Hands On: C Programming and Unix Application Design: UNIX System Calls and Subroutines using C

Creating the program......Page 14
Compilation......Page 15
The Preprocessor......Page 16
Some Useful Compiler Options......Page 18
Using Libraries......Page 19
Finding Information about Library Functions......Page 20
Lint — A C program verifier......Page 21
Exercises......Page 22
History of C......Page 24
Characteristics of C......Page 25
C Program Structure......Page 27
Variables......Page 29
Defining Global Variables......Page 30
Constants......Page 32
Arithmetic Operations......Page 33
Comparison Operators......Page 34
Order of Precedence......Page 35
Exercises......Page 37
The if statement......Page 40
The ? operator......Page 41
The switch statement......Page 42
Exercises......Page 44
The for statement......Page 46
The while statement......Page 47
The do-while statement......Page 49
Exercises......Page 50
Single and Multi-dimensional Arrays......Page 56
Strings......Page 57
Exercises......Page 58
Functions......Page 60
Functions and Arrays......Page 61
Function Prototyping......Page 62
Exercises......Page 64
Structures......Page 70
Defining New Data Types......Page 71
Unions......Page 72
Coercion or Type-Casting......Page 74
Enumerated Types......Page 75
Static Variables......Page 76
Exercises......Page 77
What is a Pointer?......Page 78
Pointer and Functions......Page 82
Pointers and Arrays......Page 84
Arrays of Pointers......Page 86
Multidimensional arrays and pointers......Page 87
Pointers and Structures......Page 90
Not assigning a pointer to memory address before using it......Page 91
Illegal indirection......Page 92
Exercise......Page 93
Malloc, Sizeof, and Free......Page 94
Calloc and Realloc......Page 96
Full Program: queue.c......Page 97
Exercises......Page 101
Pointers to Pointers......Page 104
Command line input......Page 106
Pointers to a Function......Page 107
Exercises......Page 109
Bitwise Operators......Page 112
Bit Fields......Page 114
Bit Fields: Practical Example......Page 115
Exercises......Page 117
The C Preprocessor......Page 120
#define......Page 121
#if — Conditional inclusion......Page 122
Preprocessor Compiler Control......Page 123
Other Preprocessor Commands......Page 124
Exercises......Page 125
Advantages of using UNIX with C......Page 126
Using UNIX System Calls and Library Functions......Page 127
Arithmetic Functions......Page 130
Random Numbers......Page 132
String Conversion......Page 134
Searching and Sorting......Page 135
Exercises......Page 136
Math Functions......Page 138
Math Constants......Page 139
perror()......Page 142
Streams......Page 143
Predefined Streams......Page 144
Basic I/O......Page 145
Printf......Page 146
Files......Page 148
Reading and writing files......Page 149
sprintf and sscanf......Page 150
Low Level I/O......Page 151
Exercises......Page 153
Basic String Handling Functions......Page 156
String Searching......Page 158
Character conversions and testing: ctype.h......Page 160
Exercises......Page 161
Directory handling functions: ......Page 164
Scanning and Sorting Directories:,......Page 165
File Access......Page 168
File Status......Page 169
File Manipulation:stdio.h, unistd.h......Page 170
Exercises......Page 171
Basic time functions......Page 174
Example time applications......Page 175
Example 2: Set a random number seed......Page 176
Exercises......Page 177
Running UNIX Commands from C......Page 178
execl()......Page 179
fork()......Page 180
exit()......Page 181
Exerises......Page 185
Piping in a C program: ......Page 186
pipe() — Low level Piping......Page 187
Exercises......Page 193
IPC:Interrupts and Signals: ......Page 194
Sending Signals — kill(), raise()......Page 195
Signal Handling — signal()......Page 196
 sig_talk.c — complete example program......Page 198
Other signal functions......Page 200
IPC:Message Queues:......Page 202
Initialising the Message Queue......Page 204
IPC Functions, Key Arguments, and Creation Flags: ......Page 205
Controlling message queues......Page 206
Sending and Receiving Messages......Page 207
POSIX Messages: ......Page 209
message_send.c — creating and sending to a simple message queue......Page 210
message_rec.c — receiving the above message......Page 212
msgget.c: Simple Program to illustrate msget()......Page 214
msgctl.cSample Program to Illustrate msgctl()......Page 216
msgop.c: Sample Program to Illustrate msgsnd() and msgrcv()......Page 220
Exercises......Page 225
IPC:Semaphores......Page 228
Initializing a Semaphore Set......Page 229
Controlling Semaphores......Page 230
Semaphore Operations......Page 232
semaphore.c: Illustration of simple semaphore passing......Page 235
semget.c: Illustrate the semget() function......Page 241
semctl.c: Illustrate the semctl() function......Page 242
semop() Sample Program to Illustrate semop()......Page 249
Exercises......Page 254
IPC:Shared Memory......Page 256
Accessing a Shared Memory Segment......Page 257
Controlling a Shared Memory Segment......Page 258
