Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices

Harnessing Green IT......Page 3
Contents......Page 9
About the Editors......Page 21
About the Authors......Page 23
Foreword......Page 31
Preface......Page 33
Acknowledgements......Page 37
1.1 Introduction......Page 39
1.2 Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development......Page 40
1.2.1 The Inconvenient Truth......Page 41
1.3 Environmental Impacts of IT......Page 42
1.4 Green IT......Page 43
1.4.1 OCED Green IT Framework......Page 44
1.5 Holistic Approach to Greening IT......Page 45
1.5.1 Greening Computer's Entire Life Cycle......Page 46
1.5.2 The Three Rs of Green IT......Page 47
1.6.2 Green Data Centres......Page 48
1.6.4 Green Data Storage......Page 50
1.6.6 Green Networking and Communications......Page 51
1.7 Applying IT for Enhancing Environmental Sustainability......Page 52
1.9 Enterprise Green IT Strategy......Page 53
1.10 Green IT: Burden or Opportunity?......Page 55
1.11 Conclusion......Page 56
References......Page 57
Further Reading and Useful Web Sites......Page 58
2.1 Introduction......Page 61
2.2 Life Cycle of a Device or Hardware......Page 62
2.2.1 Design......Page 63
2.2.2 Manufacturing......Page 64
2.2.3 Packaging and Transportation......Page 66
2.2.4 Use......Page 67
2.3 Reuse, Recycle and Dispose......Page 72
2.4 Conclusions......Page 74
References......Page 75
3.1 Introduction......Page 77
3.1.1 Processor Power States......Page 78
3.2 Energy-Saving Software Techniques......Page 79
3.2.1 Computational Efficiency......Page 80
3.2.2 Data Efficiency......Page 83
3.2.3 Context Awareness......Page 87
3.2.4 Idle Efficiency......Page 90
3.3.1 Fluke NetDAQ® (Networked Data Acquisition Unit)......Page 93
3.3.2 Software Tools......Page 95
3.4 Summary......Page 97
Acknowledgements......Page 98
References......Page 99
Further Reading......Page 100
4.1 Introduction......Page 101
4.2 Current Practices......Page 102
4.3 Sustainable Software......Page 103
4.4 Software Sustainability Attributes......Page 104
4.5.1 Modifiability and Reusability......Page 106
4.5.2 Portability......Page 108
4.5.6 Usability......Page 109
4.5.8 Predictability......Page 110
4.6.1 Collecting Metrics......Page 111
4.6.2 Code Metrics Tools......Page 112
4.6.3 Simplified Usability Study......Page 113
4.6.4 Platform Analysis......Page 114
4.7 Defining Actions......Page 115
4.8.2 Portability......Page 116
4.8.7 Accessibility......Page 117
4.8.11 Results and Actions......Page 119
Discussion Questions......Page 120
References......Page 121
5.1 Data Centres and Associated Energy Challenges......Page 123
5.2.1 Servers......Page 125
5.2.3 Storage......Page 127
5.2.4 IT Platform Innovation......Page 128
5.3.1 Power System......Page 130
5.3.2 Cooling......Page 133
5.3.3 Facilities Infrastructure Management......Page 135
5.4.1 Server Power......Page 136
5.4.2 Consolidation......Page 139
5.4.3 Virtualization......Page 142
5.5.1 PUE and DCiE......Page 144
5.5.2 Power versus Energy Consumption......Page 145
5.6.3 Impact......Page 146
5.6.4 A Thorough Evaluation......Page 147
5.7 Conclusions......Page 148
References......Page 149
Further Reading and Useful Web Sites......Page 150
6.1 Introduction......Page 151
6.2.1 Hard Disks......Page 153
6.2.3 Solid-State Drives (SSDs)......Page 155
6.3.2 Caching......Page 156
6.4 System-Level Energy Management......Page 157
6.4.2 Power-Aware Data Layout......Page 158
6.4.3 Hierarchical Storage Management......Page 159
6.4.4 Storage Virtualization......Page 160
6.4.5 Cloud Storage......Page 161
References......Page 162
7.1 Introduction......Page 165
7.1.1 Green Network Communications and Management: Background......Page 166
7.1.2 The Challenge of Next-Generation Networks......Page 167
7.1.3 Benefits of Energy-Efficient Networks......Page 168
7.1.4 Objectives of Green Networking......Page 169
7.2 Objectives of Green Network Protocols......Page 170
