2.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POLYSACCHARIDIC EXTERNAL STRUCTURES IN CYANOBACTERIA......Page 106
4.3.1 PUTATIVE MECHANISMS OF METAL BIOSORPTION WITH CYANOBACTERIA......Page 108
4.3.2 HEAVY METAL REMOVAL WITH CYANOBACTERIA......Page 110
4.3.3 FACTORS AFFECTING METAL UPTAKE BY CYANOBACTERIA......Page 117
4.4.1 MODELING MICROBIAL BIOSORPTION IN MULTIMETAL SOLUTIONS......Page 118
4.4.2 METAL BIOSORPTION BY CYANOBACTERIA IN MULTIMETAL SOLUTIONS......Page 120
4.4.3 SELECTIVITY IN METAL REMOVAL IN MULTIMETAL SOLUTIONS......Page 122
4.5.1 CASE STUDY 1: CYANOSPIRA CAPSULATA FOR THE REMOVAL OF METALS FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS......Page 123
4.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 125
TABLE 4.4 Comparison of the Best Results Obtained in the Bioremoval of Cu with Microorganisms and Macroalgae......Page 126
REFERENCES......Page 127
TABLE 4.2 Heavy Metal Removal by Cyanobacteria: Results Obtained with the Cyanobacteria and the Metals So Far Tested......Page 111
TABLE 4.2 ( continued)......Page 112
TABLE 4.2 ( continued)......Page 113
TABLE 4.2 ( continued)......Page 114
TABLE 4.2 ( continued)......Page 115
TABLE 4.3 Metal Composition of the Percolates of Two Wastes Derived from Industrial Fermentations Utilized for Experiments of Biosorption with the EPS- Producing Cyanobacterium......Page 124
CONTENTS......Page 132
5.2.1 OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF AS IN ROCKS, SEDIMENTS, AND SOILS......Page 133
5.2.2 OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF AS IN GROUNDWATERS......Page 134
5.2.3 SOURCE AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE OF AS IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 136
5.3 As SPECIES IN NATURAL WATERS......Page 138
5.4 GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES AND BEHAVIOR OF As IN As- AFFECTED AQUIFERS......Page 140
5.4.2 ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION......Page 141
5.4.2.1 As Sorption to Fe, Al, and Mn ( Hydro) oxides......Page 142
5.4.2.3 Enhanced Sorption by Cations......Page 143
5.4.3 OXIDATION AND REDUCTION......Page 144
5.4.4.1 Microbial Arsenite Oxidation......Page 145
5.4.4.2.2 Dissimilatory Arsenate Reduction......Page 146
5.4.5 ROLE OF NOM......Page 147
5.4.5.3 NOM– As Complexation......Page 148
5.5.1.1 Common Hydrological and Hydrochemical Features of These Aquifers......Page 149
5.5.1.2 As Mobilization in Aquifers......Page 151
5.5.2 FORMATION OF SODA WATERS AND GROUNDWATER AS PROBLEMS IN NORTHERN CHINA......Page 152
REFERENCES......Page 154
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 163
6.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOMATERIALS......Page 165
6.3.1.1 Removal of Cr( VI)......Page 169
6.3.1.2.1 Removal of Ni( II)......Page 171
6.3.1.2.2 Removal of Pb( II)......Page 178
6.3.1.2.4 Removal of Cu( II)......Page 185
6.3.1.2.5 Removal of Zn( II)......Page 189
6.3.2 KINETIC SORPTION AND DESORPTION OF 152+154EU(III)......Page 198
6.3.3 EFFECT OF ORGANIC MATERIAL......Page 201
6.3.4.1 MWCNT– TiO2 Composites......Page 202
6.3.4.2 MWCNT– Iron Oxide Magnetic Composites......Page 205
REFERENCES......Page 206
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 209
7.2.1 BIOSORPTION CAPACITY......Page 210
7.3.1 INITIAL METAL CONCENTRATION......Page 213
7.3.3 TEMPERATURE......Page 214
7.3.4 CONTACT TIME......Page 215
7.4.1 BIOSORPTION ISOTHERMS......Page 216
7.4.2 BIOSORPTION KINETICS......Page 218
