Health Psychology

Title
Contents
PA R T O N E INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
	1. What Is Health Psychology?
		Defi nition of Health Psychology
		Why Did Health Psychology Develop?
		Th e Mind-Body Relationship: A Brief History
		Psychoanalytic Contributions
		Psychosomatic M edicine
		Current M ind-Body P erspective
		Th e Biopsychosocial Model in Health Psychology
		Th e Biopsychosocial Model Versus the Biomedical M odel
		Advantages of the Biopsychosocial Model
		Clinical Implications of the Biopsychosocial M odel
		Th e Biopsychosocial Model: Th e Case History of Nightmare D eaths
		Th e Need for Health Psychology
		Changing Patterns of Illness
		Advances in Technology and Research
		Th e Role of Epidemiology in Health Psychology
		Expanded Health Care Services
		Increased M edical A cceptance
		Health P sychology R esearch
		What Is Health Psychology Training For?
		Careers in P ractice
		Careers in R esearch
	2. The Systems of the Body
		Th e Nervous System
		Overview
		Th e B rain
		Th e Role of Neurotransmitters
		Disorders of the Nervous System
		Th e Endocrine System
		Overview
		Th e Adrenal Glands
		Disorders Involving the Endocrine System
		Th e Cardiovascular System
		Overview
		Th e H eart
		Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
		Blood P ressure
		Th e B lood
		Disorders Related to White Cell Production
		Disorders Related to Red Cell Production
		Th e Respiratory System
		Overview
		Th e Structure and Functions of the Respiratory S ystem
		Disorders of the Respiratory System
		Dealing with R espiratory D isorders
		Th e Digestive System and the Metabolism of Food
		Overview
		Th e Functioning of the Digestive System
		Disorders of the Digestive System
		Th e Renal System
		Overview
		Disorders of the Renal System
		Th e Reproductive System and an Introduction to Genetics
		Overview
		Th e Ovaries and Testes
		Fertilization and G estation
		Disorders of the Reproductive System
		Genetics and H ealth
		Th e Immune System
		Overview
		Infection
		Th e Course of Infection
		B O X 2.
		Portraits of Two Carriers
		Immunity
		Disorders Related to the Immune S ystem
PA R T  T W O  HEALTH BEHAVIOR AND PRIMARY PREVENTION
	3. Health Behaviors
		Health P romotion: An Ov erview
		An Introduction to Health Behaviors
		Role of Behavioral Factors in Disease and Disorder
		What Are H ealth B ehaviors?
		Practicing and Changing Health Behaviors: An Overview
		Barriers to Modifying Poor Health Behaviors
		Intervening with Childr en and A dolescents
		Intervening with A t-Risk P eople
		Health Promotion and Older Adults
		Ethnic and Gender Diff erences in Health Risks and Habits
		Changing Health H abits
		Attitude Change and Health Behavior
		Th e H ealth B elief M odel
		Th e Th eory of P lanned B ehavior
		Self-Determination Th eory
		Attitudes and Changing Health Behaviors: Some Caveats
		Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches to Health Behavior Change
		Cognitive-Behavior Th erapy (CB T)
		Self-Monitoring
			3.1 Cognitive-Behavior Th erapy in the B O X Treatment of Alcoholism
		Classical Conditioning
		Operant Conditioning
		Modeling
		Stimulus Contr ol
		Th e Self-Control of Behavior
		Relapse
		Th e Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change
		Stages of Change
		Using the Stage Model of Change
		Changing Health Behaviors Th rough Social Engineering
		Venues for Health-Habit Modifi cation
		Th e Private Th erapist’s Offi ce
		Th e Health Practitioner’s Offi ce
		Th e F amily
		Managed Car e F acilities
		Self-Help G roups
		Schools
		Workplace I nterventions
		Community-Based I nterventions
		Th e Mass Media
		Telephone
		Th e I nternet
	4. Specifi c Health-Related Behaviors
		Exercise
		Benefi ts of Exercise
		Determinants of Regular Exercise
		Characteristics of I nterventions
		Accident P revention
		Home and Workplace A ccidents
		Motorcycle and A utomobile A ccidents
		Cancer-Related H ealth Behaviors
		Mammograms
		Colorectal Cancer Scr eening
		Sun S afety P ractices
		Developing a H ealthy D iet
		Why Is Diet Important?
