HCI in mobility, transport, and automotive systems : third International Conference, MobiTAS 2021, held as part of the 23rd HCI International Conference, HCII 2021, Virtual event, July 24-29, 2021, Proceedings

Foreword
HCI International 2021 Thematic Areas and Affiliated Conferences
Contents
Urban Mobility
Requirement Analysis for Personal Autonomous Driving Robotic Systems in Urban Mobility
	1 Introduction
	2 Current State of Research
		2.1 Autonomous Mobility
		2.2 Legal Background
		2.3 Existing Personal Robot
	3 Methodology
	4 Result Evaluation
		4.1 Need Assessment (1st Focus Group)
		4.2 Requirement Engineering (2nd and 3rd Focus Group)
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Conceptual Modelling
		5.2 Mobility As-A-Service
	6 Conclusion
	References
Visualization of Zero Energy Bus Implementation Through Effective Computer Interaction
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Literature Review
		2.2 Case Studies
	3 Methodology
	4 Prototypes
	5 Conclusions and Next Steps
		5.1 Conclusions
		5.2 Next Steps
	References
Modeling of Onboard Activities: Public Transport and Shared Autonomous Vehicle
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
User Interface for Vehicle Theft Recovery System
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of an Anti-theft System
	3 Sample Scenarios
		3.1 A Thief Steals the Car
		3.2 The Owner’s Child Takes the Car Without Permission
	4 Defining an Anti-theft System
		4.1 XML for Defining Anti-theft Systems
		4.2 System Designer Interface
		4.3 Automatic Generation of Code from XML
	5 User Interface
	6 Closing Remarks and Future Work
		6.1 Contributions
		6.2 Future Work
	References
Future of Urban Mobility – New Concepts Instead of New Technologies?
	1 Introduction
		1.1 A New Vision of Future Mobility
	2 Intermodal Urban Mobility
		2.1 Intermodal Transport Chains
		2.2 Combined Transport of Goods and People
		2.3 Last Mile Mobility – (e-)Bikes, (e-)Scooters and Other Micro Mobiles
	3 Shared Mobility
	4 Automated Vehicles for Public Transport
	5 Safe and Secure Solutions for Certainty and Acceptance
	6 Moving Beyond Mobility
	7 Conclusions for Future Research
	References
Assistive Systems for Mobility in Smart City: Humans and Goods
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 What is Smart City?
		1.3 Mobility in Smart City
	2 Assistive System of Smart City
		2.1 Intermediation Platform: A State-of-the-Art Assistive System
		2.2 Architecture of the Intermediation Platform
	3 Mobility of Humans and Goods
		3.1 Mobility of Humans
		3.2 Mobility of Goods
	4 Deep Learning Approach in Assistive System
	5 Conclusion
	References
Usability Study of an Innovative Application in Public Transport by Using Hardware-Based Security Technology
	1 Motivation
	2 Study Object - The BVG TicketIssuance App Based on OPTIMOS 2.0 Technology
	3 Usability Testing Methods
		3.1 Think-Aloud Method
		3.2 Determination of the Sample Size for a Usability Test
	4 Study Design
		4.1 Workshop Design for Usability Testing of the TicketIssuancce App
		4.2 Survey and Evaluation Methodology
	5 Study Results
		5.1 Sample Description
		5.2 Analysis of the Test Task
	6 Discussion
		6.1 Implemented Measurement and Interpretation Methods
		6.2 Usability Tests Results
		6.3 Influence of Interactions by the Test Moderator
		6.4 Sample Size
	7 Conclusion
	References
Augmented Reality Passenger Information on Mobile Public Displays – an Iterative Evaluation Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of the Evaluation Phases I, II, III and IV
	3 Definition of Augmented Reality (AR)
	4 Related Work
		4.1 Augmented Reality in Public Transport
	5 Iterative Approach Evaluating the AR-Passenger Information in Public Transport
		5.1 Phase I: Online Survey Evaluating User’s Information Demand
		5.2 Phase II: Online Survey Evaluating User’s Information Demand for Points of Interest – Presented in AR
		5.3 Phase III: User Study Evaluating Usability of Developed AR Mock-Ups
		5.4 Phase IV Video-Based Online Survey Evaluating Visualization Concepts of Developed AR Mock-Ups
	6 Results and Outlook
	References
Solve the Problem of Urban Parking Through Carpooling System and Blockchain Advertising
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 System Design
		2.2 Main Services
		2.3 Data Analysis
	3 Feasibility of System
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Design of Natural Human-Computer Interaction for Unmanned Delivery Vehicle Based on Kinect
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Technical Support
		2.2 Task Scene and Gesture Classification
		2.3 Gesture Design Principles
	3 User Research
