Handjob of Biochips: Integrated Circuits and Systems for Biology and Medicine

Preface
Contents
About the Editor
Contributors
Part I: Wearable and Implantable Biosensing Technologies
	1 Bladder Control Implants
		Introduction
			Neural Anatomy and Normal Bladder Function
			Stimulation Mode
			Stimulus Pattern
			Blocking Capacitors
			Magnitude of Current for Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
			Electrode and Contact Impedance
		Design
			Stimulation Algorithm
				Data Format and Error-Checking Mechanism
				Burst Pulse Generation Algorithm
				SRID Pulse Generation Algorithm
			Digital-to-Analog Converter Design
			Stimulus Generation Design
		FPGA Implementation
		Conclusions
		References
	2 Development and Evaluation of a Continuous Blood Pressure Monitoring System
		Introduction
		Steering-Type Blood Pressure Monitoring System
			System Development
			Experiment and Evaluation
		Infrared Blood Pressure Monitoring System
			System Development
			Experiment and Evaluation
		Conclusion
		References
	3 Electrical Biosensors: Biopotential Amplifiers
		Introduction
		System Considerations
		Energy-Efficiency of Amplifier Topologies and the Noise Efficiency Factor
		State-of-the-Art Biopotential Amplifiers
		Design Example: A Closed-Loop Fully Differential Telescopic-Cascode Amplifier
		Design Example: An Open-Loop Complementary-Input Amplifier
		Design of a Closed-Loop Fully Differential Complementary-Input Amplifier
		Measurement Results of the Biopotential Amplifiers
		Design Example: A High-Input-Impedance Low-Noise Instrumentation Amplifier
			Overall Design
			Noise Analysis of the Instrumentation Amplifier
			Simulation Results
		Conclusion
		References
	4 Electrical Biosensors: Peripheral Nerve Sensors
		Introduction
		Basic Mechanisms of Nerve Conduction
			Amplitude of the Neural Signal
			Implantable Electrodes
		Electrical Model of Recording Electrodes
		Amplifier Input Configuration
			Noise Degradation
		Differential Mode Interference Rejection and Neural Amplifier Circuits
		Conclusion
		References
	5 Impedance Spectroscopy for Biosensing: Circuits and Applications
		Introduction
			Definition
			Impedance Spectroscopy and Data Display
			Modeling the Electrochemical Interface
		Biomedical Applications
			Cell Growth Monitoring
			Impedance Flow Cytometry
			Impedimetric Affinity Biosensors
		Techniques and Circuits for Impedance Measurements
			Current Sensing Circuits
			Lock-In Amplifiers
			CMOS Impedance Analyzers
		References
	6 Low-Power Design Technique for Multichannel Neural Recording Interface
		Introduction
		Multichannel System Architecture
			Analog Multiplexing Scheme
			Digital Multiplexing Scheme
		Design Example: Multichannel Recording Interface
			Dual-Capacitive-Array Structure
			Multichannel SAR ADC
			Multichannel Neural Recording Interface
		Measurement Results
		Conclusion
		References
	7 On-Skin Chemical Sensors
		Introduction
		Soft Materials for Skin Interface
			Inorganic Materials
			Conducting Polymers
			Softening Rigid Materials
			Skin-Device Interface
		On-Skin Chemical Sensors
			Electrochemical Sensors
			Field-Effect Transistor-Based Sensors
		On-Skin Sensor System Integration
		Conclusion
		References
	8 Optical Biosensors: Implantable Multimodal Devices in Freely Moving Rodents
		Introduction
		Fundamentals of Optoelectronic Devices: LEDs and CMOS Image Sensors
			LEDs
			CMOS Image Sensors
		Classification and Examples of Optical Measurement and Control Systems Under Free Movement
			Method Involving the Attachment of an Optoelectronic Device to the Exterior of the Body
			Method Involving the Installation of an Optoelectronic Device on a Living Body
			A Method Involving the Implantation of an Optoelectronic Device in a Living Body
		Implantable Optoelectronic Devices
		Conclusion and Future Scope
		References
	9 Optical Interfacing of Neuronal Activity
		Introduction
		Neuronal Indicators
			Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators (GECIs)
			Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators (GEVIs)
			Genetically Encoded Neurotransmitter Indicators (GETIs)
		Optical Imaging Systems
			Head-Fixed Recording
				2D Imaging
				3D Imaging
			Free-Behaving Animal Recording
		Analyzing the Neuronal Activity
			Offline Analysis
				Preprocessing
				Segmentation
				Deconvolution
			Online Analysis
		Conclusion
		References
