Heat and Mass Transfer

Cover
Heat and Mass Transfer
Copyright
Contents
Preface
1 Basic Modes of Heat Transfer
	1.1 Heat
	1.2 Temperature
	1.3 Heat Transfer Modes
		1.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer
		1.3.2 Convection Heat Transfer
		1.3.3 Combined Convection and Conduction and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
		1.3.4 Radiation Heat Transfer
		1.3.5.Combined Convection and Radiation
	1.4 Conclusions
	Example Problems
	Review Questions
	Objective Questions
	Exercise Problems
2 One-dimensional Steady-state Conduction
	2.1 Fourier's Law
	2.2 General Energy Equation
	2.3 Plane Wall (Slab): Constant Surface Temperature Without Heat Generation
		2.3.1 In a Slab With Convection Boundaries
		2.3.2 One-dimensional Steadystate Conduction Through a Composite Slab
		2.3.3 A Slab With Heat Generation and Uniform Thermal Conductivity
		2.3.4 One-dimensional Steadystate Heat Conduction in a Slab With Variable Thermal Conductivity
	2.4 A Hollow Cylinder Without Heat Generation
		2.4.1 A Hollow Cylinder With Convection Boundaries
		2.4.2 A Solid Cylinder With HeatGeneration
	2.5 A Hollow Sphere Without Heat Generation
		2.5.1 A Hollow Sphere With Convection Heat Transfer and Without Heat Generation
		2.5.2 A Hollow Composite Sphere Without Heat Generation
		2.5.3 Solid Sphere With Heat Generation
		2.5.4 Logarithmic Mean Area for Hollow Cylinder and Sphere
		2.5.5 Thermal Contact Resistance
	2.6 Critical Thickness of Insulation
	2.7 Fins
		2.7.1 Rectangular Fin
		2.7.2 Triangular Fin
		2.7.3 Efficiency of Fin
		2.7.4 Effectiveness of Fin
	2.8 Conclusions
	Example Problems
	Review Questions
	Objective Questions
	Exercise Problems
3 Transient Heat Conduction
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Lumped Parameter Analysis (Infinite Thermal Conductivity)
		3.2.1 Significance of Biot and Fourier Numbers
	3.3 Semi-infinite Solids
		3.3.1 Constant Heat Flux on Semi-infinite Solid
		3.3.2 Convection Boundary Conditions
		3.3.3 Use of Transient-Temperature Charts
		3.3.4 Slab
		3.3.5 Long Cylinder
		3.3.6 Sphere
	3.4 Multidimensional Systems
	3.5 Periodic Heat Flow
		3.5.1 Semi-infinite Solid-surface Temperature Varied Periodically
	3.6 Freezing/Melting
		3.6.1 Flat Liquid/Solid Surface
		3.6.2 Freezing of Liquid at a Temperature Higher than Freezing Point
	3.7 Conclusions
	Example Problems
	Review Questions
	Objective Questions
	Exercise Problems
4 Natural Convection
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Natural Convection Heat Transfer over a Vertical Plate
		4.2.1 Integral Method
		4.2.2 Heat Transfer Coefficient
	4.3 Empirical Relations for Free Convection
		4.3.1 Vertical Planes and Cylinders
		4.3.2 Horizontal Plates
		4.3.3 Inclined Plates
		4.3.4 Vertical Cylinders
		4.3.5 Horizontal Cylinders
		4.3.6 Spheres
	4.4 Free Convection in Enclosed Spaces
	4.5 Concentric Cylinders
	4.6 Concentric Spheres
	4.7 Combined Free and Forced Convection (Mixed Convection)
	4.8 Combined Convection and Radiation Heat Transfer
	4.9 Conclusions
	Example Problems
	Review Questions
	Objective Questions
	Exercise Problems
5 Forced Convection
	5.1 Convective Heat Transfer
	5.2 Velocity Boundary Layer
	5.3 Laminar Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate
	5.4 Thermal Boundary Layer
	5.5 Energy Equation of the Boundary Layer
	5.6 Thermal Boundary Layer Analysis
	5.7 Constant Heat Flux
	5.8 External Forced Convection
		5.8.1 Laminar Flow on Isothermal Plate
		5.8.2 Laminar Flow Parallel to Plane Surfaces
		5.8.3 Flow Across Cylinders (Cross Flow Over Cylinders)
		5.8.4 Flow Over/Across Spheres
		5.8.5 Fluid Flow Over/Across Banks of Tubes
		5.8.6 Pressure Drop
	5.9 Forced Convection Inside Tubes and Ducts
		5.9.1 Laminar Flow in Tubes With Constant Wall Temperature and Heat Fluid
		5.9.2 Turbulent Flow
	5.10 Conclusions
	Example Problems
	Review Questions
	Objective Questions
	Exercise Problems
6 Boiling
	6.1 Boiling Heat Transfer
	6.2 Boiling Curve
		6.2.1 Zone I: Free Convection
		6.2.2 Zone II: Nucleate Boiling
		6.2.3 Zone III: Film Boiling