7.2.1 Energy-Optimizing Protocol Design......Page 171
7.2.2 Bit Costs Associated with Network Communication Protocols......Page 173
7.2.3 Objectives of Green Network Protocols......Page 176
7.3.2 Contributions from the EMAN Working Group......Page 178
7.3.4 Context Detail to Drive Energy Efficiency......Page 180
Review Questions......Page 183
References......Page 184
Further Reading and Useful Web Sites......Page 186
8.1 Introduction......Page 187
8.2 Approaching Green IT Strategies......Page 189
8.3.1 Cost Reduction......Page 191
8.3.2 Demands from Legal and Regulatory Requirements......Page 192
8.3.5 Collaborative Business Ecosystem......Page 193
8.4 Business Dimensions for Green IT Transformation......Page 194
8.4.2 Technology......Page 195
8.4.4 People......Page 196
8.5 Organizational Considerations in a Green IT Strategy......Page 198
8.6 Steps in Developing a Green IT Strategy......Page 199
8.7 Metrics and Measurements in Green Strategies......Page 201
References......Page 202
9.1 Introduction......Page 205
9.2 Multilevel Sustainable Information......Page 206
9.3.1 Sustainability Frameworks......Page 208
9.3.3 Tools for Sustainability......Page 210
9.4.2 The Four Stages of LCA......Page 211
9.5 Individual Level Information......Page 212
9.6.2 Data Centre Power Metrics......Page 214
9.6.3 Emerging Data Centre Metrics......Page 215
9.7.1 Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions......Page 216
9.8.1 Developing a City Sustainability Plan: A Case Study......Page 219
9.9.1 A Capability Maturity Framework for SICT......Page 220
9.9.3 Capability Maturity Levels......Page 223
9.9.4 SICT Capability Building Blocks......Page 224
9.9.5 Assessing and Managing SICT Progress......Page 226
9.10 Conclusions......Page 227
Appendix: Sustainability Tools and Standards......Page 228
Review Questions......Page 233
References......Page 234
Further Reading and Useful Web Sites......Page 235
Tools and Carbon Calculators......Page 236
10.1 Introduction......Page 237
10.2 Background: Readiness and Capability......Page 239
10.3 Development of the G-Readiness Framework......Page 240
10.3.1 Green IT Attitude......Page 241
10.3.3 Green IT Governance......Page 242
10.3.5 Green IT Technology......Page 243
10.4.1 G-Readiness Consultancy Services......Page 244
10.5 Conclusions......Page 245
Review Questions......Page 246
References......Page 247
11.1 Introduction......Page 249
11.2.1 The Sustainability Dimensions of IT......Page 251
11.2.2 Corporate Sustainability, Social Responsibility and IT......Page 254
11.3.1 Developing a Service-Dominant Logic......Page 257
11.3.2 Business Value, Customer Value and Societal Value......Page 258
11.3.3 SITS as Service Science......Page 260
11.4.1 The SITS Value Curve......Page 262
11.4.2 Integrating Sustainable IT and Business Strategy......Page 265
11.5.3 Products, Services and Technologies......Page 267
11.5.4 Compliance, Regulations, Standards and Reporting......Page 269
11.5.7 Value Goals......Page 270
11.6.2 Cisco Systems, Inc.......Page 271
11.6.6 Microsoft Corporation......Page 273
11.6.11 Pachube......Page 274
11.8 Summary......Page 275
References......Page 276
Useful Web Sites......Page 280
12.1 Introduction......Page 281
12.2 Organizational and Enterprise Greening......Page 282
12.2.1 The Green Enterprise: A Value Chain Perspective......Page 283
12.3 Information Systems in Greening Enterprises......Page 286
12.3.3 ERP EMISs......Page 288
12.3.5 Integrating Environmental and LCA Information with ERP......Page 292
12.4 Greening the Enterprise: IT Usage and Hardware......Page 293
12.5 Inter-organizational Enterprise Activities and Green Issues......Page 294
12.5.1 Electronic Commerce and Greening the Extended Enterprise......Page 295
12.5.2 Demanufacturing and Reverse Logistics......Page 296
12.5.3 Eco-Industrial Parks and Information Systems......Page 297
