Harper's textbook of pediatric dermatology

Harper’s Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology IN TWO VOLUMES FOURTH EDITION......Page 1
Half Title......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
List of Contributors......Page 13
Preface to the Fourth Edition......Page 26
Dedication......Page 27
Acknowledgements......Page 28
List of Abbreviations......Page 29
 Abstract......Page 39
 Time scale of skin development......Page 40
 Embryonic skin......Page 41
 Embryonic fetal transition......Page 48
 Fetal skin......Page 54
 Unique features of developing human skin......Page 58
 Conclusion......Page 73
 Abstract......Page 74
 Consent for genetic testing and incidental findings......Page 76
 Concept of personalized medicine......Page 77
 Molecular genetics techniques......Page 78
 Key points......Page 84
 Evolution of the cutaneous microbiome......Page 85
 Methods of collection and analysis......Page 88
 Cutaneous diseases and the microbiome......Page 89
 Fungal microbiota, virome and parasites......Page 92
 Conclusion......Page 93
 Key points......Page 94
 Epidermis......Page 95
 Transepidermal water loss......Page 96
 Dermis and skin appendages......Page 99
 Key points......Page 101
 Skin care for the premature infant......Page 104
 Skin care of the term neonate and infant......Page 105
 Percutaneous absorption......Page 109
 Key points......Page 110
 Transient vascular physiological changes......Page 113
 Transient vesicopustular eruptions......Page 114
 Oral lesions......Page 115
 Pigmentary skin lesions......Page 117
 Miscellaneous......Page 118
 Abstract......Page 122
 Acquired neonatal infections......Page 124
 Key points......Page 131
 Transplacentally acquired neonatal bullous autoimmune disorders......Page 135
 Transplacental melanoma......Page 136
 Transplacental Beh鏴t disease......Page 137
 Key points......Page 139
 Congenital cartilaginous rests of the neck (wattles)......Page 141
 Branchial cysts, sinuses and fistulae......Page 142
 Cutaneous bronchogenic cysts......Page 143
 Supernumerary nipples (polythelia)......Page 144
 Developmental abnormalities of the umbilicus......Page 145
 Infantile perineal (perianal) protrusion......Page 146
 Precalcaneal congenital fibrolipomatous hamartoma......Page 147
 Rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartoma......Page 148
 Cutaneous signs of cranial dysraphism......Page 149
 Nasal glioma (nasal cerebral heterotopia)......Page 150
 Congenital inclusion dermoid cysts......Page 151
 Cutaneous signs of occult spinal dysraphism......Page 152
 Aplasia cutis congenita (congenital absence of skin)......Page 154
 Amniotic constriction band (amnion rupture sequence)......Page 156
 Congenital abnormalities of dermatoglyphics......Page 157
 Key points......Page 159
 Cutaneous disorders......Page 161
 Infections and toxicities......Page 166
 Adverse drug reactions......Page 167
 Immunological disorders......Page 168
 Inborn errors of metabolism......Page 170
 Diagnostic work‐up of neonatal erythroderma......Page 171
 Key points......Page 172
 Autoimmune causes of vesicular and bullous lesions in the neonate......Page 184
 Genodermatoses associated with neonatal blistering......Page 185
 Other causes of neonatal blistering......Page 187
 Erosive lesions in the newborn infant......Page 188
 Key points......Page 192
 Iatrogenic injury during pregnancy......Page 194
 Iatrogenic injuries during labour......Page 195
 Iatrogenic skin disorders after birth......Page 197
 Key points......Page 205
 Defining atopic dermatitis for epidemiology research......Page 206
 Descriptive epidemiology of atopic dermatitis......Page 209
 Specific risk factors......Page 213
 Prevention of atopic dermatitis......Page 220
 Conclusion......Page 221
 Key points......Page 222
 Genes implicated in the aetiology of eczema......Page 225
 Conclusions and future directions......Page 228
 Key points......Page 231
