Hausa

HAUSA......Page 1
Editorial page......Page 2
Title page......Page 3
Copyright page......Page 4
Table of contents......Page 5
Tables and Figures......Page 25
Preface......Page 27
Cross-Referencing, Abbreviations, Symbols, and Transcription......Page 29
Map......Page 34
Chapter 1. Introduction......Page 35
1. Previous Linguistic and Pedagogical Works on Hausa......Page 37
2. Data Sources......Page 38
2.1. Consonants......Page 39
2.2. Vowels and diphthongs......Page 43
3. Tone......Page 46
3.1. Fixed tone patterns......Page 48
3.2. Tonal polarity......Page 49
4.1. Statements......Page 50
4.2. Interrogative constructions......Page 52
5. Word Structure and Phonotactics......Page 54
6. Syllable Structure......Page 57
7.1. Palatalization......Page 59
7 2. Syllable-final sonorization......Page 60
7.4. Metathesis......Page 62
2.1. Dynamic nouns......Page 64
2.2.1. Count nouns......Page 65
2.2.2. Collective nouns......Page 66
2.2.3. Noncount nouns......Page 67
2.3. Concrete vs. abstract nouns......Page 68
3. Proper Nouns......Page 69
3.1.1. Islamic birth names (sūnan yankā)......Page 70
3.1.2. Everyday names (sūnan rānā)......Page 71
3.3. Hypocoristics......Page 74
4. Titles......Page 75
5. Geographical Names......Page 76
5.2. Complex (derived) geographical names......Page 77
5.3. Foreign geographical names......Page 79
6. Temporal Names......Page 80
7. Books, Newspapers......Page 81
2. Gender......Page 82
2.1. Geographical locations......Page 87
2.3. Months......Page 89
2.5. Time and place adverbs used as nouns......Page 90
2.6.1. Derivation with -niyā or -anyā suffix......Page 91
2.6.2. Inflection with -ā suffix......Page 92
3. Plurals of Nouns and Adjectives......Page 95
3.1. Copying and reduplication......Page 98
3.2.2. Subclass lb: -āyē)HLH......Page 100
3.2.3. Subclass 1c: -āC3ē)HLH......Page 101
3.3.2. Subclass 2b: -CfCfā)HLH......Page 102
3.3.4. Subclass 2d: -ā)HLH......Page 103
3.4.2. Subclass 3b: -āCfū)HLH......Page 104
3.5. Class 4: -ōCfī)H......Page 105
3.6.1. Subclass 5a: -unā)HL......Page 106
3.6.2. Subclass 5b: -ukā)HL......Page 107
3.6.3. Subclass 5c: -uwā)HL......Page 108
3.6.4. Subclass 5d: -uCfā)HL......Page 109
3.7.1. Subclass 6a: -CVC-...-akï)HLHH......Page 110
3.8. Class 7: -annï)LH......Page 111
3.9. Class 8:-ī)LH......Page 112
3.10. Class 9: -ū)LH......Page 113
3.11. Class 10:-ai)LH......Page 114
3.11.1. Subclass 10a: CVCi-ā-CVCįai)LH......Page 115
3.13. Class 12: -āwā)LH/H (ethnonymic plurals)......Page 116
3.14. Class 13: Fully-reduplicated plurals (singular noun x 2)......Page 117
3.15. Class 14: \"Repetitive-frequentative \"plurals (-e)LH x 2)......Page 118
3.17. \"Plurals-on-plurals\" and plurals reanalyzed as singulars......Page 122
3.18. Different singulars — homophonous plurals......Page 123
3.19. Zero-plurals......Page 124
2. Suffixal Derivation......Page 125
2.1.1. -(VN)TA (= -(Vn)tā and/or -(Vn)tā)......Page 126
2.1.2. -(VN)CI)H/HL (= -(an)cī)H or -(Vn)ci)HL)......Page 128
2.1.3. -(VN)TAKA)LHL (= -(Vn)taka)LHL)......Page 131
2.2. Mutuality/reciprocity (-ayyà)LHL and/or - eC feniya)LHHLH)......Page 132
2.3. Politico-religious systems, movements, etc. (-iyyà)LHL)......Page 133
2.4. Related characteristics (-au)LH)......Page 134
2.5. Deverbal nouns denoting games (-e)H)......Page 136
2.6. \"Abstract Nouns of Sensory Quality\" (-ī)H)......Page 137
2.7. Ideophonic sound/movement nouns (-niyā)LL-HH or X x 2)LL-HH)......Page 140