		3.1 Research Purpose
		3.2 Experiment Preparation
		3.3 Participant
		3.4 Procedure
		3.5 Consistent Gesture Set
	4 Technical Realization
		4.1 Machine Training
		4.2 Gesture Recognition Detection
	5 Usability Testing
	6 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Research on the Function Design of 5G Intelligent Network Connected Cars Based on Kano Model
	1 Introduction
	2 The Design Method for Car Function Based on Kano Model
		2.1 A Theoretical Overview of Kano Model
		2.2 The Process of Car Function Design Based on Kano Model
	3 Relevant Research and Requirements Acquisition
		3.1 Trends in Car Functions
		3.2 Design and Implementation of User Interview
		3.3 Analysis of User Needs
	4 Data and Result
		4.1 Questionnaires and Semi-structured Interviews
		4.2 Data and Analysis of Kano Questionnaire
		4.3 Better-Worse Coefficient Analysis
		4.4 The Qualitative Analysis
		4.5 Innovative Function Model of Intelligent Network Connected Cars
	5 Conclusion and Prospect
	References
Designing a New Electric Vehicle Charging System: People’s Preference and Willingness-To-Pay
	1 Introduction
	2 Background and Related Work
		2.1 Features Related to EV and V2G Service
		2.2 Consumer Preference and Willingness-To-Pay
	3 Method
		3.1 Study Design and Procedure
		3.2 Participants and Data Collection
		3.3 Data Analysis
	4 Results
		4.1 Preference
		4.2 Willingness-To-Pay
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Theoretical Contributions
		5.2 Practical Implications
	6 Conclusions, Limitations and Future Work
		6.1 Conclusions
		6.2 Limitations and Future Work
	References
Cooperative and Automated Mobility
Users' Expectations, Fears, and Attributions Regarding Autonomous Driving – A Comparison of Traffic Scenarios
	1 Introduction
	2 Questions Addressed and Empirical Research Approach
		2.1 Questionnaire Design
		2.2 Data Collection and Analysis
		2.3 Participants
	3 Results
		3.1 City vs Highway: Usage Evaluation and Attributions
		3.2 City vs Highway: Perceived Benefits and Barriers
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Interpreting Results
		4.2 Reflection on Methods
	A  Appendix
	References
Should Self-Driving Cars Mimic Human Driving Behaviors?
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Trust and Levels of Autonomy
		1.2 Our Motivation and Contribution
	2 Remarks in Existing Literature
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Survey Procedure and Instruments
		3.2 Quantitative Measurement
	4 Technical Analyses and Results
		4.1 Trust and Driving Aggressiveness
		4.2 Gender and Driving Aggressiveness
		4.3 Trust Levels and Driving Aggressiveness
	5 Conclusion and Future Directions
	References
Autonomous Vehicles and Pedestrians: A Case Study of Human Computer Interaction
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Data Description
		3.1 Survey Design and Participants
		3.2 Exploratory Data Analysis
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Multiple Correspondence Analysis
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Great Expectations: On the Design of Predictive Motion Cues to Alleviate Carsickness
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Role of Anticipation in Motion Sickness
	2 Effectiveness and Acceptance of Predictive Motion Cues
		2.1 Karjanto et al. (2018)
		2.2 Diels et al. (2018)
		2.3 Kuiper et al. (2019)
		2.4 Kuiper et al. (2020)
	3 Design Considerations
	4 Conclusions
	References
Communication of Intentions in Automated Driving – the Importance of Implicit Cues and Contextual Information on Freeway Situations
	1 Theoretical Background
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
Talking Automated Vehicles
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Study Design and Procedure
		2.3 Data Collection and Analysis
	3 Findings
		3.1 Pronouns
		3.2 Human-Like or Machine-Like
		3.3 Similes
	4 Discussion
	References
How is the Automation System Controlling My Vehicle? The Impact of the Haptic Feedback of the Joystick on the Driver's Behavior and Acceptance
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Motivation
		1.2 Related Knowledge of Joystick Control
		1.3 Research Question
	2 Introduction
		2.1 Participants and Apparent
		2.2 Experiment Design
		2.3 Scenario
		2.4 Measurements
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Vision Behavior
		3.2 Mental Workload
		3.3 User Feeling
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Understanding Take-Over in Automated Driving: A Human Error Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Method
		3.1 Participants
		3.2 Materials
		3.3 Procedure
	4 Results