		Resistance to Modifying Diet
		Interventions to M odify D iet
		Weight Contr ol and O besity
		Th e Regulation of Eating
		Why Is Obesity a Health Risk?
		B O X 4.1 Th e Stigma of Obesity: Comments on the Obese
		Obesity in Childhood
		Obesity in Older Age
		Factors Associated with Obesity
		Stress and Eating
		Weight Control and Obesity
		Cognitive Behavior Th erapy (CB T)
		Controlling Self-Talk
		Where Are Weight-Loss Programs Implemented?
		Evaluation of Cognitive-Behavioral Weight-Loss Techniques
		Taking a Public Health Approach
		B O X 4.2 Th e Barbie Beauty Battle
		Eating Disorders
		B O X 4.3 You Can Be Too Th in
		Anorexia N ervosa
		Bulimia
		Sleep
		What Is S leep?
		Sleep and H ealth
		Sleep A pnea
		Rest, R enewal, S avoring
	5. Health-Compromising Behaviors: Alcoholism and Smoking
		Characteristics of H ealth-Compromising Behaviors
		What Is S ubstance D ependence?
		Alcoholism and P roblem D rinking
		Th e Scope of the Problem
		What Are Alcoholism and Problem Drinking?
		Origins of Alcoholism and Problem Drinking
		Treatment of Alcohol Abuse
		B O X 5.1 After the Fall of the Berlin Wall
		Treatment P rograms
		B O X 5.2 A Profi le of Alcoholics Anonymous
		Evaluation of Alcohol Treatment Programs
		B O X 5.3 Th e D rinking College S tudent
		Can Recovered Alcoholics Ever Drink Again?
		Preventive Approaches to Alcohol Abuse
		Drinking and D riving
		Is Modest Alcohol Consumption a Health Behavior?
		Smoking
		Synergistic Eff ects of Smoking
		A Brief History of the Smoking Problem
		Why Do People Smoke?
		Interventions to Reduce Smoking
		Smoking P revention P rograms
		Social Engineering and Smoking
		B O X 5.4 Th e Perils of Secondhand Smoke
PA R T T H R E E STRESS AND COPING
	6. Stress
		What Is S tress?
		What Is a Stressor?
		Person–Environment F it
		Th eoretical Contributions to the Study of Stress
		Fight or F light
		Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
		Tend-and-Befriend
		Psychological Appraisal and the Experience of Stress
		Th e Physiology of Stress
		Individual D iff erences in Stress Reactivity
		B O X 6.1 Can Stress Aff ect P regnancy?
		What Makes E vents S tressful?
		Assessing Stress
		Dimensions of Stressful Events
		Must Stress Be Perceived as Such to Be Stressful?
		Can People Adapt to Stress?
		Must a Stressor Be Ongoing to Be Stressful?
		B O X 6.2 P ost-Traumatic S tress D isorder
		How Has Stress Been Studied?
		Studying Stress in the Laboratory
		B O X 6.3 Can an Exciting Sports Event Kill You? Cardiovascular Events During World Cup Soccer
		Inducing D isease
		Stressful Life E vents
		Daily S tress
		B O X 6.4 A M easure of P erceived S tress
		Sources of Chr onic S tress
		B O X 6.5 Th e Measurement of Daily Strain
		Eff ects of Early Stressful Life Experiences
		Chronic S tressful Conditions
		Chronic Stress and Health
		Stress in the Workplace
		B O X 6.6 Can Racism Kill You?
