Heating, cooling, lighting: sustainable design methods for architects

Machine generated contents note: 1. Heating, Cooling, And Lighting As Form-Givers In Architecture --
1.1. Introduction --
1.2. Indigenous and Vernacular Architecture --
1.3. Formal Architecture --
1.4. Architectural Approach to Sustainable Design --
1.5. Dynamic versus Static Buildings --
1.6. Resilient Design --
1.7. Biophilic Design --
1.8. Color and Ornamentation --
1.9. Energy and Architecture --
1.10. Climate and Architecture --
1.11. Sustainability Codes and Voluntary Programs --
1.12. Integrated Design --
1.13. Decision Making --
1.14. Conclusion --
Key Ideas of Chapter 1 --
2. Sustainable Design And Energy Sources --
2.1. Easter Island: Learning from the Past --
2.2. Sustainable Design --
2.3. Reuse, Recycle, and Regenerate by Design --
2.4. Sustainability Movement --
2.5. Population and Affluence --
2.6. Growth --
2.7. Exponential Growth --
2.8. Amoeba Analogy --
2.9. Supply versus Efficiency --
2.10. Sustainable-Design Issues --
2.11. Climate Change --
2.12. Global Greenhouse --
2.13. Ozone Hole --
2.14. Efficiency versus Renewable Energy --
2.15. Energy Sources --
2.16. Energy Use in Ancient Greece --
2.17. Nonrenewable Energy Sources --
2.18. Renewable Energy Sources --
2.19. Hydrogen --
2.20. Conclusion --
Key Ideas of Chapter 2 --
3. Basic Principles --
3.1. Introduction --
3.2. Heat --
3.3. Sensible Heat --
3.4. Latent Heat --
3.5. Evaporative Cooling --
3.6. Convection --
3.7. Transport --
3.8. Energy-Transfer Mediums --
3.9. Radiation --
3.10. Greenhouse Effect --
3.11. Equilibrium Temperature of a Surface --
3.12. Mean Radiant Temperature --
3.13. Heat Flow --
3.14. Heat Sink --
3.15. Heat Capacity --
3.16. Thermal Resistance --
3.17. Heat-Flow Coefficient --
3.18. Time Lag --
3.19. Insulating Effect of Mass --
3.20. Energy Conversion --
3.21. Combined Heat and Power --
3.22. Fuel Cells --
3.23. Embodied Energy --
3.24. Conclusion --
Key Ideas of Chapter 3 --
4. Thermal Comfort --
4.1. Biological Machine --
4.2. Thermal Barriers --
4.3. Metabolic Rate --
4.4. Thermal Conditions of the Environment --
4.5. Psychrometric Chart --
4.6. Dew Point and Wet-Bulb Temperatures --
4.7. Heat Content of Air --
4.8. Thermal Comfort --
4.9. Shifting of the Comfort Zone --
4.10. Adaptive Comfort --
4.11. Clothing and Comfort --
4.12. Strategies --
4.13. Conclusion --
Key Ideas of Chapter 4 --
5. Climate --
5.1. Introduction --
5.2. Climate --
5.3. Microclimate --
5.4. Climatic Anomalies --
5.5. Climate Regions of the United States and Canada --
5.6. Explanations of the Climatic Data Tables --
5.7. Relative Heating and Cooling Loads --
5.8. Additional Climate Information --
5.9. Climate Information for Other Countries --
Data Tables for Climate Regions, United States --
5.10. Design Strategies --
Key Ideas of Chapter 5 --
6. Solar Geometry --
6.1. Introduction --
6.2. Sun --
6.3. Elliptical Orbit --
6.4. Tilt of the Earth's Axis --
6.5. Consequences of the Altitude Angle --
6.6. Winter --
6.7. Sun Revolves Around the Earth! --
6.8. Sky Dome --
6.9. Determining Altitude and Azimuth Angles --
6.10. Solar Time --
6.11. Horizontal Sun-Path Diagrams --
6.12. Vertical Sun-Path Diagrams --
6.13. Drawing Sunbeams --
6.14. Sun-Path Models --
6.15. Solar Heat Gain --
6.16. Solar Site-Evaluation Tools --
6.17. Heliodons --
6.18. Sundials for Model Testing --
6.19. Conceptually Clear Heliodons --
6.20. Conclusion --
Key Ideas of Chapter 6 --
7. Passive Solar --
7.1. History --
7.2. Solar in America --
7.3. Solar Hemicycle --
7.4. Latest Rediscovery of Passive Solar --
7.5. Passive Solar --
7.6. Direct-Gain Systems --
7.7. Design Guidelines for Direct-Gain Systems --
7.8. Example --
7.9. Trombe Wall Systems --
7.10. Design Guidelines for Trombe Wall Systems --
7.11. Example --
7.12. Sunspaces --
7.13. Balcomb House --
7.14. Sunspace Design Guidelines --
7.15. Comparison of the Three Main Passive Heating Systems --
7.16. General Considerations For Passive Solar Systems --
7.17. Heat-Storage Materials --
7.18. Other Passive Heating Systems --
7.19. Maximizing Passive Solar --
7.20. Conclusion --
Key Ideas of Chapter 7 --
8. Photovoltaics And Active Solar --
8.1. Introduction --