	10 Optogenetic Implants
		Introduction
		Biomedical Applications
		Design Requirements
			Miniaturized Size
			Device Materials
			Fabrication Process
			Thermal Effect
			Power Consumption and Power Delivery
			Light Sources
			Neural Inhibition
			Intensity Programmability
			Spatial-Temporal Resolution
			Closed-Loop System
			Integrated and Intelligent Devices
			Diagnostic Function
		Technology Developments
			Discrete Optogenetic Implants
			Integrated Optogenetic Implants
		Design Example: HUBIN Optrode - A Microchip-Based Optogenetic Implant
			Open-Loop HUBIN Optrode
			Closed-Loop HUBIN Optrode
			Exploration: Scalable Architecture of HUBIN Optrode
		Conclusion
		References
	11 Sensors for Vital Signs
		Introduction
		Invasive Measurements and Possible Errors
		Noninvasive Sensors
		Models for Prediction Core Body Temperature
		Limitations and Outlook
		Literature
	12 Sensors for Vital Signs: ECG Monitoring Systems
		Background and Introduction
			Low Power ECG Monitoring System
		Bandwidth Tunable Amplifier
			Circuit Operation
			Operational Amplifier Design
			Measurement Results on Biopotential Amplifier
			Electrocardiogram Recording
		Adaptive Asynchronous Level Crossing A-to-I Converter
			Need for Adaptive Resolution LC-ADC
			LC-ADC Implementation
			LC-ADC Performance Summary
		ECG Monitoring System Results
		Other ECG Monitoring Systems
		Conclusions
		References
	13 Sensors for Vital Signs: Humidity Sensors
		Introduction
		Humidity Sensing Technologies
		Humidity-Responsive Materials
		On-Chip Humidity Sensing
		Optical Waveguides for Humidity Sensing
		Final Remarks
		References
	14 Sensors for Vital Signs: Micro-Ball Wireless Endoscopic Capsules
		Introduction
		Key Techniques for Wireless Endoscopic Capsule
			Vision Module
			Image Processing Module
			Image Transmission Module
			System Controller
			Localization Module
			Active Locomotion Module
			Power Supply Module
		Design Case: Micro-Ball Wireless Endoscopic Capsule
			System-Level Design Considerations
			Micro-Ball System Architecture Design
			Image Compressor Design
			Wireless Power Receiver Chip Design
			Implementation of the Micro-Ball Prototype
		Conclusion
		References
	15 Sensors for Vital Signs: Oxygen Sensors
		Introduction
		Why Measure Oxygen?
			Cellular Respiration
			Location
		Measurement Methods
			The Ideal Medical Probe
			Electrochemical Measurements and the Clark Electrode
			Fluorescence Quenching
			PEBBLEs
			Optodes
			Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy
		Pulse Oximetry and Biochips
			Photoplethysmographic Signal and SNR
			Low Power Pulse Oximeters
			Sampled Detectors and SNR Optimization
			Signal Conditioning and Light Intensity Control
			A Sub-mW Monolithic Pulse Oximeter Front-End
			Pulse Oximetry for the Future
		References
Part II: Multi-Chip Smart Neuroprosthesis
	16 AC Electrokinetics-Enhanced Capacitive Virus Detection
		Introduction
		Capacitive Biosensors
			Receptors
			Capacitive Sensing Mechanism
		AC Electrokinetic (ACEK) Enrichment
		Sensor Designs
			Equivalent Circuit Fitting of the Electrode Sensor in Sample Solution
			Electrodes Surface Treatments
			Measurements and Data Analysis
		Sensor Performances
			Sensor Performance with Analytical Samples
				Assays with Various Functionalization and Hybridization Buffers
				Assays Under Various Applied AC Signal Frequency and Voltage
			Sensor Performance with Clinical Samples
				Dilution Factor Optimization
				Detection of influenza A Virions in Nasal Swab Samples
				Detection of HSV-1 DNA in Serum Samples
				Detection of Zika Virus RNA in Serum/Lysing Samples
		Conclusions
		References
	17 Artificial Olfactory Systems
		Introduction
		Sensor Array
			SMO Gas Sensor Array with Integrated Microheater
			Nanomaterial Gas Sensor
		Sensor Readout and Preprocessing
		Dimensionality Reduction
			Feature Selection
			Feature Extraction
		Classification Algorithms
			Generative Classifiers
			Discriminative Classifiers
			Bio-Inspired Coding Schemes
		Gas Identification System with Artificial Olfactory System: A Case Study
			Characterization of the Gas Sensor Array
			Performance Comparison of Gas Identification Algorithms
		Summary
		References
	18 Closed-Loop Bidirectional Neuroprosthetic Systems
		Introduction
		Design Considerations for Closed-Loop Neuroprosthetic Microsystems
			Neural Recording Circuits
			Neural Stimulation Circuits