7.5 BIOSORPTION MECHANISM......Page 219
7.5.1 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY/ EDX......Page 220
7.5.2 XRD......Page 221
7.5.3 FTIR/ XPS......Page 222
7.6 ECONOMY......Page 226
7.7.2 APPLICATION OF BIOSORPTION TECHNOLOGY......Page 228
REFERENCES......Page 229
8.1.1 ARSENIC CHEMISTRY......Page 232
8.1.2 SOURCES OF ARSENIC POLLUTION......Page 233
8.2.2 ARSENIC POLLUTION IN BANGLADESH......Page 234
8.3.1 ARSENIC TOXICOLOGY......Page 235
8.3.2 DISTRIBUTION OF ARSENIC-RELATED DISEASES IN THE WORLD......Page 236
8.4.1 OXIDATION......Page 237
8.4.1.2 Permanganate......Page 238
8.4.2.1 Coagulation/ Flocculation......Page 239
8.4.2.2 Filtration......Page 243
8.4.3.1 Manganese Oxides......Page 244
8.4.3.2 FMBO......Page 245
8.4.4 LIME SOFTENING......Page 247
8.4.6 MEMBRANE SEPARATION......Page 248
REFERENCES......Page 249
CONTENTS......Page 253
9.1.1 CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION......Page 254
9.1.1.2 pH Adjustment......Page 255
9.1.1.3 Coagulation/ Flocculation/ Clarifi cation......Page 256
9.1.1.6 Sludge Dewatering......Page 257
9.1.2.1 Batch Treatment......Page 258
9.1.2.3 Sludge Recirculation......Page 259
9.1.3.2 Lead......Page 260
9.1.4 METAL RECOVERY FROM SLUDGES......Page 261
9.1.4.2 Lime Sludges......Page 262
9.1.4.3 Iron Sludges......Page 263
9.2 ION EXCHANGE MATERIALS......Page 264
9.2.1.1 Strong Acid Cations......Page 266
9.2.1.2 Weak Acid Cations......Page 267
9.2.1.3 Strong and Weak Base Anions......Page 268
9.2.1.4 Adsorbent Resins......Page 269
9.2.2.1 Nickel......Page 270
9.2.2.4 Mercury......Page 271
9.2.2.5 A Case Study......Page 272
9.3.1 PRINCIPLE OF REVERSE OSMOSIS......Page 273
9.4 ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES, ELECTROWINNING......Page 275
9.4.2 FORCED FLOW CELL ( FLOW-BY CATHODE)......Page 276
9.4.4 MESH CATHODE ( FLOW-THROUGH CATHODE)......Page 277
9.4.6 FLUIDIZED BED CELLS ( FLOW-THROUGH CATHODE)......Page 279
9.5 ADSORPTION......Page 280
9.5.1.1.1 Main Applications......Page 282
9.5.1.1.2 Adsorptive Capacity of Carbon......Page 283
9.5.1.1.3 Regeneration of the Activated Carbon......Page 284
9.6.1 MAIN OXIDATION TECHNIQUES......Page 285
9.6.1.1 Application: Treatment of Cyanides......Page 286
9.8 WETLAND METAL MINERALIZATION......Page 287
9.8.2 VEGETATION......Page 289
9.8.3 ALGAE, MICROBES, AND MICROBIALLY MEDIATED PROCESSES......Page 290
9.8.5 METAL REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES......Page 291
9.9 BIOSORPTION......Page 292
REFERENCES......Page 293
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 297
CONTENTS......Page 298
10.1.4 ACID PICKLING OPERATION......Page 299
10.2.2 SULFURIC ACID PICKLING REACTION......Page 300
10.3.2 NEUTRALIZATION AND CLARIFICATION (SEDIMENTATION OR DAF)......Page 301
10.3.3 CRYSTALLIZATION AND REGENERATION......Page 302
10.4.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTEWATERS......Page 304
10.4.3 TREATMENT METHODS......Page 307
10.5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT......Page 309
10.5.2.1 Manufacturing Process......Page 312
10.5.2.1.2 Acid Pickling......Page 313
10.5.2.2 Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention......Page 314
10.5.2.4 Engineering Calculations for the Determination of Hydrochloric Acid Requirements......Page 316
10.5.2.5 Engineering Calculations for the Determination of Ferrous Chloride Recovered......Page 317
REFERENCES......Page 318
CONTENTS......Page 320