		4.1 Take-Over Factors: Overview Results
		4.2 Take-Over Factors: Correlation Analysis
		4.3 Analysis of the Root Cause of Take-Over Failure
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Take-Over Factors
		5.2 Analysis of the Root Cause
		5.3 Human-Machine Model in Take-Over
	6 Conclusion
	References
Human-Computer Collaborative Interaction Design of Intelligent Vehicle—A Case Study of HMI of Adaptive Cruise Control
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Taxonomy of Automated Driving Systems
		2.2 Human-Computer Collaborate Interaction in Automated Driving
	3 The framework: Human-Engaged Automated Driving (HEAD)
		3.1 Full Human
		3.2 Full Automation
		3.3 Driver Assistance
		3.4 Human Supervision
		3.5 Collaboration Driving
	4 Case
		4.1 Application Scenario Design
		4.2 Information Architecture Design
		4.3 Interface Design
	5 Interface Experiment
		5.1 Experimental Design
		5.2 Participants
		5.3 Apparatus
		5.4 Task and Procedure
		5.5 Measures
		5.6 Results
		5.7 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Multimodal Takeover Request Displays for Semi-automated Vehicles: Focused on Spatiality and Lead Time
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Selection of Lead Time
		2.2 Spatiality of Auditory Warnings
		2.3 Selections of Subjective Characteristics
		2.4 Our Research Contribution
	3 Experimental Setup
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Participants
		4.2 Tasks
		4.3 Lead Times and Spatiality
		4.4 Dependent Variables
	5 Results
		5.1 Reaction Time and Reaction Type
		5.2 Takeover Success Rate and Driving Performance
		5.3 Questionnaires
		5.4 NDRT Performance
	6 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Demystifying Interactions Between Driving Behaviors and Styles Through Self-clustering Algorithms
	1 Introduction
	2 Background and Motivation
	3 Study Methodology
		3.1 Dataset Description
		3.2 Dataset Pre-processing
		3.3 Clustering Algorithm
	4 Experiment Results
		4.1 Conventional Classification Against Self-clustering
		4.2 In-Depth Driving Style Analysis
		4.3 Driving Styles Overlap
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Driving Behavior Combination
		5.2 Traffic Environment
		5.3 Driving Behavior Levels
	6 Conclusions
	References
Interactive Framework of Cooperative Interface for Collaborative Driving
	1 Introduction
	2 Framework of Cooperative Interface
		2.1 Human Autonomy Team
		2.2 Level of Interaction
		2.3 Dynamic External Factors
	3 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Studies on Intelligent Transportation Systems
What Humans Might Be Thinking While Driving: Behaviour and Cognitive Models for Navigation
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Behaviour and Cognitive Models for Navigation (BCMN)
		3.1 Architecture of Cognitive Model for Navigation in BCMN
		3.2 BCMN Integration with Other Components of BeaCON
		3.3 Communication Between BCMN and the Navigation System Application
	4 Conducting Human-In-The-Loop Experiments with BCMN Enhancement
	5 Visualization and Simulation for Cognitive Models for Navigation
	6 Experimental Results
	7 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
A Wizard-of-Oz Experiment: How Drivers Feel and React to the Active Interaction of AI Empowered Product in the Vehicle
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Related Works
		1.3 The Current Research
	2 Method
		2.1 Participant
		2.2 Experimental Design
		2.3 Experimental Environment
	3 Procedure
		3.1 Experiment Process
		3.2 Interview Outline
	4 Result
		4.1 The Degree of Disturbance and Satisfaction
		4.2 Behavioral Result
	5 Conclusion
	6 Discussion
	References
Evaluation Driver Mental Load: A Survey Study of Cyclists Who Require to Repair the E-Bike
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Road Safety
		2.2 Mental Workload
		2.3 Machine Learning
	3 Methods
		3.1 Measurements
		3.2 Data Analysis
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
In-Vehicle Information Design to Enhance the Experience of Passengers in Autonomous Public Buses
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Problems and Research Questions
		1.3 Research Overview
	2 Related Works
		2.1 Design Purpose and Necessity of IVIS
		2.2 Interactive IVIS Design
		2.3 Easy-to-Understand IVIS Design
	3 Method
		3.1 User Research
		3.2 Concept Design Suggestion and Evaluation
	4 Results
		4.1 User Diary
		4.2 In-Depth Interview
	5 Concept Design and Evaluation User Acceptance
		5.1 Concept Design Suggestion
		5.2 Evaluation of User Acceptance
	6 Conclusion
	References
Do German (Non)Users of E-Scooters Know the Rules (and Do They Agree with Them)?