 Clinical features of atopic dermatitis......Page 232
 Diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis......Page 241
 Key points......Page 250
 Choosing adequate measurement instruments......Page 251
 Evidence‐based recommendations for the measurement of atopic dermatitis severity in clinical trials......Page 253
 Other ways of measuring severity of atopic dermatitis......Page 256
 Measuring quality of life in children with atopic dermatitis......Page 257
 Evaluation of quality‐of‐life instruments for children with atopic dermatitis......Page 260
 Instruments to measure family impact of atopic dermatitis......Page 262
 Conclusion......Page 263
 Key points......Page 266
 Pompholyx......Page 269
 Nummular dermatitis......Page 273
 Infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis......Page 275
 Lichen simplex chronicus......Page 278
 Prurigo nodularis......Page 280
 Prurigo pigmentosa......Page 282
 Key points......Page 283
 Viral infections......Page 285
 Sleep disturbance......Page 286
 Psychosocial complications......Page 287
 Mental health disorders......Page 288
 Ocular complications......Page 289
 Key points......Page 291
 Initial therapy......Page 292
 Unresponsive disease......Page 294
 Systemic therapy......Page 295
 Biologics in atopic dermatitis......Page 297
 Allergy in atopic dermatitis......Page 298
 Conclusion......Page 299
 Key points......Page 303
 Aetiology......Page 304
 Clinical and differential diagnosis......Page 306
 Contact napkin dermatitis......Page 307
 Simple intertrigo......Page 308
 Infectious napkin dermatitis......Page 309
 Primary and secondary inflammatory conditions......Page 312
 Neoplastic napkin conditions......Page 314
 Metabolic napkin conditions......Page 315
 Other important napkin conditions......Page 316
 Key points......Page 317
 Key points......Page 325
 Key points......Page 338
 Disclosure......Page 350
 Key points......Page 354
 Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis in infancy and childhood (syn. Ofuji disease)......Page 356
 Hypereosinophilic syndrome......Page 362
 Eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells syndrome)......Page 366
 Eosinophilic fasciitis......Page 369
 Eosinophilic panniculitis......Page 371
 Key points......Page 373
 Key points......Page 376
 Key points......Page 381
 Prevalence of childhood psoriasis......Page 382
 Epidemiology of different clinical presentations......Page 383
 Epidemiology of comorbidity in childhood psoriasis......Page 384
 Key points......Page 388
 Pathogenetic mechanisms......Page 389
 Pathogenetic model of psoriasis......Page 390
 Pustular psoriasis......Page 391
 Key points......Page 392
 Disease comorbidities......Page 397
 Key points......Page 400
 Diagnosis......Page 401
 Key points......Page 406
 Systemic therapies......Page 408
 Summary......Page 412
 Key points......Page 415
 Key points......Page 428
 Key points......Page 441
 Key points......Page 446
 Key points......Page 454
 Key points......Page 461
 Epidemiology......Page 463
 Localized cutaneous staphylococcal and streptococcal infections: pyodermas......Page 464
 Toxin‐mediated staphylococcal and streptococcal disease......Page 468
 Key points......Page 472
 Pseudomonal skin disease......Page 484
 Gram‐negative soft tissue infections......Page 488
 Gram‐negative folliculitis......Page 489
 Key points......Page 494
 Erythrasma......Page 496
 Erysipeloid......Page 498
 Key points......Page 501
 Key points......Page 513
 Cat scratch disease......Page 516
 Bartonellosis......Page 518
 Key points......Page 523
 Cutaneous tuberculosis......Page 524
 Leprosy in children......Page 534
 Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections......Page 535
 Key points......Page 541
 Key points......Page 553
 Key points......Page 561
 Key points......Page 565
 Candidosis (candidiasis)......Page 583
 Malassezia‐associated diseases......Page 588
 Less common superficial fungal infections......Page 594