11.1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION......Page 321
11.2 WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION......Page 325
11.2.1 COMMON METALS SUBCATEGORY......Page 327
11.2.4 CYANIDE SUBCATEGORY......Page 330
11.2.5 HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM SUBCATEGORY......Page 331
11.2.6 OILS SUBCATEGORY......Page 332
11.3.1 CHEMICAL SUBSTITUTION......Page 335
11.3.2 WASTE SEGREGATION......Page 336
11.3.3.2 Longer Drain Times......Page 337
11.3.3.3.2 Low- Concentration Plating Solutions......Page 338
11.3.3.3.7 Fog Sprays or Air Knives......Page 339
11.3.3.4.1 Capture/ Concentration with Full Reuse of Drag- Out......Page 340
11.3.4 WASTE REDUCTION COSTS......Page 341
11.4 POLLUTANT REMOVABILITY......Page 342
11.4.1 COMMON METALS......Page 343
11.4.5 CYANIDE......Page 346
11.5.1 NEUTRALIZATION......Page 347
11.5.2 CYANIDE- CONTAINING WASTES......Page 348
11.5.3 CHROMIUM- CONTAINING WASTES......Page 350
11.5.4.1 Chemical Precipitation and Sedimentation......Page 351
11.5.4.2 Complexation......Page 352
11.6.1 TYPICAL TREATMENT OPTIONS......Page 353
11.6.2 COST ANALYSIS......Page 354
11.7 U. S. CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS FOR METAL FINISHING EFFLUENT DISCHARGE MANAGEMENT......Page 355
11.7.1 APPLICABILITY AND DESCRIPTION OF THE METAL FINISHING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY......Page 356
11.7.4 EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS BASED ON THE BAT......Page 357
11.7.5 PSES......Page 358
11.7.6 NSPS......Page 360
11.7.7 PSNS......Page 361
11.8 SPECIALIZED DEFINITIONS......Page 362
REFERENCES......Page 363
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 365
12.3 HANDLING, MANAGEMENT, AND DISPOSAL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC WASTES: THE U. S. EXPERIENCE......Page 366
12.5.1 GENERAL MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL OF ELECTRONIC WASTE APPLIANCES......Page 368
12.5.3 GENERAL MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SMALL ELECTRICAL WASTE APPLIANCES......Page 370
12.5.4 GENERAL MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL OF REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING WASTE APPLIANCES......Page 371
12.5.5 GENERAL MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL OF UNIVERSAL WASTES......Page 372
12.5.6 MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL OF A SPECIFIC ELECTRONIC WASTE: CRTS......Page 375
12.5.8 MANAGEMENT, REUSE, RECYCLE, AND DISPOSAL OF VEHICLE BATTERIES......Page 376
12.5.9 MANAGEMENT, REUSE, RECYCLE, AND DISPOSAL OF HOUSEHOLD BATTERIES......Page 379
12.5.10 MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRONIC WASTES: WASTE COMPUTERS......Page 382
12.5.12 SOLIDIFICATION ( CEMENTATION) TECHNOLOGY FOR HAZARDOUS e-WASTE DISPOSAL......Page 383
REFERENCES......Page 384
CONTENTS......Page 385
13.2.1 OVERVIEW OF PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MINERAL ORIGINS......Page 387
13.2.2 OVERVIEW OF BEHAVIOR OF AS, CD, CR, PB, AND HG......Page 388
13.4 SOIL CLEANUP GOALS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR REMEDIATION......Page 390
13.5.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION......Page 392
13.5.2 SITE REQUIREMENTS......Page 393
13.5.4 PERFORMANCE AND BDAT STATUS......Page 394
13.6 SOLIDIFICATION/ STABILIZATION TECHNOLOGIES......Page 395
13.6.1.1 Ex Situ, Cement-Based S/S......Page 396
13.6.3 APPLICABILITY......Page 397