			Embedded Signal Processors
			Wireless Power Transmission and Battery Implants
		System Examples
			Microsystems for Closed-Loop Control on Epileptic Seizure
			Pacemaker with Output Power Feedback Control
		Conclusion
		References
	19 Closed-Loop Neuromodulation System-on-Chip (SoC) for Detection and Treatment of Epilepsy
		Introduction
		System-on-Chip (SoC) for Closed-Loop Neuromodulation
			System Architecture
			Circuit Design
				Neural-Signal Acquisition Unit (NSAU)
				Biosignal Processor (BSP)
				High-Voltage-Tolerant Stimulator (HVTS)
				Wireless Power and Bidirectional Data Telemetry
			Experimental Results
				Electrical Test
				Animal Test
				Human Clinical Trials
		Summary
		References
	20 Closed-Loop/Bidirectional Neuroprosthetic Systems
		Introduction
			Neural Communication Within the CNS
			Processing in the CNS
		Interfacing with the Brain
			Bioamplifiers
				Fully Differential Topology
				Classical Topology
				Feedback Resistors
			ADC
		Neuro Stimulation Circuits
			Electrical Stimulation
				Constant-Current Circuits
				Constant-Voltage Circuits
				Constant-Charge Circuits
				Charge Balancing Circuits
			Optogenetic Stimulation
		Closed-Loop Systems
			Neural-Input, Physical-Output
				User-Controlled Neuroprosthetics
				Physical Output: Interfacing with the Periphery
			Neural-Input, Neural-Output
			Neural Decoder
			Spike-Based Decoder
				Decoders Based on Simple Detection
				Mean Firing Rate and PI Regulator/Decoder
				Decoder Based on Clustered Spikes
			LFP-Based Decoder
			Neural Network
				Neural Network Study Case: The Artificial Limb Prosthetic
		References
	21 Current-Based Neurostimulation Circuit and System Techniques
		Introduction
		Constant-Current Stimulators
		Quasi-constant-Current Stimulators
		Pulsed-Current Stimulators
		Other Waveforms
		Summary
		Conclusion
		References
	22 Immunoreaction-Based Sensors to Improve Bacterial Detection
		Introduction
		Basic Mechanisms of Bacterial Sensors
			Optical Biosensor
			Colorimetric Biosensor
			Fluorescent Biosensor
			Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor
		Electrical Biosensor
			Electrochemical Biosensors
				Amperometric Biosensor
				Impedance Biosensor
			Piezoelectric Biosensor
		The Material and Fabrication of the Biochip
			The Materials of Biochip
			The Fabrication of Biochip
		Bacterial Sensors for the Future
		References
	23 Implantable Brain-Computer Interfaces for Monitoring and Treatment of Neurological Disorders
		Introduction
		General Considerations
			System-Level Architecture
			Neural Recording
			Neurological Event Detection
			Responsive Neurostimulation
			Wireless Power and Data
			Chronic Implantation
		System and Circuit Design for Neural Recording
			Design Considerations
				Electrode Placement
				Challenges
				Input-Referred Noise
				DC Offset Removal
			Conventional Architectures
			Fully Discrete-Time Front-End Architecture
		System and Circuit Design for Neuro-Stimulation
			Introduction, Modes, and Modalities
			Commercial Neurostimulators
				Open-Loop Neurostimulators
				Closed-Loop Neurostimulators
				Commercial Devices Review Conclusion
			Electrical High-Voltage Stimulators
				Motivation
				High-Voltage Compliance
				Adaptive Power Supply
		On-Chip Neural Signal Processing
			Epilepsy Seizure Detection: An Example
				Practical Requirements
				Seizure Detection Algorithms
				Time-Based Methods
				Frequency-Based Methods
				Algorithm Review Conclusions
				Hardware Implementation Review
			Communication-Computation Trade-Off
				Introduction
				Computational Requirements
				Trade-Offs
				Wireless Communication
				Case Study: Seizure-Aborting Neurostimulator
		References
	24 Visual Stimulation Systems
		Introduction
		Intervention Site
			Retinal Implants
		Implant Architectures
			Serial Versus Parallel Configuration
			Active Versus Passive Electrodes
			Single Versus Multi-Module Implant
		The Phoenix99 Architecture
			Stimulation Method
			Electrical Architecture
		Stimulator Chip Circuits
			Two-Wire Interface
			Electrode Interface
		Conclusion
		References
Part III: Lab-on-Chip (LoC) for Diagnosis, Monitoring, and Drug Delivery
	25 Capacitive DNA Hybridization Detection
		Introduction
		Sensing Principles
		Surface Immobilization
		Electrode-Solution Interface
		Measurement Methods
		Examples of Capacitive DNA Sensors
		Conclusion
		References