	6.3 Empirical Correlations for Boiling
	6.4 Nucleate Pool Boiling
	6.5 Critical Heat Flux for Nucleate Pool Boiling
	6.6 Film Boiling
	6.7 Flow Boiling or Forced Convection Boiling
	6.8 Conclusions
	Example Problems
	Review Questions
	Objective Questions
	Exercise Problems
7 Condensation
	7.1 Condensation on Vertical Surfaces (Nusselt Theory)
	7.2 Condensation on Horizontal Surface
	7.3 Reynolds Number for Condensate Flow
	7.4 Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficients from Experiments
	7.5 Dropwise Condensation
	7.6 Influence of Noncondensable Gases
	7.7 Conclusions
	Example Problems
	Review Questions
	Objective Questions
	Exercise Problems
8 Heat Exchangers
	8.1 Classification of Heat Exchangers
	8.2 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of Heat Exchangers
	8.3 Fouling Factors
	8.4 Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)
		8.4.1 LMTD for Parallel-flow Heat Exchangers
		8.4.2 LMTD for Counter-flow Heat Exchangers
		8.4.3 LMTD for Cross-flow Heat Exchangers
	8.5 The NTU Method
		8.5.1 Heat Exchanger Effectiveness of Various Types of Heat Exchangers
	8.6 Heat Transfer Enhancement
	8.7 Compact Heat Exchangers
	8.8 Conclusions
	Example Problems
	Review Questions
	Objective Questions
	Exercise Problems
9 Radiation Heat Transfer
	9.1 Emissive Power
	9.2 Planck's Law
	9.3 Wien's Displacement Law
	9.4 Stefan-Boltzman Law
	9.5 Kirchhoff's Law
	9.6 Black Body Radiation Function
	9.7 Intensity of Radiation (I)
	9.8 Lambert's Cosine Law
	9.9 Radiation Shape Factor (F)
	9.10 Properties of Shape Factor
	9.11 Shape Factor Algebra
	9.12 Electrical Analogy for Thermal Radiation
		9.12.1 Two Infinite Parallel Plates
		9.12.2 Concentric Cylinders or Spheres
		9.12.3 Small Body Lies Inside a Large Enclosure
	9.13 Radiation Shields
	9.14 Gas Radiation
	9.15 Conclusions
	Example Problems
	Review Questions
	Objective Questions
	Exercise Problems
10 Modeling and Analysis
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Basics of Modeling
	10.3 Predictive Models
		10.3.1 Physical Models
		10.3.2 Analog Models
		10.3.3 Mathematical Models
	10.4 Governing Equations
		10.4.1 Elliptic Governing Equation for Steady-state Conduction Heat Transfer Problems
		10.4.2 Parabolic Governing Equations for Transient Conduction Heat Transfer Problems
		10.4.3 Hyperbolic Governing Equations for Convection Heat Transfer Problems
		10.4.4 Integral Forms
	10.5 Numerical Methods
		10.5.1 Numerical Solutions-Finite Difference Methods
	10.6 Monte Carlo Method
		10.6.1 Numerical Solution Concepts
	10.7 Conclusions
	Example Problems
	Exercise Problems
11 Experimental Heat Transfer
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Heat Transfer Experiments
		11.2.1 Thermal Conductivity Measurement of Solids
		11.2.2 Thermal Conductivity Measurement of Liquids and Gases
		11.2.3 Convection Heat Transfer Measurement
		11.2.4 Heat Flux Measurement
		11.2.5 Measurement of Emissivity
		11.2.6 Reflectivity and Transmissivity Measurements
	11.3 Temperature Measurement
		11.3.1 Thermometers
		11.3.2 Fluid Expansion Thermometer
		11.3.3 Temperature Measurement Using Electrical Methods
		11.3.4 Temperature Measurement Using Thermal Radiation
		11.3.5 High-speed Gas Flow Temperature Measurement
		11.3.6 Solar Radiation
	11.4 Dimensional Analysis
		11.4.1 Primary Dimensions
		11.4.2 Forces
		11.4.3 Significance of Non-dimensional Numbers
		11.4.4 Model Experiments and Criteria for Similitude
		11.4.5 Buckingham π  Theorem
	11.5 Conclusions
	Example Problems
	Review Questions
	Objective Questions
	Exercise Problems
12 Mass Transfer
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Modes of Mass Transfer
	12.3 Fick's Laws of Diffusion
	12.4 Equimolar Diffusion
	12.5 Isothermal Evaporation
	12.6 Mass Transfer Coefficient in Convection
	12.7 Mass Transfer Through Boundary Layer
	12.8 Evaporation Processes in the Atmosphere
	12.9 Conclusions
	Example Problems
	Review Questions
	Objective Questions
	Exercise Problems
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Index