Hearing science fundamentals

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contributors
Reviewers
Section I: Acoustics
	1. Basic Acoustics
		Key Terms
		Learning Objectives
		Sound
			Sinusoidal Motion
		Spatial Concepts
			Amplitude
			Wavelength (?)
		Temporal Concepts
			Cycle
			Period
			Frequency
			Phase
			Velocity
			Frequency/Period Relationship
			Frequency/Wavelength Relationship
		Sound Propagation and Interference
		Complex Sounds
		Periodicity Versus Aperiodicity
		Resonance
		Cavity (Acoustical) Resonance
		Frequency Response Curve
		Ear Canal Analogy
		The Decibel
		Computational Perspective
			Hearing Threshold Level and Audiometric Zero (0 dB HL)
		Summary
		Recommended Readings
		References
	2 Review of Speech Acoustics
		Key Terms
		Learning Objectives
		Source-Filter Theory and Vocal Tract Anatomy
		Acoustic Measures
			Fundamental Frequency
			Voice Onset Time
			Root Mean Square Amplitude
			Formants (Spectral Resonances)
			Long-Term Average Spectrum (LTAS)
		Speech Sound Classification
			Consonant Classification
			Vowel Classification
		Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) and Count-the-Dots Audiogram
			SII
			Count-the-Dots Audiogram
		Ling 6 Sounds Test
		Summary
		Recommended Readings
		References
	3. Digital Signal Processing
		Key Terms
		Learning Objectives
		Amplitude Quantization and Sampling Frequency
		Aliasing and Anti-Aliasing Filtering
		Windowing
			Frequency Versus Time Tradeoff (Frequency Resolution Versus Temporal Resolution)
		Pre-Emphasis
		Digital Hearing Aid Signal Processing
			Compression
			Directional Microphones and Digital Noise Reduction
		Summary
		Recommended Readings
		References
Section II: Structure and Function
	4. Anatomy and Physiology of the Conductive Auditory Mechanism
		Key Terms
		Learning Objectives
		Outer Ear
			Auricle (Pinna)
			External Auditory Meatus (Outer Ear Canal)
			Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)
		Middle Ear
			Tympanic Cavity Proper (Tympanum)
			Malleus
			Incus
			Stapes
			Middle Ear Muscles
		Function of the Conductive Mechanism
			Non-Acoustic Function
			Acoustic Function
			Impedance
			Impedance Mismatch
			Auditory (Eustachian) Tube
		Action of the Middle Ear Muscles
		Summary
		Recommended Readings
		References
	5. Anatomy and Physiology of the Sensory Auditory Mechanism
		Key Terms
		Learning Objectives
		Inner Ear
		Function of the Sensory Mechanism
			Mechanical Properties
			Active Processes
			Cochlear Electrophysiology
			Resting Potential
			Potentials Seen as Response to Stimulation
			Single-Cell Electrical Activity
			Phase Locking
		Summary
		Recommended Readings
		References
	6. Anatomy and Physiology of the Central Auditory Mechanism
		Key Terms
		Learning Objectives
		Afferent Central Auditory Pathway
		Interhemispheric Connections
		Efferent Central Auditory Pathway
		Summary
		Recommended Readings
		References
Section III: Psychoacoustics
	7. Normal Hearing
		Key Terms
		Learning Objectives
		Stimulus Characteristics
			Stimulus Frequency
		Stimulus Duration
		Stimulus Intensity
		Methods of Stimulus Presentation
			Earphones
			Speakers
		Assessment of Auditory Sensitivity
			Method of Limits
			Method of Adjustment
			Method of Constant Stimuli
		Listener (Subject) Variables
			Age Variation
		What Is “Normal Hearing”?