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Survey
		2.2 Sample
	3 Results
		3.1 Rule Knowledge
		3.2 Rule Assessment
		3.3 Reported Behaviour
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
Are E-Scooter Riders More Oblivious to Traffic Than Cyclists? A Real World Study Investigating the Execution of Shoulder Glances
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Design
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Protocol
		2.3 Definition of a Shoulder Glance
		2.4 Examined Situation
		2.5 Description of the Selected Situation
	3 Evaluation
		3.1 Further Observations
	4 Conclusion
	5 Future Work
	References
Safety Related Behaviors and Law Adherence of Shared E-Scooter Riders in Germany
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Helmet Use
		2.2 Dual Use
		2.3 Infrastructure Use
		2.4 Study Aim
	3 Methods
		3.1 Selection of Observation Sites
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	References
Qualitative Examination of Technology Acceptance in the Vehicle: Factors Hindering Usage of Assistance and Infotainment Systems
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Technology Acceptance
		1.2 Technology Acceptance in Driver-Vehicle Interaction
		1.3 Qualitative Examinations of Technology Acceptance
		1.4 Objective of this Study
	2 Method
		2.1 Study Design
		2.2 Sample
		2.3 Data Analyses
	3 Results
		3.1 Emerging Categories
		3.2 Frequencies
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
User Diversity and Mobility
Gender, Smart Mobility and COVID-19
	1 Introduction
	2 Women’s Mobility Habits and COVID-19 Emergency
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Sample Characterization
		4.2 Pre-COVID Scenario
		4.3 Post-COVID Scenario
		4.4 COVID Impacts on Mobility Patterns
	5 Conclusion and Discussion
	References
Smart is (Not) Always Digital!
	1 Introduction
	2 The Roller in the Context of Ageism and Stereotyping
	3 Gendered and Contradictory Scripts
	4 The Roller as Disruptive Innovation
	5 The Roller as Gendered Innovation
	6 Roller Users – Scripts, Boundary-Making and Intra-actions
	7 Perspectivation: Smart is (Not) Always Digital!
	Appendix: The Interview Material
	References
Discussion of Intelligent Electric Wheelchairs for Caregivers and Care Recipients
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Technical Approach for an Aging Society
		2.2 Intelligent Electric Wheelchair
	3 Study 1: Problem Finding and Solving
		3.1 Problems Finding Phase
		3.2 Problems Solving Phase
	4 Findings of Study 1
		4.1 Problem Finding Phase
		4.2 Problem Solving Phase
	5 Study 2: Interview with Older Adults
		5.1 Goal
		5.2 Design
		5.3 Procedure
		5.4 Participants
	6 Findings of Study 2
	7 Discussion
		7.1 Busyness of Caregivers
		7.2 Operation Method
		7.3 Psychology of the Older Adults
		7.4 Limitations of Our Study
	8 Conclusion
	References
Different Types, Different Speeds – The Effect of Interaction Partners and Encountering Speeds at Intersections on Drivers’ Gap Acceptance as an Implicit Communication Signal in Automated Driving
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Communication in Manual Driving
		1.2 Gap Acceptance as an Implicit Communication Signal
		1.3 Objectives of the Current Study
	2 Method
		2.1 Research Design
		2.2 Material
		2.3 Instruction and Procedure
		2.4 Participants
	3 Results
		3.1 The Effect of Interaction Partner and Encountering Speed Levels on GA
		3.2 The Effect of Participants’ Age and Gender on GA
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Conclusion and Implications
	References
Smart and Inclusive Bicycling? Non-users’ Experience of Bike-Sharing Schemes in Scandinavia
	1 Introduction
	2 Bike-Sharing in the Scandinavian Context
	3 Theoretical Approaches
	4 Methodological Approaches
		4.1 Copenhagen Data Collection
		4.2 Linköping Data Collection
	5 Narratives on Mobility and Cycling
	6 Concluding Remarks: The Potentials of Bike-Sharing Schemes
	References
Electroencephalography Shows Effects of Age in Response to Oddball Auditory Signals: Implications for Semi-autonomous Vehicle Alerting Systems for Older Drivers
	1 Introduction and Background
		1.1 Semi-autonomous Vehicles
		1.2 Handover Tasks and Disengagements
		1.3 Auditory Alert Systems
		1.4 Auditory Paired Tone Oddball Paradigm
	2 Method
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Procedure
		2.3 Study Design
		2.4 EEG Pre-processing and Evoked Potentials
		2.5 Brain Regions of Interest
	3 Results
		3.1 Behavioural Measures
		3.2 EEG Results
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Behavioural Measures
		4.2 EEG Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Audio-Based Interface of Guidance Systems for the Visually Impaired in the Paris Metro
	1 Introduction
	2 Orientation Localization and Information
	3 Guidance Systems
	4 Construction of the Messages
		4.1 Basic Principles
		4.2 Direction
		4.3 The Structure and Content of the Messages
		4.4 Display and Description
	5 Constructing Messages and Recording the Route Data
	6 Evaluation of the Guidance System
	7 Conclusion
	References
Author Index