Hazards of Air and Oxygen

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 13
List of Symbols......Page 15
1 Introduction......Page 21
2.1 Dimensions and units......Page 24
Specific weight of a fluid, γ......Page 27
Kinematic viscosity, ν......Page 28
Mass density of solid particles, ρs......Page 30
Sediment size, ds......Page 31
Sphericity, Sp......Page 32
Particle size distribution......Page 33
Sieve analysis......Page 34
Angle of repose φ......Page 36
Volumetric sediment concentration, Cν......Page 37
Dynamic viscosity of a Newtonian mixture μm......Page 38
2.4 Dimensional analysis......Page 39
3.1 Kinematics of flow......Page 48
3.2.1 Differential continuity equation......Page 50
3.2.2 Integral continuity equation......Page 54
3.3 Equations of motion......Page 57
3.4 Euler equations......Page 61
3.5 Bernoulli equation......Page 65
3.6 Momentum equations......Page 67
3.7 Power equation......Page 74
4 Particle motion in inviscid fluids......Page 84
4.1 Irrotational flow around a circular cylinder......Page 86
4.1.1 Flow field around a circular cylinder......Page 88
4.1.2 Lift and drag on a circular cylinder......Page 89
4.2 Irrotational flow around a sphere......Page 94
4.2.2 Lift and drag forces on a sphere......Page 95
5.1 Navier–Stokes equations......Page 104
5.2 Newtonian flow around a sphere......Page 108
5.3.1 Surface drag......Page 110
5.3.2 Form drag......Page 111
5.4.2 Fall velocity......Page 114
5.4.3 Flocculation......Page 118
5.4.4 Oden curve......Page 119
5.5 Rate of energy dissipation......Page 120
5.6 Laboratory measurements of particle size......Page 123
5.6.1 Visual accumulation tube method (VAT)......Page 125
5.6.2 Bottom withdrawal tube method (BWT)......Page 126
5.6.3 Pipette method......Page 127
5.6.4 Hydrometer method......Page 128
6 Turbulent velocity profiles......Page 133
6.1 Logarithmic velocity profiles......Page 135
6.2 Smooth and rough plane boundaries......Page 137
6.3 Resistance to flow......Page 140
6.4.1 Log-wake law......Page 146
6.4.2 Modified log-wake law......Page 148
6.4.3 Sidewall correction method......Page 150
6.5.1 Stage measurements......Page 152
6.5.2 Velocity measurements......Page 153
7.1 Angle of repose......Page 163
7.2 Submerged incipient motion......Page 166
7.2.1 Uniform grain size......Page 167
7.2.2 Sediment mixtures......Page 169
7.2.3 Cohesive material......Page 174
7.3 Moment stability analysis......Page 175
7.4 Simplified stability analysis......Page 182
8.1 Mechanics of bedforms......Page 190
8.1.1 Lower regime......Page 192
8.1.2 Upper regime......Page 193
8.2 Bedform classification and geometry......Page 194
8.2.1 Bedform prediction......Page 195
8.2.2 Bedform geometry......Page 201
8.3 Resistance to flow with bedforms......Page 203
8.3.1 Total and grain resistance with bedforms......Page 205
8.3.2 Bedform resistance......Page 206
8.4 Field observations of bedforms......Page 208
9 Bedload......Page 215
9.1.1 DuBoys\' equation......Page 216
9.1.3 Einstein--Brown\'s equation......Page 217
9.1.4 Bedload transport by size fractions......Page 219
9.2.2 Bed layer sediment concentration and pick-up rate......Page 222
9.3 Bed sediment sampling......Page 223
Coarse particle samples......Page 225
9.4 Bedload measurements......Page 226
10.1 Sediment concentration......Page 236
10.2 Advection–diffusion equation......Page 238
10.3.1 One-dimensional diffusion......Page 241
10.3.2 Mixing and dispersion coefficients, length and time scales......Page 242
10.3.3 Lateral mixing from steady point sources......Page 244
10.3.4 Longitudinal dispersion of an instantaneous point source......Page 247
10.4 Suspended sediment concentration profiles......Page 249
10.5 Suspended load......Page 256
10.6 Hyperconcentrations......Page 259
10.6.1 Rheology of hyperconcentrations......Page 261
10.6.2 Parameter evaluation......Page 264
10.6.3 Fall velocity and particle buoyancy......Page 266
10.6.4 Dimensionless rheological model and classification......Page 267
10.6.5 Classification and flood mitigation......Page 268
10.6.6 Velocity of hyperconcentrations......Page 269
10.7.1 Instantaneous samplers......Page 274
10.7.3 Depth-integrating samplers......Page 275
10.7.4 Sediment discharge measurements......Page 276
11 Total load......Page 284
11.1.1 Einstein\'s approach......Page 286
11.1.2 Guo and Julien\'s method......Page 288
11.1.3 Simons, Li, and Fullerton\'s method......Page 289
11.1.5 Engelund and Hansen\'s method......Page 294
11.1.6 Ackers and White\'s method......Page 295
11.1.8 Shen and Hung\'s Method......Page 296
11.1.10 Karim and Kennedy\'s method......Page 297
11.1.11a SEMEP procedure for a depth-integrated sampler......Page 302
11.1.11b SEMEP procedure with point samples......Page 306
11.2 Sediment-rating curves......Page 310
11.2.1 Capacity-limited sediment-rating curves......Page 311
11.2.2 Graded sand mixtures......Page 312
11.2.3 Supply-limited sediment-rating curves......Page 314
11.3.1 Daily sediment load......Page 316
11.3.2 Annual sediment load......Page 317
11.4.1 Sediment sources......Page 321
11.4.2 Sediment yield......Page 326
12 Reservoir sedimentation......Page 339
12.2 Reservoir hydraulics......Page 340
12.3 Trap efficiency and aggradation......Page 342
12.4 Dry specific weight of sediment deposits......Page 345
12.5 Life expectancy of reservoirs......Page 347
12.6 Density currents......Page 348
12.7 Reservoir sedimentation surveys......Page 352
12.8 Control measures......Page 353
Appendix A: Einstein\'s Sediment Transport Method......Page 359
Example A.1 Total bed sediment discharge calculation from Einstein’s method......Page 365
Appendix B: Useful mathematical relationships......Page 370
Bibliography......Page 374
Index......Page 385