	26 CMOS Capacitance Biosensors to Monitor Cell Viability
		Introduction
		Cell Adhesion and Viability Sensing
		Capacitance Sensing on CMOS Chips
			Cell Capacitance Model
			Capacitance Sensing Approaches
			Discussion/Tradeoffs
		Biocompatible Packaging
		Case Study: Tracking Cell Proliferation Using a CMOS Capacitance Sensor
			Cell Viability and Proliferation
			Drug Screening
		Conclusions and Future Outlook
		References
	27 Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors for Management of Diabetes
		Introduction
		History of Glucose Sensors
		Different Generations of Glucose Biosensors and Enzymes Involved
		Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG)
		Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems
			Skin Interstitial Versus Blood Glucose Monitoring
		History of Continuous Glucose Monitoring
		Other Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems Based on Skin Interstitial Fluid (ISF)
		Calibration of CGM Sensors
		Instrumentation Electronics in CGM Devices
		Energy Sources and Communication in CGM
		Trends in Research
		Conclusion
		References
	28 DNA Optical Readout Methods
		Introduction
		Optical DNA Detection Schemes in On-Chip Configuration
			Fluorescence-Based Detection
				Absorption Filter or Interference Filter
				Wavelength-Selecting CMOS Sensor Technology
				Time-Domain Separation Using a High-Speed Detector
			Chemiluminescence
			Opacity-Based Detection Using a Nanoparticle
			Combination of Optical and Electric On-Chip DNA Detection
		Circuit Design and Sensor Technologies for On-Chip Optical DNA Detection
		Summary
		References
	29 Fabrication of Brain-on-a-Chip Devices
		Introduction
		Neurobiology
			Brain Parenchyma
			Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
			Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
		GBM: One of the Most Aggressive Types of Gliomas
			Pathological BBB
			Tumor Microenvironment (TME)
		The Emergence of Biofabrication and Biochips
		Microfabrication Methods
			Photolithography
			Soft Lithography
			Microfluidics
			3D Printing
				Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
				Stereolithography
				Inkjet Printing
			3D Bioprinting
				Inkjet-Based Bioprinting
				Material Extrusion-Based 3D Bioprinting
				Laser-Assisted Bioprinting
		Applications of Brain Biochips
			High-Throughput Drug Screening on a Brain Cancer Chip
				Photopolymerizable Hydrogel Brain Cancer Chip
				Fabrication via Soft Lithography
			Bioprinting of Human Cancer-on-a-Chip
				Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment
				Fabrication via 3D Bioprinting
			Blood-Brain Barrier Physiology and Structure on a Chip
				Neurovascular Unit Modeling via Photolithography
				Model Validation
		Conclusion and Future Directions
		References
	30 Molecular Analysis: BioFET Detection Sensors
		Introduction
		Field-Effect Transistors
		Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor (ISFET)
		BioFETs for DNA and Protein Sensing
		Nano-BioFETs
		BioFET Arrays
		References
	31 Next-Generation DNA Sequencing: Ion Torrent Sequencers Versus Nanopore Technology
		Introduction
		Second-Generation Sequencing (SGS) by Ion Torrent Platform
			Platform History
			Ion Torrent Library Preparation
				Fragmentation and Size Selection
				Ligation of Adapters
				Purification and Amplification
			Sequencing Mechanism of the Ion Torrent Platform
				Microfabrication of the pHFET Devices
				Sequencing Mechanism
		Third-Generation Sequencing (TGS) by Oxford Nanopore
			Platform History
			Working Principle
		NSG Applications: Comparison Between Ion Torrent and Oxford Nanopores
			Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS)
			Whole-Exome Sequencing
			Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (ChIP-Seq)
			Short RNA Sequencing
		Summary
		References
	32 On-Chip Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
		Introduction
		NMR Fundamentals
		NMR Spectroscopy versus NMR Relaxometry
		Conventional NMR Hardware
		The NMR-on-a-Chip Approach
		Review of the State-of-the-Art NMR-on-a-Chip Devices
		Conclusion and Outlook
		References
	33 Optical Detection Techniques for Bioanalysis
		Introduction
		UV/Vis Spectrometry
		Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
		Other Spectrometry Techniques
		Conclusion
		References
	34 Porous Silicon-Based Biosensors
		Introduction
		Porous Silicon Devices
			Bragg Reflector