8.2. Almost Ideal Energy Source --
8.3. History of PV --
8.4. PV Cell --
8.5. Types of PV Systems --
8.6. Balance of System Equipment --
8.7. Building-Integrated Photovoltaics --
8.8. Orientation and Tilt --
8.9. Roofs Clad with PV --
8.10. Facades Clad with PV --
8.11. Glazing and PV --
8.12. PV Shading Devices --
8.13. PV: Part of the Second Tier --
8.14. Sizing a PV System --
8.15. Finding the PV Array Size for a Stand-Alone Building by the Short Calculation Method --
8.16. Design Guidelines --
8.17. Promise of PV --
8.18. Cost-Effectiveness of PV and Active Solar Applications --
8.19. Active Solar Swimming-Pool Heating --
8.20. Solar Hot-Water Systems --
8.21. Solar Hot-Air Collectors --
8.22. Designing an Active Solar System --
8.23. Active/Passive Solar Systems --
8.24. Preheating of Ventilation Air --
8.25. Future of Active Solar --
8.26. Conclusion --
Key Ideas of Chapter 8 --
9. Shading And Light Colors --
9.1. History of Shading --
9.2. Shading --
9.3. Fixed Exterior Shading Devices --
9.4. Movable Shading Devices --
9.5. Shading Periods of the Year --
9.6. Overhangs --
9.7. Design of Horizontal Overhangs --
Basic Method --
9.8. Shading Design for South Windows --
9.9. Design Guidelines for Fixed South Overhangs --
9.10. Design Guidelines for Movable South Overhangs --
9.11. Shading for East and West Windows --
9.12. Design of East and West Horizontal Overhangs --
9.13. Design of Fins on North Windows --
9.14. Design Guidelines for Eggcrate Shading Devices --
9.15. Special Shading Strategies --
9.16. Shading Outdoor Spaces --
9.17. Using Physical Models for Shading Design --
9.18. Glazing as the Shading Element --
9.19. Interior Shading Devices --
9.20. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient --
9.21. Roof and Wall Reflectivity --
9.22. Conclusion --
Key Ideas of Chapter 9 --
10. Passive Cooling --
10.1. Introduction to Cooling --
10.2. Historical and Indigenous Use of Passive Cooling --
10.3. Passive Cooling Systems --
10.4. Comfort Ventilation versus Night-Flush Cooling --
10.5. Basic Principles of Airflow --
10.6. Airflow through Buildings --
10.7. Example of Ventilation Design --
10.8. Comfort Ventilation --
10.9. Night-Flush Cooling --
10.10. Double-Skin Facades and Operable Roofs --
10.11. Radiant Cooling --
10.12. Evaporative Cooling --
10.13. Cool Towers --
10.14. Earth Cooling --
10.15. Dehumidification with a Desiccant --
10.16. Solar Chimney --
10.17. Conclusion --
Key Ideas of Chapter 10 --
11. Site Design, Community Planning, And Landscaping --
11.1. Introduction --
11.2. Site Selection --
11.3. Solar Access --
11.4. Shadow Patterns --
11.5. Site Planning --
11.6. Solar Zoning --
11.7. Physical Models --
11.8. Wind and Site Design --
11.9. Plants and Vegetation --
11.10. Vegetated Roofs --
11.11. Lawns --
11.12. Landscaping --
11.13. Community Design --
11.14. Cooling Our Communities --
11.15. Conclusion --
Key Ideas of Chapter 11 --
12. Lighting --
12.1. Introduction --
12.2. Light --
12.3. Reflectance/Transmittance --
12.4. Color --
12.5. Vision --
12.6. Perception --
12.7. Performance of a Visual Task --
12.8. Characteristics of the Visual Task --
12.9. Illumination Level --
12.10. Brightness Ratios --
12.11. Glare --
12.12. Equivalent Spherical Illumination --
12.13. Activity Needs --
12.14. Biological Needs --
12.15. Light and Health --
12.16. Poetry of Light --
12.17. Rules for Lighting Design --
12.18. Career Possibilities --
12.19. Conclusion --
Key Ideas of Chapter 12 --
13. Daylighting --
13.1. History of Daylighting --
13.2. Why Daylighting? --
13.3. Nature of Daylight --
13.4. Conceptual Model --
13.5. Illumination and the Daylight Factor --
13.6. Light without Heat? --
13.7. Cool Daylight --
13.8. Goals of Daylighting --
13.9. Basic Daylighting Strategies --
13.10. Basic Window Strategies --
13.11. Advanced Window Strategies --
13.12. Window Glazing Materials --
13.13. Top Lighting --
13.14. Skylight Strategies --
13.15. Clerestories, Monitors, and Light Scoops --
13.16. Special Daylighting Techniques --
13.17. Translucent Walls and Roofs --
13.18. Electric Lighting as a Supplement to Daylighting --
13.19. Physical Modeling --
13.20. Guidelines for Daylighting --
13.21. Conclusion --
