Health Planning for Effective Management

Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 12
I: The Integration of Planning with Action......Page 16
Planning Scope and Structure......Page 18
Planning as an Educational Process......Page 23
Stages of the Planning Process......Page 24
Recent Directions in Health Planning......Page 34
Specific Management Issues......Page 36
3 Health Systems Research in Relation to Planning......Page 44
Scope and Features of Research......Page 45
Illustrative Research Issues......Page 46
Approaches and Methodology......Page 48
Institutionalization of Research......Page 52
Scope and Purpose of Evaluation......Page 55
Main Features of Management Decision Making......Page 56
Capturing the Dynamics of Evaluation......Page 58
Evaluation Measures......Page 60
Evaluation Principles and Practice......Page 63
II: The Planning Process: Concepts, Methods, and Strategies......Page 68
Conceptualization of the Health Services System......Page 70
The Essence of Planning......Page 79
The Information Base......Page 84
The Political Perspective......Page 88
Consequent Difficulties in Planning......Page 89
Implications of Political Issues for Planning......Page 91
Summary......Page 97
General Economic Concerns......Page 99
Microeconomic Considerations......Page 100
Macroeconomic Considerations......Page 106
Health Care Financing......Page 109
Some Concluding Observations......Page 112
General Demographic Considerations......Page 115
Sources of Demographic Data......Page 120
Errors in Demographic Data......Page 123
Specific Demographic Data Needed for Health Planning......Page 126
Scope of Concern......Page 130
Epidemiologic Measures......Page 132
Indicators......Page 136
Obtaining the Information......Page 138
Concluding Observations......Page 141
10 Health Personnel Planning......Page 144
Supply Analysis......Page 145
Demand Analysis......Page 151
Productivity......Page 154
Will Supply Match Demand? Recommendations to Effect a Balance......Page 155
Scope and Importance......Page 160
Needs Assessment......Page 161
Cost Analysis and Accounting......Page 162
Focus on Implementation......Page 165
Summary......Page 167
Scope and Purposes......Page 169
Organizational Arrangements......Page 172
Financing Mechanisms......Page 175
Budget Preparation and Analysis......Page 178
Historical Background......Page 185
Justifications for New Concepts of Community Involvement......Page 187
The Major Components of Community Involvement......Page 189
Practical Process of Implementation......Page 194
14 Organizational Structure and Process......Page 200
Structural Considerations......Page 201
Communications Networks......Page 204
The Decision Process......Page 207
Summary......Page 211
III: Toward Plan Implementation: Analytic Techniques and Tactical Considerations......Page 214
Procedures for Obtaining Group Consensus......Page 216
Logical Framework for Planning and Evaluation......Page 219
Scheduling: Network Analysis......Page 221
The Standard Error as a Measure of Imprecision......Page 228
Methods and Timing of Data Collection......Page 230
Considerations of Sample Size......Page 232
Surveys for Comparative Analysis......Page 235
Preparing Forecasts......Page 238
Changing Population Characteristics......Page 242
Aggregated Effects of Changing Population Characteristics......Page 245
Considerations and Constraints in Measurement......Page 250
Economic Cost of Illness......Page 251
Decisions on Screening......Page 252
Analysis of Services Utilization......Page 254
Provider-Initiated Services......Page 257
Macroanalysis......Page 261
Microanalysis......Page 270
Macro- and Microanalysis in Perspective......Page 272
General Features of the Analysis......Page 274
Special Considerations......Page 276
Methodologic Issues......Page 279
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Family Planning Programs: A Case Study......Page 282
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis......Page 283
Summary......Page 286
21 Synthesis of Health Needs and Resources......Page 289
Translating Facts into Priorities......Page 290
Compatibility Among Priorities and Objectives......Page 291
D......Page 298
L......Page 299
R......Page 300
W......Page 301