Attaching and Detaching a Shared Memory Segment......Page 259
shm_server.c......Page 261
shm_client.c......Page 263
Mapped memory......Page 264
Address Spaces and Mapping......Page 265
Creating and Using Mappings......Page 266
Other Memory Control Functions......Page 267
Some further example shared memory programs......Page 268
shmget.c:Sample Program to Illustrate shmget()......Page 269
shmctl.c: Sample Program to Illustrate shmctl()......Page 271
shmop.c: Sample Program to Illustrate shmat() and shmdt()......Page 275
Exercises......Page 281
IPC:Sockets......Page 282
Socket Creation and Naming......Page 283
Connecting Stream Sockets......Page 284
Datagram sockets......Page 285
socket_server.c......Page 286
socket_client.c......Page 289
Exercises......Page 292
Processes and Threads......Page 294
Benefits of Threads vs Processes......Page 295
Multithreading vs. Single threading......Page 296
Some Example applications of threads......Page 297
User-Level Threads (ULT)......Page 298
Combined ULT/KLT Approaches......Page 300
Threads libraries......Page 301
Creating a (Default) Thread......Page 302
Wait for Thread Termination......Page 303
A Simple Threads Example......Page 304
Detaching a Thread......Page 305
Create a Key for Thread-Specific Data......Page 306
Set the Thread-Specific Data Key......Page 307
Get the Thread-Specific Data Key......Page 308
Global and Private Thread-Specific Data Example......Page 309
Getting the Thread Identifiers......Page 311
Yield Thread Execution......Page 312
Get the Thread Priority......Page 313
Access the Signal Mask of the Calling Thread......Page 314
Terminate a Thread......Page 315
Solaris Threads: ......Page 316
Unique Solaris Threads Functions......Page 317
Similar Solaris Threads Functions......Page 323
Compiling a Multithreaded Application......Page 329
Preparing for Compilation......Page 330
Debugging a Multithreaded Program......Page 331
Attributes......Page 334
Initializing Thread Attributes......Page 336
Thread's Detach State......Page 338
Thread's Set Scope......Page 340
Thread Scheduling Policy......Page 341
Thread Inherited Scheduling Policy......Page 342
Set Scheduling Parameters......Page 343
Thread Stack Size......Page 344
Building Your Own Thread Stack......Page 345
Further Threads Programming:Synchronization......Page 348
Initializing a Mutex Attribute Object......Page 349
Destroying a Mutex Attribute Object......Page 350
The Scope of a Mutex......Page 351
Initializing a Mutex......Page 352
Locking a Mutex......Page 353
Mutex Lock Code Examples......Page 355
Nested Locking with a Singly Linked List......Page 358
Solaris Mutex Locks......Page 359
Condition Variable Attributes......Page 360
Initializing a Condition Variable Attribute......Page 361
The Scope of a Condition Variable......Page 362
Initializing a Condition Variable......Page 363
Block on a Condition Variable......Page 364
Destroying a Condition Variable State......Page 369
Solaris Condition Variables......Page 370
Basic Solaris Semaphore Functions......Page 371
Using thr_create() and thr_join()......Page 372
Arrays......Page 378
Deadlock......Page 381
Signal Handler......Page 383
Interprocess Synchronization......Page 388
The Producer / Consumer Problem......Page 391
A Socket Server......Page 396
Using Many Threads......Page 400
Real-time Thread Example......Page 403
POSIX Cancellation......Page 405
Software Race Condition......Page 410
Tgrep: Threadeds version of UNIX grep......Page 411
Multithreaded Quicksort......Page 450
How RPC Works......Page 460
RPC Application Development......Page 462
Defining Client and Server Application Code......Page 463
Compliling and running the application......Page 464
Top Level Routines......Page 465
Bottom Level Routines......Page 466
Simplified Interface......Page 467
Passing Arbitrary Data Types......Page 472
Developing High Level RPC Applications......Page 475
Sharing the data......Page 478
Exercise......Page 481
What is rpcgen......Page 482
Converting Local Procedures to Remote Procedures......Page 483
Passing Complex Data Structures......Page 491
Preprocessing Directives......Page 498
cpp Directives......Page 499
Example rpcgen compile options/templates......Page 500
Exercises......Page 501
Header files......Page 504
Scope of externals......Page 508
How to Divide a Program between Several Files......Page 510
Organisation of Data in each File......Page 511
The Make Utility......Page 512
Make Programming......Page 513
Creating a makefile......Page 514
Make macros......Page 516
Running Make......Page 517
Basic C and UNIX......Page 520
Internet Resources on C......Page 521
Motif/CDE/X Books......Page 522
WWW and Ftp Access......Page 524
Valuable Information Resources......Page 525
C++......Page 527
Common Compiler Options......Page 528
Languages compiled by GCC......Page 531
Portability and Optimization......Page 532
Compile C, C++, or Objective C......Page 533
GNU CC Command Options......Page 534
Extensions to the C Language Family......Page 579