		Some Solutions to Workplace Stressors
		Combining Work and F amily R oles
	7. Moderators of the Stress Experience
		Coping with S tress
		Personality and Coping
		Coping Resources
		B O X 7.1 Th e Measurement of Optimism: Th e L OT-R
		Additional Coping R esources
		Sources of R esilience
		Coping Style
		B O X 7.2 R eligion, Coping, and Well-Being
		Problem-Focused and Emotion-Focused Coping
		Specifi c Coping Strategies
		Coping and External Resources
		B O X 7.3 Th e Brief COPE
		Coping Outcomes
		B O X 7.4 Coping with AIDS
		Social S upport
		What Is Social Support?
		B O X 7.5 Is Social Companionship an Important Part of Your Life?
		Eff ects of Social Support on Psychological Distress
		Eff ects of Social Support on Illness and Health Habits
		Biopsychosocial P athways
		Moderation of Stress by Social Support
		What Kinds of Support Are Most Eff ective?
		Eff ects of Stress on Support Providers
		Enhancing S ocial S upport
		Coping Interventions
		Mindfulness Training
		Expressive Writing
		Coping Eff ectiveness Training
		Stress M anagement
		Basic Techniques of Stress Management
		A Stress Management Program
		Relaxation Training and Stress Management
		Supplementary S tress M anagement S kills
PA R T F O U R THE PATIENT IN THE  TREATMENT SETTING
	8.  Using Health Services
		Recognition and Interpretation of Symptoms
		Recognition of S ymptoms
		Interpretation of S ymptoms
		B O X 8.1 Can Expectations Infl uence Sensations? Th e Case of Premenstrual Symptoms
		Cognitive Representations of Illness
		Lay Referral N etwork
		Complementary and Alternative Medicine
		Th e I nternet
		Who Uses H ealth S ervices?
		Age
		Gender
		Social Class and Culture
		Social P sychological F actors
		Misusing H ealth S ervices
		Using Health Services for Emotional Disturbances
		B O X 8.2 College Students’ Disease
		B O X 8.3 Th e June Bug Disease: A Case of Hysterical Contagion
		Delay B ehavior
	9. Patient-Provider Relations
		What Is a Health Care Provider?
		Nurses as P roviders
		Physicians’ Assistants as P roviders
		Th e Nature of Patient-Provider Communication
		Judging Quality of Care
		Patient Consumerism
		Setting
		Structure of the Health Care Delivery System
		Patient Dissatisfaction in Managed Care
		Changes in the Philosophy of Health Care Delivery
		Th e Holistic Health Movement and Health Care
		Provider Behaviors Th at Contribute to Faulty Communication
		B O X 9.1 What Did You Say?: Language Barriers to Eff ective Communication
		Patients’ Contributions to Faulty Communication
		Interactive Aspects of the Communication Problem
		Results of Poor Patient-Provider Communication
		Nonadherence to Treatment R egimens
		B O X 9.2 Reducing Error in Adherence
		Good Communication
		B O X 9.3 Protease Inhibitors (HAART): An Adherence N ightmare?
		Malpractice Litigation
		Improving Patient-Provider Communication and Reducing N onadherence
		Teaching Providers How to Communicate
		B O X 9.4 Improving Adherence to Treatment
		Health Car e I nstitution I nterventions
		Th e Patient in the Hospital Setting
		Structure of the Hospital
		Functioning of the Hospital
		B O X 9.5 Burnout Among Health Care Professionals
		Recent Changes in Hospitalization
		Th e Impact of Hospitalization on the Patient
		Interventions to Increase Information in Hospital Settings
		B O X 9.6 Social Support and Distress from Surgery
		Th e Hospitalized Child
		Anxiety
		Preparing Childr en for M edical I nterventions
	10. The Management of Pain and Discomfort
		Th e Signifi cance of P ain
		B O X 10.1 A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Pain: Th e Childbirth Experience
		Th e Elusive Nature of Pain
		Measuring P ain
		Th e Physiology of Pain
		BOX 10.2 Headache Drawings Refl ect Distress and Disability
		Neurochemical Bases of Pain and Its Inhibition
		BOX 10.