 Key points......Page 598
 Subcutaneous mycoses......Page 599
 Systemic mycoses......Page 602
 Opportunistic mycoses......Page 607
 Key points......Page 617
 Key points......Page 626
 Key points......Page 636
 Key points......Page 650
 Key points......Page 662
 Orthopoxvirus infection......Page 664
 Parapoxvirus infection......Page 681
 Yatapoxvirus infection......Page 685
 Key points......Page 687
 HTLV‐1 infection......Page 692
 Key points......Page 698
 Other well‐recognized viral eruptions......Page 705
 Eruptions considered viral but without exact aetiology......Page 713
 Arboviruses......Page 714
 Conclusion......Page 718
 Key points......Page 719
 Key points......Page 722
 Skin infections in children with primary immunodeficiencies......Page 723
 Skin infections in children with secondary immunodeficiencies......Page 725
 Summary......Page 728
 Key points......Page 731
 Key points......Page 740
 Cutaneous larva migrans......Page 743
 Filariasis......Page 746
 Key points......Page 749
 Pseudoscabies......Page 758
 Key points......Page 761
 Cimicosis (bedbug infestation)......Page 769
 Key points......Page 771
 Marine envenomations......Page 778
 Summary......Page 781
 Key points......Page 784
 Seabather’s eruption/Cnidaria dermatitis......Page 786
 Toxic seaweed dermatitis......Page 787
 Key points......Page 789
 Key points......Page 802
 Erythema marginatum......Page 805
 Annular erythema of infancy......Page 807
 Key points......Page 809
 Key points......Page 815
 Erythema multiforme......Page 817
 Stevens–Johnson syndrome......Page 818
 Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis overlap and toxic epidermal necrolysis......Page 819
 Management......Page 820
 Conclusion......Page 822
 Key points......Page 823
 Urticarial eruptions......Page 825
 Maculopapular exanthems......Page 827
 Pustular eruptions......Page 830
 Fixed drug eruption and bullous drug eruptions......Page 832
 Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis......Page 833
 Diagnostic approach and management......Page 838
 Key points......Page 841
 Acne variants......Page 852
 Paediatric differential diagnosis......Page 857
 Key points......Page 859
 Key points......Page 863
 Key points......Page 869
 Vitamin deficiencies......Page 873
 Mineral deficiencies......Page 875
 Eating disorders......Page 877
 Key points......Page 879
 Insulin metabolism and the skin......Page 881
 Acanthosis nigricans, striae distensae and skin tags as cutaneous manifestations of insulin resistance and obesity......Page 882
 Skin conditions associated with dyslipidaemia: xanthelasma and xanthomas......Page 887
 Skin conditions linked to altered glucose metabolism and diabetes mellitus......Page 888
 The metabolic syndrome as a comorbidity of common skin diseases: psoriasis vulgaris, hidradenitis suppurativa and cutaneous sign......Page 891
 Atopic dermatitis and metabolic syndrome......Page 896
 Key points......Page 897
 Diagnostic approach......Page 898
 Red flags and urgent considerations......Page 900
 Infectious causes of blistering......Page 901
 Neonatal blistering diseases......Page 902
 Blistering diseases in infancy and childhood......Page 903
 Vesiculobullous lesions on skin and mucosal surfaces......Page 905
 Key points......Page 906
 Pemphigus diseases......Page 907
 Pemphigoid diseases......Page 912
 Other subepidermal blistering diseases......Page 923
 Key points......Page 936
 Key points......Page 945
 Epidermolysis bullosa simplex......Page 947
 Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa......Page 955
 Junctional epidermolysis bullosa......Page 970
 Kindler syndrome......Page 973
 Key points......Page 981
 Polymorphous light eruption (syn. polymorphic light eruption, benign summer light eruption, lucite estivale b閚igne)......Page 982
 Actinic prurigo......Page 985
 Idiopathic solar urticaria......Page 987
 Hydroa vacciniforme......Page 990
 Chronic actinic dermatitis......Page 991