3.1. Agential, instrumental and locative nouns formed with the prefix ma-......Page 141
3.1.1. Agentialnouns (ma-X-ī)LH)......Page 142
3.1.3. Locative nouns (ma-X-ā/ī)H)......Page 145
3.2. Ethnonyms (\"personsfrom X\") formed with the prefix bà-......Page 147
4.1. Structure and phonology......Page 151
4.2. Compound gender and number......Page 158
4.3. Ban-compounds......Page 160
5.1. Reduplication of stem syllable(s)......Page 161
5.2. Full reduplication (X x 2)......Page 164
6.1. Past participial adjectives (-aCfCfē)LHH)......Page 165
6.2. Diminutive ideophonic adjectives (C1īC2īC2ī)LHL)......Page 167
6.3. \"Negative-defective\" adjectives (CV(V)-CiVVCiVVj)......Page 168
6.4. Augmentative adjectives (-i)H, -eCfe)HL, etc.)......Page 169
6.4.1. A-type (CVCCVC- + -ī)H)......Page 170
6.4.2. B-type (CVVC or CVCC- + -eCfe)HL)......Page 171
6.4.3. C-type (X-CVCx2-ī)LHLH)......Page 172
6.4.4. Syntactic functions......Page 173
6.4.5. Reduplicated augmentative adjectives......Page 174
6.5. Intensive sensory adjectives (CVC-X-ā)LHH)......Page 175
6.6. Compound adjectives......Page 176
6.7.1. Reduplicated denominal adjectives (\"X -like\", \"X-y\")......Page 177
6.7.2. Reduplicated adjectives (\"X-ish\")......Page 178
6.8. Agential adjectives (ma-X-ī)......Page 180
6.9. Ethnonymic adjectives (bà-)......Page 181
1. An Overview of the TAM System......Page 182
2. Tense and Aspect......Page 188
3. Perfective......Page 189
3.2. Functions......Page 190
4.2. Functions......Page 195
5.2. Functions......Page 199
6. Imperfective......Page 201
6.2.1. Verbal predicates......Page 202
6.2.2. Non-verbal stative predicates......Page 206
7.2. Functions......Page 207
8.1. Forms......Page 209
8.2. Functions......Page 210
9. Negative Imperfective (ba...) and Negative-HAVE Imperfective (ba...)......Page 212
9.2. Functions of the Negative Imperfective and Negative-HAVE Imperfective......Page 213
10.1. Forms......Page 215
10.2. Functions......Page 216
11. Subjunctive and Negative Subjunctive......Page 217
11.2. Functions......Page 218
12. The Neutral Ø-TAM Paradigm......Page 225
13. Future and Negative Future......Page 227
13.2. Functions......Page 228
14. Allative and Negative Allative......Page 231
14.2. Functions......Page 232
15.1. Forms......Page 234
15.2. Functions......Page 235
16. Rhetorical......Page 238
16.2. Functions......Page 239
17. The (4pl) Impersonal Subject Pronoun......Page 241
1. Introduction: \"Verb Grades\"......Page 246
1.1. Tones......Page 249
1.2. Verb-final vowel length......Page 251
2.1. Grade 0 (basic verbs)......Page 253
2.1.1. Grade 0 Ci-monoverbs......Page 254
2.1.2. Grade 0 Cā-monoverbs and HH CiCā verbs......Page 255
2.1.3. \"Pseudo-monoverbs\" (gr0*)......Page 256
2.2.1. Form......Page 258
2.2.2.1. Basic verbs.......Page 260
2.2.2.2. Applicative verbs.......Page 261
2.2.2.3. Applicatives with indirect objects.......Page 262
2.2.2.4. Denominal grade 1 verbs.......Page 263
2.3.1. Form......Page 264
2.3.2.1. Basic verbs.......Page 268
2.3.2.2. Partitives.......Page 269
2.4.1.1. Grade 3 (LH(L) -a).......Page 270
2.4.1.3. Grade 3b (HL -i, -u, -a).......Page 272
2.4.2. Function and meaning......Page 273
3. Secondary Grades (Grades 4, 5, 6, 7)......Page 275
3.1. Grade 4 (totality-conclusive, separative-deprivative, unaccusative)......Page 276
3.1.1. Form......Page 277
3.1.2. Function and meaning......Page 278
