Healthcare Systems and Health Informatics: Using Internet of Things (Innovations in Health Informatics and Healthcare)

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Unit 1 Introduction to IoT-Based Healthcare Devices
	1 Internet of Things: A Smart Technology for Healthcare Industries
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Realising the Role of IoT in the Health Sector
		1.3 Need for IoT in the Healthcare Industry
			1.3.1 Fewer Patient Appointments and Medication Adherence
			1.3.2 Slow Treatment Process and Delays in Hospital Discharges
			1.3.3 Underfunding and Misplacement of Resources
		1.4 Uses of IoT in Healthcare
			1.4.1 Patients
			1.4.2 Physicians
			1.4.3 Hospitals
			1.4.4 Health Insurance Companies
		1.5 How IoT Works in the Healthcare Industry
			1.5.1 Benefits of IoT in the Healthcare Industry
			1.5.2 IoT Enhances the Capabilities of Preventive Medicine
			1.5.3 Increased Mobility and Alertness of Hospital Staff
			1.5.4 Accelerated Processing of Patient Data
			1.5.5 Improved Drug Management and Better Adherence to Medicines
			1.5.6 Reduced Risk of Error and Inaccuracy Due to the Human Factor
			1.5.7 Secure Data Transfer to Doctors
		1.6 Shortcomings of IoT in the Healthcare Industry
			1.6.1 Safety and Security
			1.6.2 Risk of System Failure
			1.6.3 Integration
			1.6.4 Cost
		1.7 Future of Healthcare With IoT Technology
		1.8 Conclusions
		References
	2 IoT Devices for Measuring Pulse Rates and ECG Signals
		2.1 Introduction
			2.1.1 Sensor for Pulse
			2.1.2 Electrocardiogram Chip
			2.1.3 Rate and Rhythm of ECG
			2.1.4 Diagnosis
			2.1.5 ADS1115 Analog to Digital Converter
		2.2 Literature Survey
		2.3 Hardware and Software Platform
			2.3.1 Hardware Platform
			2.3.2 Raspberry Pi 4
			2.3.3 Software Platform
			2.3.4 MySQL Database
			2.3.5 PhpMyAdmin
			2.3.6 Webserver
			2.3.7 Algorithmic Code of Pulse Sensor
			2.3.8 Algorithmic Code for ECG
			2.3.9 Algorithmic Code for Node.JS
		2.4 Result and Performance Analysis
		2.5 Conclusion and Future Work
		References
Unit 2 IoT-Based Systems for Healthcare Sector: AI and Smart Computing
	3 Machine Learning and Deep Learning in IoT-Based Healthcare Support Systems
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Drug Metabolism and Toxicity
		3.3 In-Silico Drug Metabolism and Toxicity
		3.4 Artificial Intelligence and Drug Discovery
		3.5 Hardware Requirements IoT
		3.6 IoT in Healthcare Services
		3.7 Conclusion
		References
	4 An IoT-Based Smart Environment for Sustainable Healthcare Management Systems
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Air Pollution and Human Health Impacts
