Hazards Analysis: Reducing the Impact of Disasters, Second Edition

 Content: Introduction to Hazards Analysis; John C. Pine Objectives Key Terms Issue Introduction Terminology of Hazards Views of Extreme Natural Events as Primary Causes of Disasters A Changing Hazards Paradigm Hazards Analysis Hazard Identification Vulnerability Analysis Risk Analysis Linking Hazards Analysis to Risk and Comprehensive Emergency Management      Communicating Risk from a Hazards Analysis      Community Involvement      Values in Community Engagement Conclusions Discussion Questions Applications Websites References  Hazards Identification; John C. Pine Objectives Key Terms Issue Introduction Hazards Identification Process Organizing a Hazards Identification Team Creating a Community Profile      Community Assets      Environmental or Natural Assets and Risks Sources of Hazards Data      Social Assets      Economic and Constructed Assets           Infrastructure           Critical Facilities           Economic Activities Mapping Community Assets and Hazards Interdependence of Communities Identifying Community Problems Problem-Solving Process Problem Solving in a Nonstructured Environment Decision Traps Perception of Risks by Citizens Conclusions Discussion Questions Applications Websites      Population Data      Health Data      Environmental Data      Transportation      Energy      Business Statistics Mapping Resources References  Modeling Natural- and Human-Caused Hazards; John C. Pine Objectives Key Terms Issue Role of Hazard Modeling in Hazards Analysis An Example of a Hazard Model Nature and Types of Models      Dynamic Models      Deterministic      Probabilistic Models Used in Hazards Analysis      HAZUS-MH Model Evacuation Transportation Modeling Modeling Community Resilience Communicating Risks from Models Assessing Hazard Models      Validity      Quality      Availability of Model Documentation      Data Accuracy, Resolution, and Availability Coupling Models with GIS Static versus Adaptable Outputs Uses of Model Outputs      Timeliness      Completeness Advantages and Disadvantages of Hazard Models Model Limitations Hazard Profiles Sources of Hazard Information for the Hazard Profile      Description of Hazard      Magnitude      Frequency of Occurrence      Seasonal Pattern      Duration      Speed of Onset      Availability of Warnings      Location and Spatial Extent Conclusions Discussion Questions Applications      National Flood Insurance Program      Hazard Profile Sample for a Tornado Websites Avalanches Dam Safety Drought Earthquakes Flooding Landslides Snow Tornadoes Tsunamis Wildfires References  Spatial Analysis; John C. Pine Objectives Key Terms Issue Introduction Definition of Spatial Analysis Geospatial Data Set Spatial Data Quality Types of Spatial Analysis      Queries Using Spatial Analysis to Answer Questions      Transformations      Buffering      Descriptive Summaries      Optimization Techniques      Hypothesis Testing Spatial Data Visualization Choropleth Maps Conclusions Discussion Questions Applications Websites References  Risk Analysis: Assessing the Risks of Hazards; Kevin L. Shirley and John C. Pine Objectives Key Terms Introduction Process of Risk Analysis What Is Risk?      Quantitative Analysis of Risk           Quantitative Analysis of Likelihood           Quantitative Analysis of Consequence      Qualitative Analysis of Risk           Qualitative Analysis of Likelihood           Qualitative Analysis of Consequence Views of Risk Using Historical Data in Determining Risk Need for Complete Accurate Data for Decision Making Using Technical Data in Decision Making Indicators of Direct and Indirect Losses Issues in Risk Analysis      Changes in Disaster Frequency      Availability of Essential Data      Depth of Analysis Ranking of Risks      Quantitative Data      Likelihood-Consequence Matrix      Risk Strategies      Mandatory Risk Level      Extremely Low Likelihood of Risk      Accept the Risk      Determining Risk Acceptability           Personal           Political/Social           Economic Hazard Models      Uncertainty      Logic Tree      Monte Carlo Method or Simulation      Uncertainty Expressed in Interval Estimates Summary Discussion Questions Applications Websites References  Social, Economic, and Ecological Vulnerability; John C. Pine Objectives Key Terms Introduction Approaches to Vulnerability Dimensions of Vulnerability      Social and Human Vulnerability      Economic Vulnerability      Environmental Vulnerability Measuring Vulnerability      Indicators of Social Conditions      Indicators of Economic Conditions      Indicators of Environmental Conditions Methodological Issues      Scale of Analysis      Weighting, Data Availability, and Accuracy      Type and Scope of Measures      Interdependence of Social, Economic, and Ecological Capital Discussion Questions Applications Websites References  Risk Communication; John C. Pine and Stephen L. Guillot, Jr. Objectives Key Terms Issue Introduction Risk Communication Risk Communication Process Barriers in Risk Communication Risk Communication Tools      Communicating Risks with Maps      Use of Figures Social Media Targeting Specific Audiences Risk Communication Myths Managing Risks Decision Making Community Engagement Stakeholders Involvement Ethics and Decision Making Legal Issues in Decision Making Indemnification Acknowledging Risk as a Part of Risk Communication Learning as a Part of Risk Communication Discussion Questions Applications Websites References  