3.1.2.2. Separative-deprivative.......Page 279
3.1.2.3. Unaccusatives.......Page 280
3.1.2.4. Basic grade 4 verbs [- primary grade].......Page 281
3.2. Grade 5 (\"efferential\" = action directed out and away)......Page 282
3.2.1. Form......Page 283
3.2.1.1. Grade 5 short forms.......Page 284
3.2.2. Function and meaning......Page 286
3.2.2.1. Intransitive-based gr5s.......Page 287
3.2.2.2. Transitive-based gr5s.......Page 288
3.2.2.3. Grade 5 verbs with indirect object complements.......Page 289
3.3. Grade 6 (\"ventive-centripetal\" = motion \"hither\'\')......Page 290
3.3.1. Form......Page 291
3.3.2. Function and meaning......Page 292
3.4. Grade 7(\"affected-subject\")......Page 294
3.4.1. Form......Page 295
3.4.2.1. Affected-subject - semantic patient.......Page 296
3.4.2.2. Affected-subject - (human) actor and/or experiencer.......Page 299
4. Grade/Extension Stacking......Page 301
5. Verbs (Grs 2, 3, 7) which Switch to an Extension or other Grade before Indirect Objects......Page 303
5.1. The pre-indirect object -ar)H D-suffix......Page 304
5.2. Grade-switching before indirect objects......Page 306
6. Verbalizing Suffix -TA (= -(A)TA or -VNTA)......Page 309
6.1. -(A)TA (= -ta, -ata, -ata)......Page 310
6.2. -VNTA (= -anta or -unta)......Page 312
7. \"Pluractional\" Verbs......Page 313
1. Introduction......Page 319
2. Verbal Nouns......Page 320
3. Infinitive Phrases......Page 322
4. \"Weak\" vs. \"Strong\" Verbal Nouns......Page 323
5.1. Weak verbal nouns (WVNs) with the suffix -`wā......Page 326
5.2.1. Regular strong verbal nouns......Page 328
5.2.2. Irregular strong verbal nouns......Page 331
5.2.2.1. Class 1 = final -ā.......Page 332
5.2.2.4. Class 4 = final -ō.......Page 334
6. Verbs with More than One Verbal Noun......Page 335
7. Deverbal Nouns (DVNs)......Page 337
7.1. DVN = weak verbal noun with the suffix -`wa......Page 339
7.3. DVN = irregular strong verbal noun......Page 340
7.5. Verbs with more than one DVN......Page 343
1. Introduction......Page 344
2.1. Specific indefinite determiner (SID) wani/wata/wa(d\'an)su (m./f/pl.)......Page 346
2.1.1. Specific indefinite determiner = pronoun......Page 349
2.2. The definite determiner (DD) suffix -`nl-řl-n (m.lf.lpl.)......Page 350
2.2.1. Anaphoric dîn \'the/that one in focus/question......Page 355
2.3. Demonstratives......Page 357
2.4. Independent pronouns as pre-head determiners......Page 364
2.5.1. Independent \'free\" possessives na(a)/ta(a)/na(a) (m.lf.lpl.)......Page 366
2.5.2. Bound genitives -nl-řl-n (m./f/pl.)......Page 369
2.5.3.2. Following consonant-final nouns and unassimilated loanwords.......Page 374
2.6. Generic reference......Page 375
3. Adjectives......Page 376
3.1. Attributive adjectives (pre- or postnominal)......Page 377
3.2. Posthead only attributive adjectives......Page 381
3.4. Adjectives as heads of elliptical NPs......Page 382
3.6. Adjectival phrases......Page 383
3.7. Adjectival modifiers formed with connective mai/masu and maras/marasa + NP......Page 384
3.8. Noun + non-specific kaza \'such-and-such\'......Page 389
3.9. Noun + prepositional phrase......Page 390
3.10. Comparison with attributive mafì phrases......Page 391
4.1. Cardinal numbers......Page 392
4.2. Ordinal numbers......Page 397
4.4. Dates and clock-times......Page 399
4.5. Percentages and decimals......Page 400
4.6. Multal (\'many, much\') and paucal (\'a few, a little\') quantifier expressions......Page 401
