Health Psychology: The Basics

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of contents
1 The development of health psychology
	Introduction
	Historical approaches to health: a biomedical model of health and illness
		Introduction to the biomedical model
		Challenging the biomedical view of health
	What is health?
	What is health psychology?
	Why do we need health psychology?
		Health in the twenty-first century: the role of lifestyle on population health
		Health policy: the role of government action for lifestyle change
	Health psychology today, where are we now?
	Research methods in health psychology
		Qualitative studies
		Quantitative studies
		Systematic reviews and meta-analysis
	Careers in health psychology
	What do health psychologists do and where do they work?
	How to become a health psychologist
		Stage one
		Stage two
		What can you expect to earn as a health psychologist?
	Interested in health psychology, now what?
	Final overview and summary
	References
2 A bio/psycho/social approach to health and wellbeing
	Chapter overview
		A biopsychosocial approach to health and wellbeing
	The biopsychosocial approach
	Pain
	Biological factors
		Transduction
		Transmission
		Modulation
	Psychological factors
		The Gate Control Theory (GCT)
			Anxiety
			Learning
			Cognition
		Treatment for pain (see Table 2.2)
		Why does pain relief stop working as well?
		What can health psychologists do to improve pain?
		What about alternative therapies?
		Brief summary of pain
	Diabetes
		What is diabetes?
		The endocrine system
			It is a disease of lifestyle!
		What is the role of the health psychologist in understanding Type 2 diabetes?
		Using a biopsychosocial approach in understanding the aetiology of Type 2 DM
			Examples of biological factors
			Examples of psychological factors
			Evidence
			Why might wholegrains be beneficial?
			Is it just about eating wholegrains?
			What about exercise?
			Can personality influence onset?
			What is conscientiousness?
			What is the relationship between conscientiousness and Type 2 diabetes?
			Social and environmental factors
			The obesogenic environment
			What about culture?
	The digestive system and obesity
		The digestive system
			So why do we need to eat?
			So what is the right amount of food?
			What is a calorie?
		Obesity
			So why do people become obese?
			Biological factors
			So what other biological factors affect eating behaviour?
			Leptin
			Ghrelin
			Neuropetide Y
		Psychological factors
			Conditioning
		Stress and eating behaviour
		Activity
			Social factors
			Summary
	Autoimmune diseases
		The immune system
			Simplified overview of the innate system
			Simplified overview of the specific system
			Genes
			Gender
			Psychological factors
			Social factors
			So what can we conclude?
	Chapter summary
	References
3 Attitudes, beliefs and behaviour: Models of health behaviour change
	Introduction
	Introduction to social cognition models
	Social Cognitive Theory
		We do what we see: the historical development of the Social Cognitive Theory
		Overview of the Social Cognitive Theory
		Core process 1: outcome expectancies
		Self-efficacy ‘the belief that we are capable’
		Core process 2: socio-structural factors
		Core process 3: goal setting
		Summary and future directions
	Health Belief Model
		Summary and future directions
	Protection Motivation Theory
		Summary and future directions
	Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behaviour
		The development of the theory of planned behaviour
		Summary and future directions
	Stage models of change
		Stages of change ‘When you change’
		1. Processes of change
		2. Self-efficacy
		3. Decisional balance
		Summary and future directions
	Final overview and summary
	References
4 Health behaviours of children and adolescents
	Introduction
	Children’s health in context
		Why is childhood so important for future health?
	Methods of research in children and adolescents
	Why is eating behaviour in children important?
	Understanding eating behaviour
	Biological factors
	Psychosocial factors
		Early years and the role of learning
	A focus on interventions
	So with this in mind what can be done to tackle obesity on a wider scale?
	A biopsychosocial approach to understanding risk behaviour
		Biological
		Psychosocial factors
		Why are friends so important?
		The influence of parents/carers
		Intervening in risky behaviours
	Alcohol use in adolescents
		1. What is the problem?
		2. What influences alcohol use in adolescence?
			Biological factors
			Influence of others
			Positive expectancies
			Parental influence
			Affect and personality factors
		3. Choosing theory appropriate to the needs of the target group
			The need for a dual processing approach in predicting adolescent behaviour
			What is the dual processing approach?
	How do children and adolescents differ from adults?
	The Prototype Willingness Model
	Summary of chapter
	References
5 Stress
	Chapter overview
	Introduction
		What is stress?
	Models of stress
		Fight or flight
			What happens in the body during the fight or flight response?
		Biological Model of Stress – Seyle’s General Adaption Syndrome
	Transactional Theory of Stress
		Is it stress?
	Is there a link between stress and health?
		The role of daily hassles
		Allostatic load
		How might stress be linked to ill health?
		The potential direct route between stress and illness
		Stress reactivity
	Psychoneuroimmunology/psychoneuroendocrinology
		The brief overview of the immune system
		The potential pathways between stress and the immune system
	What moderates the relationship between stress and illness?
		Coping
		Why are some people more resilient to stress than others?
		Social support
	How do we measure stress?
	Stress management
		Biofeedback
		Emotional expression relaxation, guided imagery and music
		Mindfulness
		Exercise
	Chapter summary
	References
6 Adjusting to chronic illness
	Chapter overview
	Introduction
		What are chronic illnesses?
		The consequences of living with a chronic illness
	Coping requires major lifestyle changes
		Impact of chronic illness on family
	Quality of life
	Mindfulness and gratitude
	Social support
	Self-management
	Education based interventions or psychological interventions?
	Cardiac rehabilitation
	Diabetes self-management
	Carbtoxicity and low carbohydrate diets in type 2
		So what has happened since?
		What are the implications?
		What about exercise?
		Irritable bowel syndrome
		Interventions
		Mindfulness
	Summary of the chapter
	References
7 Health psychology in healthcare settings
	Introduction
	Communication in healthcare settings
		What is the doctor-patient relationship?
			What is the impact of a good doctor-patient relationship?
		The medical consultation
		Factors that influence the medical consultation
			Healthcare professional related factors
			Patient related factors
			Patient and healthcare professional factors
			Situational factors
		What makes a good or bad medical consultation?
		Shared decision making
		Summary
	Concordance, adherence and compliance
		What is adherence?
		What psychological factors predict adherence?
		The Perceptions and Practicalities Approach (PAPA)
		Improving adherence: considerations and future directions
	Impact of hospitalisation and stressful procedures
		What is a hospital?
		The patients’ role
		The good versus bad patient
		Factors affecting adjustment to hospital
		Children in hospital
		How can we better support patients including children in hospital settings?
		Summary
	Final overview and summary
	References
Glossary
Index