13.6.3.2 Polymer Microencapsulation......Page 398
13.6.4 PERFORMANCE......Page 399
13.7.1.1 Ex Situ Vitrification......Page 402
13.7.3 APPLICABILITY......Page 403
13.7.4 PERFORMANCE AND BDAT STATUS......Page 404
13.8.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION......Page 405
13.8.2 SITE REQUIREMENTS......Page 407
13.8.4 PERFORMANCE AND BDAT STATUS......Page 408
13.9.2 SITE REQUIREMENTS......Page 409
13.9.4 PERFORMANCE AND BDAT STATUS......Page 410
13.10.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION......Page 411
13.10.4 PERFORMANCE AND BDAT STATUS......Page 412
13.11 ELECTROKINETICS......Page 413
13.11.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION......Page 414
13.11.3.1 Electrokinetics, Inc.......Page 416
13.11.3.5 Consortium Process......Page 417
13.11.4 PERFORMANCE......Page 418
13.11.4.2 Geokinetics International, Inc.......Page 419
13.11.5 SUMMARY OF ELECTROKINETIC REMEDIATION......Page 420
13.12.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION......Page 421
13.12.1.2 Phytostabilization......Page 423
13.12.2 APPLICABILITY......Page 424
13.12.3.1 Performance......Page 425
13.12.3.3 Future Directions......Page 426
13.12.4.2 Waste Characteristics......Page 427
13.13 USE OF TREATMENT TRAINS......Page 428
13.14 COST RANGES OF REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES......Page 429
REFERENCES......Page 430
CONTENTS......Page 434
14.1.1 BACKGROUND......Page 435
14.1.2 METALS AND METALLOIDS......Page 436
14.1.3 PURPOSE......Page 437
14.2.2 METAL FINISHING OPERATIONS......Page 438
14.2.2.5 Painting......Page 440
14.2.3.5 Other Considerations......Page 441
14.3.1 THE CENTRAL ROLE OF THE STATE AGENCIES......Page 442
14.3.2 PERFORMING A PHASE I SITE ASSESSMENT: OBTAINING FACILITY BACKGROUND INFORMATION FROM EXISTING DATA......Page 444
14.3.2.2 Other Sources of Recorded Information......Page 445
14.3.4 GATHERING SOIL AND SUBSURFACE INFORMATION......Page 446
14.3.5.1 Identifying Potential Environmental and Human Health Concerns......Page 447
14.3.5.3 Conducting a Site Visit......Page 448
14.3.5.5 Developing a Report......Page 449
14.3.7 PERFORMING A PHASE II SITE ASSESSMENT: SAMPLING THE SITE......Page 450
14.3.7.1 Setting DQOs......Page 451
14.3.7.2 Screening Levels......Page 453
14.3.7.4 Levels of Sampling and Analysis......Page 454
14.3.9.2 Sample Collection and Analysis Technologies......Page 455
14.3.10.1 Where to Sample......Page 457
14.3.10.3 What Types of Analysis to Perform......Page 460
14.3.11.4 Sample Analysis Costs......Page 461
14.4.1 DEVELOPING A CLEANUP......Page 462
14.4.1.2 Containment Technologies......Page 463
14.4.2 KEYS TO TECHNOLOGY SELECTION AND ACCEPTANCE......Page 464
14.4.3 SUMMARY OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR TREATING METALS/METALLOIDS AT BROWNFIELD SITES......Page 466
14.4.4 CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES OPTIONS FOR METAL FINISHING SITES......Page 467
14.5 CONCLUSION......Page 474
REFERENCES......Page 475
15.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 478
15.2.1 LEADED GASOLINE POLLUTION......Page 480
15.2.4 DIESEL ENGINE EMISSION......Page 481
15.2.5 BRAKE LININGS AND TIRES......Page 482
15.3.1 LEADED GASOLINE PHASE- OUT......Page 483
15.3.3 ALTERNATIVE FUELS......Page 485
15.3.4.1 Battery- Powered Electric Vehicles......Page 486
15.3.5 PARTICULATE FILTERS......Page 487
15.3.6 REDUCTION OF METALS IN BRAKE LININGS AND TIRES......Page 488
REFERENCES......Page 489