5.1. Universal-distributive kō-...wh-word determiners (\'every, each X\')......Page 404
5.2. Universal-distributive kō...wh-word proforms (\'everyone, everything\' etc.)......Page 405
5.3. Negation and kō-wh expressions (\'no one, nothing, \'not everyone, not everything\')......Page 408
5.4. Universal-collective quantifier DUK (\'all\')......Page 409
5.4.1. DUK=determiner......Page 410
5.4.2. DUK = pronoun......Page 413
5.4.3. DUK = adverb......Page 414
6.1.1. Basic reflexives......Page 415
6.1.2. Emphatic reflexives......Page 419
6.2. Reciprocals......Page 423
7. Non-specific Pronouns (\'so-and-so\')......Page 424
8.1. \'Anď-da......Page 425
8.2. \'Or\' = kō......Page 428
8.3. \'But\' = amma or sai dai......Page 429
9. Apposition......Page 430
9.1. Right dislocation......Page 433
1. Introduction......Page 435
2. Personal Pronoun Sets......Page 436
2.1. lndependent pronouns......Page 438
2.2.1. Strong (H tone) object pronouns......Page 440
2.2.2. Weak (L tone) object pronouns......Page 441
2.3. Indirect object pronouns......Page 443
2.4. Free possessive pronouns......Page 444
2.5. Bound genitive pronouns......Page 445
2.7. Reciprocals......Page 447
2. Simple Declarative Verbal Sentences......Page 448
2.1.1. Subject......Page 449
2.1.2. Person-aspect-complex (PAC)......Page 450
2.1.3. Verb phrase and major clause types......Page 451
3.1.1. Monotransitive verbs (SVOd)......Page 454
3.1.2. Ditransitive verbs (SVOiOd)......Page 455
3.1.3. SVOdComp......Page 457
3.2. Efferential (grade 5) verbs......Page 458
3.3.2. Subject = affected participant......Page 459
3.3.5. Affected-subject gr7 verbs (including semantic passives)......Page 460
3.4. Transitive/intransitive verbs......Page 461
3.5. Copular verbs......Page 462
3.6. \"Dative\" verbs......Page 463
3.7. Phrasal verbs (yi \'do\' + dynamic noun, or yi or ji \'feel + emotion noun)......Page 464
3.8. Sociative verbs (verb + preposition dà \'with\')......Page 466
4. Imperative......Page 469
4.1.1. LH Imperative (zero object) A-form......Page 471
4.1.3. LH Imperative B-form (with pronoun direct object)......Page 474
4.1.4. LH Imperative C-form (with noun direct object)......Page 477
4.1.5. LH Imperative D-form (with indirect object)......Page 478
4.3. Imperatives of monosyllabic verbs......Page 480
4.3.1. A-form (zero object) Imperative = H tone......Page 481
4.3.2. B-form Imperative = LH tone on [verb-pronoun]......Page 482
4.3.3. C-form Imperative = H tone......Page 483
4.3.4. D-form Imperative = L tone (occasionally H)......Page 484
5. Negation of Verbal Clauses (= bà(a) VP ba)......Page 485
5.1. Position of the second ...ba......Page 486
6.1.1. Equational (X = Y) and identificational (= Y) sentences......Page 491
6.1.2. Identificational and equational sentences with emphatic ke nan......Page 497
6.1.3. Existential sentences......Page 498
6.1.4. Presentational sentences......Page 502
6.2. Non-verbal sentences with an Imperfective TAM......Page 503
6.2.1. Possessive HAVE predicate......Page 504
6.2.4. Equational-like NP predicate......Page 506
7. Comparison and Equivalence......Page 507
7.1. Higher degree comparison......Page 508
7.2. Equivalent degree comparison......Page 511
7.4. Sufficiency (\'be enough\') and excess (\'be too X\')......Page 512
7.5. \'So X (that)\' comparison......Page 513
8. Indirect Objects......Page 514