Key Ideas of Chapter 13 --
14. Electric Lighting --
14.1. History of Light Sources --
14.2. Light Sources --
14.3. Incandescent and Halogen Lamps --
14.4. Discharge Lamps --
14.5. Fluorescent Lamps --
14.6. High Intensity Discharge Lamps (Mercury, Metal Halide, and High Pressure Sodium) --
14.7. Solid State Lighting --
14.8. Comparison of the Major Lighting Sources --
14.9. Luminaires --
14.10. Lenses, Diffusers, and Baffles --
14.11. Lighting Systems --
14.12. Remote-Source Lighting Systems --
14.13. Visualizing Light Distribution --
14.14. Architectural Lighting --
14.15. Outdoor Lighting --
14.16. Emergency Lighting --
14.17. Controls --
14.18. Maintenance --
14.19. Rules for Energy-Efficient Electric Lighting Design --
14.20. Laws and Standards --
14.21. Conclusion --
Key Ideas of Chapter 14 Note continued: 15. Thermal Envelope: Keeping Warm And Staying Cool --
15.1. Background --
15.2. Heat Loss --
15.3. Heat Gain --
15.4. Solar Reflectivity (Albedo) --
15.5. Compactness, Exposed Area, and Thermal Planning --
15.6. Insulation Materials --
15.7. Thermal Envelope --
15.8. Heat Bridges --
15.9. Windows --
15.10. Movable Insulation --
15.11. Insulating Effect From Thermal Mass --
15.12. Earth Sheltering --
15.13. Infiltration and Ventilation --
15.14. Moisture Control --
15.15. Radon --
15.16. Appliances --
15.17. Conclusion --
Key Ideas of Chapter 15 --
16. Mechanical Equipment For Heating And Cooling --
16.1. Introduction --
16.2. Heating --
16.3. Thermal Zones --
16.4. Heating Systems --
16.5. Electric Heating --
16.6. Hot-Water (Hydronic) Heating --
16.7. Hot-Air Systems --
16.8. Cooling --
16.9. Refrigeration Cycles --
16.10. Heat Pumps --
16.11. Geo-Exchange --
16.12. Cooling Systems --
16.13. Air-Conditioning for Small Buildings --
16.14. Air-Conditioning for Large Multistory Buildings --
16.15. Design Guidelines for Mechanical Systems --
16.16. Air Supply (Ducts and Diffusers) --
16.17. Ventilation --
16.18. Energy-Efficient Ventilation Systems --
16.19. Air Filtration and Odor Removal --
16.20. Special Systems --
16.21. Integrated and Exposed Mechanical Equipment --
16.22. Low Energy Heating and Cooling --
16.23. Conclusion --
Key Ideas of Chapter 16 --
17. Tropical Architecture --
17.1. Introduction --
17.2. Traditional Tropical Architecture --
17.3. Tropical Climate --
17.4. Solar Geometry of the Tropics --
17.5. Shading in Tropical Climates --
17.6. Daylighting in the Tropics --
17.7. Passive Cooling --
17.8. Air-Conditioned Buildings in the Tropics --
17.9. Conclusion --
Key Ideas of Chapter 17 --
18. Recommended Low Energy Case Studies --
18.1. Introduction --
18.2. Case Studies --
19. Checklist For Designing Integrated Sustainable Buildings --
19.1. Introduction --
19.2. Site Selection --
19.3. Form --
19.4. Plan --
19.5. Windows --
19.6. Daylighting --
19.7. Shading --
19.8. Color --
19.9. Thermal Envelope --
19.10. Thermal Mass --
19.11. Glazing --
19.12. Air Barrier --
19.13. Passive Systems --
19.14. Electric Lighting --
19.15. Mechanical Equipment --
Appendix A Horizontal Sun-Path Diagrams --
Appendix B Vertical Sun-Path Diagrams --
Appendix C Solar Altitude And Azimuth Angles --
Appendix D Methods For Estimating The Height Of Trees, Buildings, Etc. --
D.1. Proportional-Shadow Method --
D.2. Similar-Triangle Method --
D.3. 45° Right-Triangle Method --
D.4. Trigonometric Method --
D.5. Tools for Measuring Vertical Angles --
Appendix E Sundials --
Appendix F Sun-Path Models --
F.1. Introduction --
F.2. Directions for Constructing a Sun-Path Model --
Appendix G Water Table For Ventilation Studies --
G.1. Introduction --
G.2. Construction of a Water Table --
Appendix H Site Evaluation Tools --
H.1. Introduction --
H.2. Solar Pathfinder --
H.3. SunEye --
H.4. Sun Locator --
H.5. Do-It-Yourself Solar Site Evaluator --
Appendix I Heliodons --
I.1. Introduction --
I.2. Sun Simulator Heliodon --
I.3. Sun Emulator Heliodon --
I.4. Tabletop Heliodon --
I.5. Bowling Ball Heliodon --
Appendix J Tables Of R-Values --
Appendix K Resources --
K.1. Books --
K.2. Journals --
K.3. Videos --
K.4. Organizations --
K.5. Web-Based Resources --
Appendix L Conversion Factors Between The Inch-Pound (I-P) System And The International System Of Units (SI).