 Skin testing......Page 992
 Key points......Page 995
 Key points......Page 1007
 Sources of ultraviolet radiation......Page 1008
 Cutaneous effects of ultraviolet radiation......Page 1009
 Exogenous photoprotection......Page 1013
 Key points......Page 1021
 Thermal injuries......Page 1027
 Chemical burns......Page 1030
 Conclusion......Page 1031
 Key points......Page 1033
 Blau syndrome/early‐onset sarcoidosis......Page 1038
 Key points......Page 1044
 Key points......Page 1055
 Key points......Page 1061
 Key points......Page 1065
 Key points......Page 1073
 Key points......Page 1078
 Key points......Page 1082
 Cutaneous T‐cell and NK cell lymphomas......Page 1083
 Cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas......Page 1092
 Clinical approach to diagnosis of cutaneous lymphomas......Page 1094
 Key points......Page 1101
 Key points......Page 1105
 Key points......Page 1108
 Langerhans cell histiocytosis......Page 1109
 Key points......Page 1115
 Cutaneous and mucocutaneous non‐Langerhans cell histiocytoses: the xanthogranuloma family (C Group)......Page 1117
 Cutaneous and mucocutaneous non‐Langerhans cell histiocytoses: the nonxanthogranuloma family (C Group)......Page 1124
 Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (H Group)......Page 1126
 Other histiocytoses......Page 1127
 Key points......Page 1134
 Key points......Page 1147
 Key points......Page 1161
 Pseudoxanthoma elasticum......Page 1162
 Cutis laxa......Page 1168
 Key points......Page 1175
 Key points......Page 1179
 Key points......Page 1183
 Key points......Page 1187
 Key points......Page 1193
 Key points......Page 1200
 Lipoid proteinosis......Page 1202
 Restrictive dermopathy......Page 1204
 Key points......Page 1208
 Key points......Page 1211
 Key points......Page 1219
 Key points......Page 1231
 Key points......Page 1232
 Key points......Page 1233
 Key points......Page 1234
 Key points......Page 1236
 Key point......Page 1237
 Key points......Page 1238
 Key points......Page 1239
 Key points......Page 1240
 Key points......Page 1243
 Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn......Page 1245
 Poststeroid pannicultis......Page 1246
 Pannicultis and monogenic autoinflammatory diseases and primary immune deficiency......Page 1247
 Pannicultis and monogenic autoinflammatory diseases......Page 1248
 Erythema nodosum......Page 1249
 Panniculitis associated with connective tissue diseases and vasculitis......Page 1251
 Cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis......Page 1252
 Subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma......Page 1253
 Calciphylaxis......Page 1255
 Factitial, iatrogenic or traumatic panniculitis......Page 1256
 Key points......Page 1257
 Abstract......Page 1265
 Conditions mimicking mosaicism......Page 1267
 Principles governing the phenotype of mosaic disorders......Page 1268
 Patterns of mosaic disorders......Page 1269
 Genetic investigation of mosaic disorders......Page 1270
 Key points......Page 1273
 Acquired melanocytic naevi in childhood......Page 1288
 Abstract......Page 1296
 Key points......Page 1297
 Key points......Page 1303
 Key points......Page 1312
 Buschke–Ollendorf syndrome......Page 1314
 Smooth muscle hamartoma......Page 1315
 Other hamartomas......Page 1316
 Key points......Page 1319
 Proteus syndrome and the spectrum of AKT1 mosaicism......Page 1320
 PIK3CA‐related overgrowth spectrum......Page 1325
 Other causes of localized overgrowth with cutaneous features......Page 1329
 Key points......Page 1332
 Fine and whorled Blaschkolinear hypoand hyperpigmentation (incorporating hypomelanosis of Ito, and linear and whorled naevoid hy......Page 1333
 McCune–Albright syndrome......Page 1336
 Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis......Page 1337
 Extensive or atypical dermal melanocytosis, including naevus of Ota and naevus of Ito......Page 1339
 Speckled lentiginous naevi......Page 1340
 Mosaic neurofibromatosis type 1......Page 1342