		Phantom Limb Pain: A Case History
		Clinical Issues in Pain Management
		Acute and Chronic Pain
		Pain and P ersonality
		Pain Contr ol Techniques
		Pharmacological Control of Pain
		Surgical Control of Pain
		BOX 10.4 Managing Pain
		Sensory Control of Pain
		Biofeedback
		Relaxation Techniques
		BOX 10.5 Using Relaxation to Combat Pain
		Hypnosis
		Acupuncture
		Distraction
		Coping Techniques
		Guided I magery
		Additional Cognitive Techniques to Control Pain
		Management of Chronic Pain: Pain Management P rograms
		Initial E valuation
		Individualized Treatment
		Components of P rograms
		Involvement of F amily
		Relapse P revention
		Evaluation of P rograms
		Th e Placebo as a Healer
		Historical P erspective
		BOX 10.6 Cancer and the Placebo Eff ect
		What Is a Placebo?
		Provider Behavior and Placebo Eff ects
		Patient Characteristics and Placebo Eff ects
		Patient-Provider Communication and Placebo Eff ects
		Situational Determinants of Placebo Eff ects
		Social Norms and Placebo Eff ects
		Generalizability of Placebo Eff ects
		Th e Placebo as a Methodological Tool
PA R T F I V E  MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC AND TERMINAL ILLNESS
	11. Management of Chronic Illness
		Quality of Life
		What Is Quality of Life?
		Why Study Quality of Life?
		Emotional Responses to Chronic Illness
		Denial
		Anxiety
		Depression
		Personal Issues in Chronic Disease
		Th e Physical Self
		B O X 11.1 A Future of Fear
		Th e Achieving Self
		Th e Social Self
		Th e P rivate S elf
		Coping with Chr onic I llness
		Coping Strategies and Chronic Illness
		Patients’ B eliefs A bout Chr onic I llness
		Comanagement of Chr onic I llness
		Physical Problems Associated with Chronic Illness
		B O X 11.2 Causal Attributions, Feelings of Control, and Recovery from Myocardial Infarction
		Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Other B O X 11.
		Functional D isorders
		Vocational Issues in Chronic Illness
		B O X 11.4 Epilepsy and the Need for a Job Redesign
		Discrimination Against the Chronically Ill
		B O X 11.5 Who Works with the Chronically Ill?
		Social Interaction Problems in Chronic Illness
		Gender and the Impact of Chronic Illness
		Positive Changes in Response to Chronic Illness
		When the Chronically Ill Patient Is a Child
		Psychological Interventions and Chronic Illness
		Pharmacological I nterventions
		Individual Th erapy
		Psychotherapeutic I nterventions
		Patient E ducation
		Relaxation, Stress Management, and Exercise
		Social S upport I nterventions
		Family S upport
		Support G roups
		B O X 11.6 Help on the I nternet
	12.  Psychological Issues in Advancing and Terminal Illness
		Death Across the Life Span
		Death in Infancy or Childhood
		Death in Adolescence and Young Adulthood
		B O X 12.
		Mainstreaming the Child with Leukemia
		Death in Middle Age
		Death in O ld Age
		Psychological Issues in Advancing Illness
		Continued Treatment and Advancing Illness
		BOX 12.2 Why Do Women Live Longer Th an Men?
		BOX 12.3 A Letter to My Physician Concerning My Decision About Physician Aid-in-Dying
		BOX 12.4 Ready to Die: Th e Question of Assisted Suicide
		BOX 12.5 Death: A Daughter’s Perspective
		Psychological and Social Issues Related to Dying
		Th e Issue of Nontraditional Treatment
		Are Th ere Stages in Adjustment to Dying?
		Kübler-Ross’s Five-Stage Th eory
		Evaluation of Kübler-Ross’s Th eory
		Psychological Management of the Terminally Ill
		Medical S taff and the Terminally Ill Patient
		Individual Counseling with the Terminally Ill
		Family Th erapy with the Terminally Ill
		Th e Management of Terminal Illness in Children
		Alternatives to Hospital Care for the Terminally Ill
		Hospice Car e
		Home Car e
		Problems of S urvivors
		BOX 12.6 Cultural Attitudes Toward Death
		Th e Adult Survivor
		Th e Child Survivor
		Death E ducation
	13. Heart Disease, Hypertension, Stroke, and Type II Diabetes
		Coronary H eart D isease
		What Is CHD?