			4.2.1 Particle Pollutants
			4.2.2 Ground-Level Ozone
			4.2.3 Carbon Monoxide
			4.2.4 Sulphur Dioxide
			4.2.5 Nitrogen Dioxide
			4.2.6 Volatile Organic Compounds
			4.2.7 Temperature
			4.2.8 Humidity
			4.2.9 Indoor Air Quality
		4.3 IoT Architecture of IAQ
			4.3.1 Sensing/Perception Layer
			4.3.2 Networking/Edge-Computing Layer
			4.3.3 Application Layer
		4.4 Indoor Air Quality Index
		4.5 IAQ Monitoring and Controlling System Using IoT Technology
		4.6 Application of IAQ Monitoring On Industry, Homes And Transportation
		4.7 Application of IAQ Controlling Systems
		4.8 Benefits of Monitoring and Controlling Systems of IAQ Using IoT Technology
		4.9 Conclusion
		References
	5 Predictive Model for Brain Tumour Detection Based On IoT MRI Scan
		5.1 Introduction
			5.1.1 MRI Vs CT Scan
			5.1.2 Diffused Low-Grade Gliomas
			5.1.3 IoT Platform
			5.1.4 Fuzzy Logic
			5.1.5 Active Contour
		5.2 Literature Review
		5.3 Methodology
			5.3.1 Adopted Method
				5.3.1.1 De-Noising
				5.3.1.2 Skull Removal
				5.3.1.3 Fuzzy C Mean Algorithm
				5.3.1.4 Probability-Based Segmentation
		5.4 The Active Contour Model (ACM)
			5.4.1 User Approximation
			5.4.2 Internal Energy
			5.4.3 External Energy
			5.4.4 The Two-Phase Formation
		5.5 Result
		5.6 Discussion
		5.7 Evaluation Metric
			5.7.1 The Dice Coefficient
			5.7.2 Tanimoto Coefficient
		5.8 Conclusion
		References
	6 A Comparative Analysis of Parametric and Non-Parametric Video Object Segmentation Methods...
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Overview of the Methodology for Motion Segmentation
		6.3 Results and Discussion
		6.4 Conclusion
		Acknowledgement
		References
	7 IoMT-Based Computational Approach for Semantic Segmentation of Brain Tumour MRI Images
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Literature Survey
		7.3 Related Work
		7.4 Methodology
			7.4.1 Image Preprocessing Segmentation
			7.4.2 Median Filter Images
			7.4.3 Mean Filter Segments
			7.4.4 Wiener Filter Segments
			7.4.5 Image Segmentation
			7.4.6 Threshold Image Segmentation
			7.4.7 K-Means Algorithm for MRI
			7.4.8 Feature Extraction Segmentation
			7.4.9 Fractal-Based Texture Features
			7.4.10 Shape Measures
			7.4.11 Histogram of Oriented Gradient
			7.4.12 Classification
		7.5 Result Analysis
		7.6 Research Directions
		7.7 Conclusion
		References
Unit 3 IoT-Based Systems for Healthcare Industries: Opportunities and Challenges
	8 Internet of Medical Things: Smart Healthcare Monitoring...
		8.1 Background to IoMT
		8.2 General Architecture of IoT
		8.3 EHealth Solution Using IoT
			8.3.1 Monitoring Devices
			8.3.2 Helo Wristband
			8.3.3 Wireless Blood Pressure Monitor
			8.3.4 AliveCor Heart Monitor
			8.3.5 Cloud Computing
			8.3.6 End-User’s Applications
		8.4 Security and Privacy Issues of IoMT
		8.5 Challenge of IoT in the Healthcare Field
		8.6 IoT Solution for Covid-19 Crisis: Monitoring and Detection Technologies
			8.6.1 Contactless Monitoring
			8.6.2 Abbot ID NOW Technology
			8.6.3 Biomeme
			8.6.4 VivaLNK
			8.6.5 Smart Image Reading System Technology
			8.6.6 Phone Apps and Electronic Wristband
			8.6.7 Masimo Safety Net
			8.6.8 Colour Coding (China)
			8.6.9 BOSCH’S Rapid Test
		8.7 Summary
		References
	9 How Artificial Intelligence and IoT Are Facing Covid-19: An Overview
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Existing Contributions of AI Against Covid-19
			9.2.1 AI for Automatic Detection of Covid-19
			9.2.2 Tracking and Prediction
		9.3 AI for Social Control
			9.3.1 AI Helps to Develop Treatments and Vaccines Against Covid-19
		9.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
		References
	10 IoT-Based Healthcare Monitoring Practices During Covid-19: Prospects and Approaches
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Adoption Appearance of the Hospital Technologies