 Key points......Page 1349
 Nonvascular nodules and cysts......Page 1352
 Vascular neoplasms......Page 1358
 Key points......Page 1361
 Tumours......Page 1365
 Key points......Page 1374
 Aberrant calcification and ossification of the skin......Page 1375
 Idiopathic calcification......Page 1376
 Dystrophic calcification......Page 1379
 Metastatic calcification......Page 1381
 Cutaneous ossification......Page 1382
 Key points......Page 1386
 Key points......Page 1392
 Lesions with a generally indolent course......Page 1393
 Lesions with potential for a locally aggressive course......Page 1398
 Key points......Page 1406
 Squamous cell carcinoma......Page 1409
 Pilomatrix carcinoma......Page 1410
 Merkel cell carcinoma......Page 1411
 Key points......Page 1413
 Key points......Page 1418
 Other soft tissue sarcomas......Page 1421
 Malignant tumours of neural crest and germ cell origin......Page 1431
 Papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma......Page 1433
 Key points......Page 1435
 Key points......Page 1441
 Key points......Page 1461
 Key points......Page 1476
 Key points......Page 1480
 Key points......Page 1484
 Key points......Page 1488
 Key points......Page 1499
 Inherited disorders of pigmentation......Page 1505
 Key points......Page 1512
 Key points......Page 1522
 Ch閐iak–Higashi syndrome (OMIM #214500)......Page 1525
 Cross syndrome (OMIM 257800)......Page 1526
 Key points......Page 1528
 Acquired hypopigmentation......Page 1532
 Key points......Page 1535
 Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria......Page 1536
 Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria......Page 1538
 Familial progressive hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation......Page 1540
 Cutis tricolor......Page 1541
 Westerhof syndrome......Page 1542
 Amyloidosis cutis dyschromica......Page 1543
 Other entities associated with dyschromia......Page 1545
 Treatment......Page 1546
 Abstract......Page 1551
 Disorders caused by keratin mutations......Page 1553
 Conclusion......Page 1557
 Key points......Page 1560
 Diffuse hereditary palmoplantar keratodermas without associated features......Page 1561
 Diffuse hereditary palmoplantar keratodermas with associated features......Page 1565
 Focal hereditary palmoplantar keratodermas without associated features......Page 1573
 Focal hereditary palmoplantar keratodermas with associated features......Page 1575
 Papular hereditary palmoplantar keratodermas without associated features......Page 1581
 Papular hereditary palmoplantar keratodermas with associated features......Page 1583
 Palmoplantar keratodermas of uncertain identity......Page 1584
 Key points......Page 1585
 Nonsyndromic ichthyoses......Page 1587
 Syndromic ichthyoses......Page 1612
 Management of congenital ichthyoses......Page 1628
 Key points......Page 1635
 Darier disease......Page 1639
 Key points......Page 1644
 Key points......Page 1649
 Key points......Page 1659
 Key points......Page 1665
 Ectodermal dysplasias caused by mutations in tumour necrosis factor like/NF‐κB signalling pathways......Page 1705
 Transcription factors and homeobox genes: major regulators of gene expression......Page 1713
 Defects in the Wnt‐β‐catenin pathway......Page 1722
 Defects in gap junction proteins......Page 1727
 Disorders caused by mutations in structural and adhesive molecules......Page 1733
 Management of ectodermal dysplasia: general overview......Page 1740
 Key points......Page 1742
 Key points......Page 1754
 Key points......Page 1761
 Conditions with skin atrophy/ lipoatrophy......Page 1765
 Conditions in which individuals appear aged......Page 1771
 Conditions with skin laxity......Page 1774
 Key points......Page 1779
 Nucleotide excision repair......Page 1780
 Nucleotide excision repair defective syndromes......Page 1784
 Disease susceptibility in heterozygous carriers of defective DNA repair genes......Page 1801
 Senescence......Page 1802