		Th e Role of Stress
		Women and CHD
		B O X 13.1 Can Male and Female Qualities Aff ect Your Health?
		Cardiovascular Reactivity, Personality, and CHD
		BOX 13.2 Hostility and Cardiovascular Disease
		Depression and CHD
		Other Psychosocial Risk Factors and CHD
		Modifi cation of CHD Risk-Related Behavior
		Management of Heart Disease
		BOX 13.3 Coronary Heart Disease and the Internet
		BOX 13.4 Picturing the Heart
		BOX 13.5 Th e Heart Patient Who Returns to Work
		Hypertension
		How Is Hypertension Measured?
		What Causes H ypertension?
		Th e Relationship Between Stress and Hypertension
		Psychosocial Factors and Hypertension
		Treatment of H ypertension
		Problems in Treating H ypertension
		Stroke
		Risk Factors for Stroke
		Consequences of S troke
		Types of R ehabilitative I nterventions
		Type II D iabetes
		Health Implications of Diabetes
		Problems in Self-Management of Diabetes
		BOX 13.6 Stress Management and the Control of Diabetes
		Interventions with Diabetics
	14. Psychoneuroimmunology and Immune-Related Disorders
		Psychoneuroimmunology
		Th e Immune System
		Assessing Immune F unctioning
		Stress and Immune Functioning
		B O X 14.1 Academic Stress and Immune Functioning
		BOX 14.2 A utoimmune D isorders
		Negative Aff ect and Immune Functioning
		Stress, Immune Functioning, and Interpersonal Relationships
		Coping and Coping Resources as Moderators of the Stress–Immune Functioning Relationship
		Interventions to Improve Immune Functioning
		Stress and the Developing Immune System
		HIV Infection and AIDS
		A Brief History of HIV Infection and AIDS
		HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States
		Th e Psychosocial Impact of HIV Infection
		Interventions to Reduce the Spread of HIV Infection
		BOX 14.3 Safe Sex
		Coping with HIV1 Status and AIDS
		Psychosocial Factors Th at Aff ect the Course of HIV Infection
		Cancer
		Why Is Cancer Hard to Study?
		Who Gets Cancer? A Complex Profi le
		Psychosocial Factors and Cancer
		Psychosocial Factors and the Course of Cancer
		Mechanisms Linking Stress, Coping, and Cancer
		Adjusting to Cancer
		Psychosocial Issues and Cancer
		Psychological A djustment and Treatment
		Coping with Cancer
		Interventions
		Arthritis
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Osteoarthritis
		Other F orms of Ar thritis
		Type I D iabetes
		Special P roblems of A dolescent D iabetics
PA R T S I X  TOWARD THE FUTURE
	15. Health Psychology: Challenges for the Future
		Health P romotion
		A Focus on Th ose at Risk
		Prevention
		A Focus on the Elderly
		Refocusing Health Promotion Eff orts
		Promoting R esilience
		Health Promotion as a Part of Medical Practice
		SES and Health Disparities
		Gender and H ealth
		Stress and I ts M anagement
		Where Is Stress Research Headed?
		Health S ervices
		Building B etter Consumers
		Containing Costs of Health Care
		Management of S erious I llness
		Quality-of-Life Assessment
		Pain M anagement
		Terminal Car e
		Th e Aging of the Population
		Trends in Health and Health Psychology
		Th e Changing Nature of Medical Practice
		Systematic Documentation of Cost Eff ectiveness and Treatment Eff ectiveness
		International H ealth
		Becoming a H ealth P sychologist
		Undergraduate E xperience
		Graduate E xperience
		Postgraduate Work
		Employment
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
CREDITS
NAME INDEX
SUBJECT INDEX