		10.3 Adoption of IoT Technologies for Healthcare Persistence
		10.4 E-Healthcare Technologies for Pre-Covid-19 Diagnosis
		10.5 Wearable Devices Vs Healthcare Monitoring Systems: Fixed and Portable
		10.6 Covid-19 Utilises Adoption IoT in Hospitals
		10.7 Smart Healthcare Monitoring Systems
		10.8 Biometric Monitoring Technologies
			10.8.1 Body Temperature
			10.8.2 Heart Rate
			10.8.3 Blood Pressure
			10.8.4 Blood Oxygen Saturation (SpO2)
			10.8.5 Respiratory Rate
		10.9 Self-Monitoring Devices Based On IoT in Covid-19 Applications
		10.10 Impact of IoT Applications On Mitigating the Spread of Covid-19
		10.11 Benefits for Clinical Researchers
		10.12 Conclusion
		References
	11 Impact of IoT-Based Urban Agriculture On Healthcare: Smart Farms for Homes
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Urban Agriculture
			11.2.1 Backyard Garden
			11.2.2 Greenhouses
			11.2.3 Rooftop Gardens
			11.2.4 Green Wall
			11.2.5 Vertical Farms
			11.2.6 Aquaponics
			11.2.7 Hydroponics
				11.2.7.1 Wick System
				11.2.7.2 Ebb and Flow
				11.2.7.3 Deep Water Culture
				11.2.7.4 Drip System
				11.2.7.5 Nutrition Film Technique
				11.2.7.6 Aeroponic System
		11.3 Internet of Things
			11.3.1 Methodology
			11.3.2 Components Used
				11.3.2.1 ESP 32
				11.3.2.2 Soil Moisture Sensor
				11.3.2.3 Dht 11
				11.3.2.4 P.H. Sensor
				11.3.2.5 Peristaltic Pump
				11.3.2.6 Relays
				11.3.2.7 Motor Driver
		11.4 Impact On Healthcare and Benefits
		11.5 Conclusion
		References
	12 Identification of Heavy Drinking By Using IoT Devices and Artificial Intelligence
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Using IoT Devices and Artificial Intelligence
			12.2.1 Dataset
			12.2.2 Data Pre-Processing
			12.2.3 Methodology
			12.2.4 Deep LSTM
			12.2.5 Bi-Directional LSTM
			12.2.6 ConvLSTM
		12.3 Results
		12.4 Conclusions
		12.5 Future Work and Improvements
		References
Unit 4 Security and Privacy in IoT-Based Systems for Healthcare Sector
	13 Cyber Security for Handling Threats in Healthcare Devices
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Literature Survey
		13.3 IoT and Its Applications
			13.3.1 Smart Healthcare
			13.3.2 Smart City
			13.3.3 Smart Energy
			13.3.4 Smart Grid
			13.3.5 Smart Transportation
			13.3.6 Smart Factory and Smart Manufacturing
		13.4 IoT Challenges
			13.4.1 Scalability
			13.4.2 Amount of Data
			13.4.3 Data Interpretation
			13.4.4 Automatic Discovery
			13.4.5 Software Complexity
			13.4.6 Security and Confidentiality
			13.4.7 Tolerance
			13.4.8 Power Supply
		13.5 Medjacking: How Hackers Use Medical Devices to Launch Cyberattacks
			13.5.1 Medjacking
			13.5.2 Types of Attacks
		13.6 Securing IoT in Healthcare
		13.7 How to Manage Risks Associated With Cybersecurity
		13.8 Necessity of Cybersecurity
		13.9 Encryption Algorithms for Enhancing Cybersecurity
		13.10 Advances in Cybersecurity Technology
		13.11 Cyberethics
		13.12 Recent Survey Issues in Cybersecurity
		13.13 Scope of AI in Cybersecurity
		13.14 Conclusion and Future Scope
		References
	14 Security Challenges and Solutions for Healthcare in the Internet of Things
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Anonymisation
		14.3 Pseudonymisation
		14.4 Access Control
			14.4.1 Discretionary Access Control
			14.4.2 Mandatory Access Control
			14.4.3 Role-Based Access Control
			14.4.4 Access Control Mechanism Suitable for Healthcare System
		14.5 E-Health Transformation Model in Serbia: Design, Architecture and Developing
		14.6 Anonymous E-Prescriptions
		14.7 Smart-Card-Enabled Privacy-Preserving E-Prescriptions System [4]
		14.8 Patient-Controlled Pseudonym Based EHR (PcPbEHR)
		14.9 Potential of Blockchain and IoT Technology in Healthcare
		14.10 Conclusion
		References
Index