 Mitochondrial repair......Page 1803
 Novel therapeutic strategies/DNA repair creams......Page 1804
 Key points......Page 1805
 Key points......Page 1822
 Bloom syndrome......Page 1827
 Dyskeratosis congenita......Page 1829
 Fanconi anaemia......Page 1832
 Poikiloderma with neutropenia......Page 1834
 Key points......Page 1838
 Key points......Page 1843
 Key points......Page 1844
 Key points......Page 1846
 Key points......Page 1847
 Key points......Page 1848
 Key points......Page 1849
 Key points......Page 1851
 Peutz–Jeghers syndrome Key points......Page 1852
 Key points......Page 1854
 Key points......Page 1858
 Segmental or mosaic neurofibromatosis type 1......Page 1866
 Neurofibromatosis type 2......Page 1867
 Key points......Page 1872
 Key points......Page 1892
 Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines......Page 1894
 Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome......Page 1895
 Costello syndrome......Page 1896
 Key points......Page 1899
 Leukocytoclastic vasculitis......Page 1900
 Pigmented purpuras......Page 1910
 Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa......Page 1913
 Systemic diseases with secondary cutaneous vasculitis......Page 1916
 Key points......Page 1925
 Key points......Page 1940
 Key points......Page 1952
 Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegener granulomatosis)......Page 1958
 Microscopic polyangiitis......Page 1965
 Key points......Page 1967
 Systemic lupus erythematosus......Page 1974
 Juvenile dermatomyositis......Page 1979
 Key points......Page 1986
 Key points......Page 1992
 Key points......Page 1995
 Key points......Page 1999
 Aminoacidopathies......Page 2001
 Organic acidurias......Page 2005
 Lysosomal storage diseases......Page 2007
 Others metabolic deficiencies......Page 2013
 Hyperlipoproteinaemia......Page 2014
 Acrodermatitis enteropathica......Page 2015
 Carotenaemia......Page 2016
 Key points......Page 2022
 Key points......Page 2027
 Alterations in cortisol levels......Page 2030
 Disorders of sex hormones......Page 2032
 Dysfunction of parathyroid hormone......Page 2036
 Pituitary dysfunction......Page 2038
 Insulin‐related disorders......Page 2039
 Dermatological diseases with endocrine dysfunction......Page 2042
 Key points......Page 2044
 Amyloidosis......Page 2057
 Abstract......Page 2062
 Key points......Page 2064
 Key points......Page 2067
 Key points......Page 2068
 Key points......Page 2071
 Key points......Page 2075
 Key points......Page 2079
 Key points......Page 2085
 Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndromes......Page 2086
 Immunoglobulin deficiencies......Page 2090
 Leucocyte adhesion deficiency......Page 2094
 Key points......Page 2095
 Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome......Page 2098
 Key points......Page 2101
 Key points......Page 2112
 White patches (leucoplakia)......Page 2121
 Red and pigmented lesions......Page 2124
 Swellings/lumps in and around the mouth......Page 2127
 Lesions of the tongue......Page 2132
 Key points......Page 2135
 Normal hair loss/growth in childhood......Page 2136
 Hair loss......Page 2138
 Hair shaft abnormalities presenting with hair breakage......Page 2144
 Hair shaft abnormalities associated with unruly hair......Page 2152
 Miscellaneous hair shaft abnormalities......Page 2155
 Hair loss due to abnormal cycling......Page 2156
 Miniaturization......Page 2160
 Focal scarring and nonscarring causes of alopecia......Page 2161
 Hypertrichosis......Page 2164
 Key points......Page 2171
 Key points......Page 2179
 Common nail disorders......Page 2180
 Uncommon nail disorders......Page 2185
 Key points......Page 2191
 Inflammatory dermatoses of the genital region......Page 2192
 Lichen sclerosus in girls (syn. lichen sclerosus et atrophicus)......Page 2196
 Birthmarks in the genital area......Page 2202
 Vulvovaginitis......Page 2206
 Nonsexually acquired genital infections in children......Page 2207