Hazards Risk Management Process; Greg Shaw Objectives Key Terms Issue Introduction Terminology Risk Management Hazards Risk Management Framing Questions Framework for Hazards Risk Management Components of the Hazards Risk Management Process      Communicate and Consult      Monitor and Review           Step 1: Establish the context           Step 2: Identify the hazards           Step 3: Assess the hazard risk           Step 4: Sort the hazards by risk magnitude           Step 5: Analyze the risks from each hazard           Step 6: Group and prioritize the hazard risks and consider risk management interventions Application of the Hazards Risk Management Process      Overview           Step 1: Establish the context           Step 2: Identify the hazards           Step 3: Assess the hazards risk           Step 4: Sort the hazards by risk magnitude           Step 5: Analyze the risks from each hazard           Step 6: Group and prioritize the hazard risks and consider risk management interventions Hazards Risk Management and Comprehensive Emergency Management Discussion Questions Applications Websites References  Planning for Sustainable and Disaster-Resilient Communities; Gavin Smith Objectives Key Terms Introduction Sustainability, Disaster Resilience Climate Change Adaptation, and Hazard Mitigation Planning Hazard Mitigation Planning Policy Framework Hazard Mitigation Plan Power of Plan Making: Tools and Process      Planning Process: Building Stakeholder Capacity to Confront Hazards Discussion Questions Applications      You Be the Planner Websites References  Creating Disaster-Resilient Communities: A New Natural Hazards Risk Management Framework; Gavin Smith Objectives Key Terms Introduction Hazard Mitigation Policies Emergent National Climate Change Adaptation Policy New Natural Hazards Risk Management Policy Framework      Expand Natural Hazards Analysis to Include Sustainable Development and Disaster-Resilient Themes      Use Risk Assessment Findings to Guide Land Use and Scenario-Based Planning That Assesses Current and Future Vulnerability      Assess Hazard Risk Management Policies, Programs, Plans, and Projects as Part of a Larger Effort to Build Local Capacity and Self-Reliance through a Risk Governance Strategy      Balance Incentives and Penalties Affecting Human Settlement Pattern Adjustments: A Critical Look at Existing Hazard Mitigation Programs      Assess Losses Avoided and Build Disaster-Resilient Communities in the Age of Climate Change Recommendations for Action      Draw Lessons from a National Assessment of Local Hazard Mitigation Plans      Place a Greater Emphasis on Land-Use Decisions and Human Settlement Patterns      Establish a Robust Training and Capacity-Building Approach      Enact Sanctions for Low-Performing States and Communities that Underperform and Provide Benefits to Communities and States that Develop Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plans      Engage Professional Land-Use Planners in the Implementation of the Proposed Natural Hazards Management Framework      Facilitate the Use of Planners as Agents of Social Change and Policy Learning      Include Hazards Analysis in Planning for Climate Change Summary and Conclusions Discussion Questions Applications      You Be the Policy Analyst      You Be the Planner References  Index
 Abstract:             ''The impacts of natural and man-made disasters have been increasing at exponential rates over the past few decades. Our global interconnectedness and the scale of disaster events has grown to the point where catastrophic disasters have regional, national, and even global economic consequences. This volume presents a systematic process of hazards identification, vulnerability determination, and consequence assessment for the natural, built, and human environment. The book aims to examine strategies that may be taken at the individual, organization, community, and regional levels to reduce the adverse consequences of disasters and to foster sustainability. ''--
''Preface The social, economic and environmental impacts from natural and human caused disasters have increased during the recent decades. The impacts from these disasters are seen on a global scale and are driving efforts to reduce adverse consequences on vulnerable populations and communities. We have attempted to reduce the costs of these disasters but continue to carry out policies that encourage development in vulnerable geographic areas of the world. With threats imposed by global warming, we see that many communities are subject to increasing levels of risk and can achieve sustainable development through appropriately informed planning, protection, mitigation and recovery strategies. Strategies to enhance community resilience to hazards must be based on research that integrates complex social, economic and environmental systems. Hazards Analysis: Reducing the Impacts of Disasters provides a structure and process for understanding the nature of natural and human caused hazards and strategies for building sustainable communities. The key to sustainability is acknowledging the unique nature of the local community and how geography, social systems, the economy and infrastructures influence a community's capacity to withstand and recover from a disaster. This book demonstrates how we use hazards analysis to identify and prioritize risks and develop approaches to community hazard mitigation. The role of hazard risk management is stressed for public, private and non-profit organizations. ''