		Localization of Sound
			Interaural Intensity (Level) Cues for Localization
			Interaural Time (Phase) Cues for Localization
		Hearing by Bone Conduction
		Summary
		Recommended Readings
		References
	8. Binaural Processing
		Key Terms
		Learning Objectives
		Advantages of Binaural Hearing
			Listening in Noise
		Binaural Squelch
		Directional Hearing
			Localization
			Lateralization
			Vertical Localization
			Minimal Audible Angle (MAA)
			Minimal Audible Movement Angle (MAMA)
			Distance Perception
			Precedence Effect
		Disadvantages of Binaural Hearing
		Physiology of Binaural Hearing
			Afferent Pathways
			Efferent Pathways
		Summary
		Recommended Readings
		References
	9. Masking
		Key Terms
		Learning Objectives
		Masker-Signal Relationship and Sound Level
			Masking of Tones by Other Tones
			Masking of Tones by Narrow Noise Bands
		The Critical Band
			Masking of Tones by Wide Noise Bands
		Special Cases of Masking
			Energetic and Informational Masking
		Masking in Clinical Audiology
		Summary
		Recommended Readings
		References
	10. Temporal Processing
		Key Terms
		Learning Objectives
		Neural Physiology
		Temporal Fine Structure and Temporal Envelope
			Dip Listening
			Modulation Rate and Modulation Depth
		Temporal Processing Skills
			Temporal Integration
			Temporal Resolution
			Temporal Patterning
			Temporal Masking
		Summary
		Recommended Readings
		References
	11. Loudness and Pitch
		Key Terms
		Learning Objectives
		Loudness
		Pitch
			Residue Pitch and the Missing Fundamental
		Summary
		Recommended Readings
		References
	12. Differential Sensitivity
		Key Terms
		Learning Objectives
		The Fechner-Weber Fraction
		Difference Limen for Intensity
		Difference Limen for Frequency
		Temporal Discrimination
		Summary
		Recommended Readings
		References
	13. Signal Detection Theory
		Key Terms
		Learning Objectives
		Response Distributions
		Response Types
			Sensitivity and Specificity
		Response Bias
		Discriminability Index (d\') and ROC Curves
		Ceiling and Floor Effects
		Summary
		Recommended Readings
		References
	14. Auditory Perception and Hearing Impairment
		Key Terms
		Learning Objectives
		Outer Hair Cell (OHC) Damage
			Auditory Recruitment
		Inner Hair Cell (IHC) Damage
			Cochlear Dead Regions
		Auditory Nerve Damage
		Effects on Frequency Selectivity
			Auditory Excitation Patterns
		Effects on Temporal Processing
		Summary
		Recommended Readings
		References
Section IV: Pathologies of the Auditory Mechanisms
	15. Pathologies of the Conductive Auditory Mechanism
		Key Terms
		Learning Objectives
		Pathologies of the Outer Ear
			Auricle
			Chondritis and Cauliflower Ear
			External Auditory Canal
			Impacted Cerumen
		Pathologies of the Middle Ear
			Eustachian Tube (Auditory Tube)
			Otitis Media
			Mastoiditis
			Cholesteatoma
		Pathologies of the Middle Ear Ossicles
			Otosclerosis
			Ossicular Discontinuity
		Summary
		Recommended Readings
		References
	16. Pathologies of the Sensory Auditory Mechanism
		Key Terms
		Learning Objectives
		Inner Ear Pathologies
			Cochlea
			Auditory and Non-Auditory Effects of Noise
			Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
			Socioacusis and Presbycusis
			Meniere’s Disease
			Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
			Ototoxicity
		Auditory Nerve
			Acoustic Neuroma (Vestibular Schwannoma)
			Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder
		Summary
		Recommended Readings
		References
	17. Pathologies of the Central Auditory Mechanism
		Key Terms
		Learning Objectives
		(Central) Auditory Processing Definition
		Signs and Symptoms
		(C)APD Evaluation
		Behavioral (Central) Auditory Skill Areas
			Auditory Figure Ground
			Low-Redundancy Speech
			Dichotic Listening
			Temporal Processing
		Electrophysiological Assessment
			Neural Response Overview
		Management Strategies
			Environmental Modifications
			Compensatory Strategies
			Auditory Training
			Assistive Listening Technology
		Pathologies of the Central Auditory Pathway
			Traumatic Brain Injury
			Cortical/Central Deafness
			Cerebrovascular Accident
			Multiple Sclerosis
		Summary
		Recommended Readings
		References
Glossary
Index