12.6 Enablers and Making the Case for IT and the Green Enterprise......Page 299
Discussion Questions......Page 300
References......Page 301
13.1 Introduction......Page 303
13.2.1 Educated Guess by an Expert......Page 304
13.2.4 Activity-Based Costing......Page 305
13.3.1 Some Preliminaries......Page 306
13.3.2 The Business Process Improvement System......Page 307
13.4 Process Improvement in the Enterprise Context......Page 308
13.4.1 The Enterprise Ecosystem......Page 309
13.5.1 Identifying the Consequences of a Business Process Change......Page 310
13.5.2 Re-Establishing a State of Equilibrium......Page 311
13.6.1 Cost to Bring about the Change......Page 313
13.7.1 As-Is Scenario......Page 314
13.7.2 Improvement Scenarios......Page 315
13.7.3 Assessing Scenarios......Page 316
References......Page 318
14.1 Introduction......Page 321
14.2.1 Strategic Thinking......Page 322
14.2.2 Strategic Planning......Page 323
14.2.4 Enterprise Architecture Planning......Page 324
14.3 Implementation of Green IT......Page 326
14.3.1 Return on Investment......Page 327
14.3.2 Metrics......Page 328
14.3.3 The Goal-Question-Metric (GQM) Paradigm......Page 329
14.4.1 Risk Management......Page 330
14.5 Communication and Social Media......Page 332
14.6 Case Study......Page 333
References......Page 334
15.1 Introduction......Page 335
15.2 The Regulatory Environment and IT Manufacturers......Page 337
15.2.1 RoHS......Page 338
15.2.2 REACh......Page 339
15.2.3 WEEE......Page 340
15.3 Nonregulatory Government Initiatives......Page 341
15.4 Industry Associations and Standards Bodies......Page 343
15.6 Green Data Centres......Page 344
15.7 Social Movements and Greenpeace......Page 346
15.8 Conclusions......Page 349
Review Questions......Page 350
References......Page 351
Further Reading......Page 352
16.1 Introduction......Page 353
16.2.1 Cloud Computing Characteristics......Page 356
16.2.2 Components of Cloud Computing......Page 357
16.2.3 Cloud Computing Deployment Models......Page 359
16.3 Cloud Computing and Energy Usage Model: A Typical Example......Page 360
16.3.2 Cloud Software Stack for the SaaS, PaaS and IaaS Levels......Page 361
16.3.3 Network Devices......Page 362
16.4 Features of Clouds Enabling Green Computing......Page 363
16.5.2 Cloud Software Stack: Virtualization and Provisioning......Page 365
16.5.3 Data Centre Level: Cooling, Hardware, Network and Storage......Page 367
16.5.4 Monitoring and Metering......Page 368
16.5.5 Network Infrastructure......Page 369
16.6 Green Cloud Architecture......Page 370
16.7 Case Study: IaaS Provider......Page 372
16.8 Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 374
References......Page 375
17.1 Introduction......Page 379
17.2.2 Sustainability and Networks......Page 382
17.2.3 Need for Information Management Techniques......Page 383
17.3.1 MediaWiki......Page 384
17.3.2 Semantic MediaWiki......Page 386
17.3.3 SparqlExtension......Page 388
17.3.4 Semantic Web......Page 389
17.4.1 Pages for Commodities......Page 391
17.4.2 Pages for Processes......Page 392
17.4.3 Pages for Overviews and Information Management......Page 394
17.5.1 Challenges......Page 396
17.5.2 Guiding Principles......Page 397
17.6 Conclusions......Page 398
References......Page 399
Further Reading and Useful Web Sites......Page 401
18.1 Introduction......Page 403
18.2.1 Green IT Trends......Page 404
18.2.2 Green Engineering......Page 405
18.3.1 Using RFID for Environmental Sustainability......Page 406
18.3.2 Smart Grids......Page 407
18.3.4 Green Supply Chain and Logistics......Page 409
18.3.5 Enterprise-Wide Environmental Sustainability......Page 410
18.4 Green IT: A Megatrend?......Page 411
18.4.1 Outsourcing and Environmental Attributes......Page 412
18.5 A Seven-Step Approach to Creating Green IT Strategy......Page 413
18.6 Research and Development Directions......Page 414
18.7 Prospects......Page 415
References......Page 416
Glossary......Page 419
Index......Page 427