 Blisters and ulcers......Page 2211
 Anatomical abnormalities......Page 2216
 Neoplasia......Page 2220
 Scrotal conditions......Page 2222
 Genital signs of systemic disease......Page 2223
 Psychological aspects of genital disease in children......Page 2225
 Key points......Page 2227
 Syphilis......Page 2231
 Gonorrhoea......Page 2236
 Chlamydia trachomatis infections......Page 2241
 Condyloma acuminata......Page 2244
 Hepatitis B in children......Page 2246
 Genital herpes simplex virus infection......Page 2247
 Human immunodeficiency virus......Page 2248
 Trichomonas vaginalis infection......Page 2249
 Bacterial vaginitis......Page 2250
 Key points......Page 2251
 Physical abuse......Page 2252
 Child sexual abuse......Page 2261
 Overall medical and multidisciplinary management......Page 2270
 Key points......Page 2273
 Methods of quality of life assessment......Page 2274
 Who should measure quality of life in children?......Page 2275
 Validation of quality of life measures......Page 2276
 Disease‐specific quality of life measures......Page 2277
 Generic quality of life measures......Page 2282
 Family impact......Page 2283
 Conflict of interest......Page 2284
 Key points......Page 2287
 The family impact of paediatric skin disease......Page 2289
 Coping strategies......Page 2290
 Conclusion......Page 2291
 Key points......Page 2294
 Physiological habits......Page 2295
 Self‐mutilation......Page 2299
 Factitious disorders......Page 2305
 Key points......Page 2307
 Pharmaceutical formulation and vehicle systems......Page 2309
 Characteristics of paediatric dermatological therapy......Page 2310
 Commonly used therapeutic agents......Page 2312
 Key points......Page 2314
 Antifungal therapy......Page 2317
 Antivirals......Page 2318
 Corticosteroids......Page 2319
 Antihistamines......Page 2320
 Antimalarial agents......Page 2321
 Retinoids......Page 2322
 Biologic agents......Page 2323
 Chemotherapy and immunomodulators......Page 2325
 Miscellaneous......Page 2327
 Key points......Page 2333
 Genetic therapies for skin diseases using viral vectors......Page 2334
 Nanoparticles and nonviral approaches......Page 2335
 Gene editing......Page 2337
 Conclusion......Page 2339
 Key points......Page 2342
 Indications for paediatric dermatological surgery......Page 2344
 Bandaging......Page 2345
 Procedures......Page 2346
 Surgical complications......Page 2349
 Conclusion......Page 2350
 Key points......Page 2351
 Laser treatment of pigmented lesions (S. Lanigan)......Page 2357
 Ablative lasers......Page 2358
 Hair removal by lasers......Page 2359
 Key points......Page 2362
 Local anaesthetics......Page 2363
 Techniques to decrease the pain of injection......Page 2364
 Sedation......Page 2367
 Pharmacological agents......Page 2368
 Other techniques......Page 2372
 Key points......Page 2373
 Approach to the neonate......Page 2374
 Approach to the infant and child......Page 2376
 Approach to the adolescent......Page 2379
 Adherence......Page 2384
 End‐of‐life care in paediatrics......Page 2386
 Key points......Page 2389
 Congenital melanocytic naevi......Page 2392
 Acquired melanocytic naevi......Page 2397
 Differentiating benign naevi from melanoma......Page 2400
 Spitz naevi......Page 2401
 Conclusion......Page 2408
 Key points......Page 2410
 Rashes......Page 2411
 Lumps and bumps......Page 2415
 Vascular lesions......Page 2416
 Melanocytic lesions......Page 2418
 Molecular diagnostic techniques......Page 2421
 The ‘normal’ biopsy......Page 2422
 Key points......Page 2425
 The newborn with epidermolysis bullosa......Page 2427
 Eczema: wet wrap dressings, paste bandages and therapeutic clothing......Page 2428
 Bleach baths for eczema......Page 2431
 Psoriasis......Page 2432
 Vascular birthmarks......Page 2434
 Systemic treatment......Page 2438
 Intensive care......Page 2441
 Safeguarding issues in paediatric dermatology......Page 2442
 Conclusion......Page 2445
Index......Page 2447