8.1. Postponement of a heavy indirect object NP......Page 519
9. Exclamations, Interjections, Greetings, etc.......Page 520
9.1. Exclamations of contempt/dismissiveness (X + -o)H (+ matà))......Page 522
9.2. Formulae (greetings, responses, etc.)......Page 524
9.4. Derivative exclamations -і)HL(H)......Page 525
2. Focus......Page 527
2.1. Focus fronting......Page 528
2.2. In situ focus......Page 530
2.3. Negation......Page 532
2.4. Focus-fronting and syntactic function......Page 533
2.5. Focus in nonverbal equational (and identificational) constructions......Page 539
2.6. Pseudo-cleft constructions......Page 541
2.7. Sentence-level emphasis (with copula nē/nē or kē nan)......Page 542
2.8. Focus with particles (\'only\', \'just\', \'even\', \'at least\', etc.)......Page 545
3. Questions and Question-Words......Page 546
3.1.1. Who, whom, whose? = (m) wa, wàne ne, waye, (f) wace ce, (pl) su-wa, su-wane ne, su-waye......Page 547
3.1.2. What? = (m) me, mène né, mèyê, (f) mècë ce......Page 549
3.1.3. Which/what X(s)? = determiner wànè (m), wàcè (f), wàcfànnè (pl); which one(s)? = pronoun wànn (m), wacce (f), wad anne (pl)......Page 550
3.1.4. Where? = inā......Page 551
3.1.5. When? = yàushe or yaushe......Page 552
3.1.7. How many/much? = nawà......Page 553
3 2. Wh-movement and syntactic function......Page 554
3.3. Wh-elements in situ......Page 556
3.4. Yes-no questions......Page 557
4.1. Restrictive relative clauses......Page 560
4.1.1. Extracted item: deletion or resumptive pronoun in the base position?......Page 567
4.2. Nonrestrictive relative clauses......Page 570
5. Topicalization......Page 572
2. Implicative Verbs......Page 579
2.1. Self-inducement aspectual verbs (= same-subject, nonfinite complement)......Page 580
2.1.1. Aspectual verbs (+ yin) + dynamic action nouns or abstract nouns......Page 584
2.2.1. Causative constructions......Page 586
2.2.2. Permissive and prohibitive constructions......Page 593
3.1.1. Self-inducive verbs (with nonfinite and/or Subjunctive TAM complements)......Page 595
3.1.2. Self-inducive or manipulative verbs (with nonfinite and/or Subjunctive or Future TAM complements)......Page 598
3.1.3. Manipulative COMMAND verbs (Subjunctive TAM complements only......Page 600
3.2. Mental verbs (of cognition and perception)......Page 601
3.3. Complement-taking verbs with overt complementizers (dà and/or cêwã)......Page 603
4. Matrix Phrase = (Modal) Complement-Taking Expression......Page 604
4.1. CTE = intransitive verb......Page 605
4.2. CTE - phrasal verb (yi/fi + qualitative noun)......Page 606
4.4. CTE = transitive verb phrase......Page 607
4.5. CTE = identificational......Page 609
4.7. CTE negation and yes-no questions......Page 610
4.8. Extraction from within the complement clause......Page 611
4.9. Extraction from within the matrix clause......Page 613
5. Extraposition and \"Tough Movement\"......Page 614
6. Direct and Indirect (Reported) Speech......Page 616
6.1. Indirect statements......Page 617
6.2. Indirect questions (kō + wh-question oryes-no question)......Page 618
6.3. Indirect commands, etc.......Page 621
7. Cognate Complements (Verb...(De)verbal Noun)......Page 622
7,1. Cognate complement = adverbial......Page 623
7.2. Cognate complement = direct object......Page 624
7.3. Cognate complement = objective (genitive) phrase......Page 625
2.1. \'And = 0 or kuma......Page 626
2.2. \'Or\' = ko......Page 632
2.3. \'But\' = àmmã or sai (dai)......Page 633
2.4. Ellipsis and substitution within clausal coordination......Page 635
2.5. The pro-form hakà \'so, thus, this, etc.\'......Page 637
3. Subordinate Adverbial Clauses and Subordinators......Page 638
3.1. Finite, nonfinite and nonverbal subordinate clauses......Page 639
3.2. Subordinators......Page 640
3.3.1. Open conditionals (idan/in \'if/when\')......Page 642
3.3.2. Counterfactual-hypothetical conditionals ((in)da...da \'if...then\')......Page 645
3.3.3. Concessive conditionals (kō (da) \'even if)......Page 647
3.3.4. Generic conditional-concessives (kō-wh word = \'wh...ever\', etc.)......Page 649
3.3.5. Concessive clauses......Page 655
3.4.1.1. \'Until\'.......Page 657
3.4.1.2. \'Before\'.......Page 659
3.4.2. Matrix clause time = SIMULTANEOUS with subordinate clause time(\'when\', \'while/as\', \'as long as)......Page 660
3.4.3.1. \'When\' (lit. the time that).......Page 662
3.4.3.2. \'(Not) until\'.......Page 664
3.4.3.3. \'After\'.......Page 665
3.4.3.4. \'Since\' (temporal).......Page 666
3.4.3.5.1. Clauses introduced by kö dà \'as soon as\'.......Page 667
3.4.3.5.2. Clauses with the correlatives ke nan ...sai \'no sooner/just, ..when\' or ke dà wùyà...sai \'hardly...when\'.......Page 668
3.4.3.5.3. Prepositional nonfinite VP with dà \'with\' or dàgà \'from\' (\'just assoon as, etc.).......Page 669
3.5. Reason (\'because, since) and purpose (\'in order to\') clauses......Page 670
3.5.1. Reason (\'because, since\') clauses......Page 671
3.5.2. Purpose (\'in order to, so that\') clauses......Page 674
3.6. Clauses of preference (\'rather than\') and comparison (\'as if, like\')......Page 675
2. Adverb Phrases......Page 677
2.1.1. Simple adverbs......Page 678
2.1.1.1. Deictic adverbs NAN/CAN (space or time).......Page 679
2.1.3. Prepositional phrases and other phrasal adverbs......Page 681
2.1.4. Denominal adverbs (space and time)......Page 683
2.1.5. Deverbal adverbial Statives (-e)LH)......Page 685
2.1.6.1. Reduplication - intensification.......Page 690
2.1.7. NPs as adverbs......Page 691
2.1.7.1. Distributives.......Page 692
2.2.1. Locative adverbial phrases......Page 693
2.2.2. Postmodifying adverbs......Page 694
2.2.3. Position of adverbs......Page 695
2.2.4.1. Upscalers.......Page 697
2.2.4.2. Downscalers.......Page 698
2.2.4.3. Focus adverbs.......Page 699
3. Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases (PPs)......Page 701
3.1. Simple prepositions......Page 702
3.2. Complex prepositions (formed with comitative/instrumental dà \'with\')......Page 707
3.3. Genitive prepositions (= noun or adverb + genitive linker)......Page 708
4. Negation (bä...ba) of Adverbs and Prepositional Phrases......Page 711
5. Adverbial Conjuncts and Disjuncts......Page 712
6. Modal Particles......Page 713
6.1. Multiple occurrences of modal particles......Page 719
6.2. Position of modal particles......Page 720
7.1. Structure and phonology......Page 723
7.1.1. Monosyllabic ideophones......Page 724
7.1.4. Fully-reduplicated ideophones (X x 2)......Page 725
7.2. Function......Page 726
7.2.1. Ideophones as adverbs......Page 727
7.2 2. Ideophones as post-head adjectives......Page 729
7.2 3. Ideophones as NPs......Page 730
7.2.3.1. Ideophone = noun in phrasal verb headed by y i \'do\'.......Page 731
1. Introduction: Writing Systems......Page 732
2. Texts......Page 738
References......Page 749
INDEX......Page 774