			Resonant Microcavity
			Waveguide
			LSPR and SERS Biosensor
		Porous Silicon Biofunctionalization
			Porous Silicon Biofunctionalization Through Amine Group
			Porous Silicon Biofunctionalization Through Thiol Group
		Biosensor Application of Porous Silicon
			Glucose Detection
			Antigen/Antibody Detection
			DNA Detection
			Porous Silicon Pore Size-Dependent Sensitivity
			Porous Silicon Biochip
		Conclusion
		References
	35 Sensing and Sampling Probes for Bioapplications
		Introduction
		Electric Probe
		Optical Probe
		Microfluidic Probe
		Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Telemetry and Other Wireless Link-Related Biochips
	36 Backscatter Communication for Biomedical Devices
		Introduction
		Basic Principles of Backscatter Communication
		Types of Backscatter Communication
			Monostatic Backscatter Communication Systems
			Bistatic Backscatter Communication Systems
			Ambient Backscatter Communication Systems
		Modes of Backscatter Communication
			Communication Modes
				Full-Duplex BackCom
				Half-Duplex BackCom
			Frequency Standards
			Modulation Techniques
				Amplitude Modulation
				Frequency Modulation
				Phase Modulation
				Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
		Signal Coding and Detection
			Signal Coding and Decoding
			Signal Detection
		Backscatter Communication for Biomedical Applications
			Safety and Frequency Range
			Data Rate Enhancement Techniques
			BackCom Technologies for Biomedical Applications
				Implantable RFID Tag for Intra-body Health Monitoring
				Smart Contact Lens for Health Monitoring
				Identification with an RFID Tag
				Neural Tags for Brain-Computer Interface Systems
		Conclusions
		References
	37 Capacitive Links for Power and Data Telemetry to Implantable Biomedical Microsystems
		Introduction
		Modeling of Human Tissue in Exposure to Electric Field
		Capacitive Links: The Basic Idea, Modeling, and Realization
			Modeling the Link
		Data and Power Telemetry
			Capacitive Links as Suitable Circuit-/Signal-Level Candidates
			Case Study 1: Power Telemetry
			Case Study 2: Data Telemetry
			Case Study 3: Simultaneous Power and Data Telemetry
		Bio-concerns
		Exclusive Advantages of Capacitive Telemetry Links
			Confinement of Energy Transfer
			Feasibility of Multichannel Telemetry Links
			Compatibility with Planar Processes
			High-Pass Frequency Characteristics
		Conclusion
		References
	38 Capsule-Based Measurements of Gastrointestinal Impedance
		Introduction
			Gastrointestinal Electrical Impedance Measurements
				Esophageal Impedance
				Gastric Impedance
				Intestinal Impedance
				Impedance of the Rectum
			Encapsulating Gastrointestinal Electrical Impedance Measurements
				The SmartPill Concept
				The Bravo Concept
				Magnetic Affixing
				Transcutaneous Intraluminal Impedance Measurement (TIIM) and Gastric Retention
		TIIM: A Closer Look
			Overall Principle of TIIM
			Design of the Ingestible Electronic Capsule
			Gastric Retention
			Experimental Validation
				Animal Preparation
				Placement of the Sensors
				Experimental Procedure
				Data Processing and Analysis
				Results
		Discussion
		Conclusions
		References
	39 Chip-Based MEMS for Healthcare Application
		Introduction
		Air Environmental Monitoring Sensor Technologies for Particulate Matter
			Monitoring of PM10 and PM2.5
		Sensor Technologies for Nanoparticle Monitoring
		Sensor Technologies for Gaseous Pollutants
			Nanostructured Metal Oxide
			Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors
			Field-Effect Transistor Sensor
			Microcantilever Sensor
		Conclusions
		References
	40 Design Considerations of Frequency Modulated Ultralow Power Transmitter
		Introduction
		System Design Consideration
			Link Budget
			Modulation Scheme
			ULP TX Architecture
		Frequency Synthesizers for ULP TX
			PN, Jitter, and Frequency Accuracy in Frequency Modulated Radios
			Phase Noise´s Effect to BER and Effective SNR Loss
			Phase Noise´s Effect on Frequency Modulation
			Generally Used Frequency Synthesizers in ULP TX
				Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)
				Free-Running Oscillator with Frequency Calibration Controller
				Injection-Locked Oscillator
		PA in ULP TX
			Efficiency
			Linearity
			Switched-Capacitor Digital Amplifier
			Optimization of Switched-Capacitor PA for Highest Efficiency in FSK Transmitters
		A RO-Based BLE Transmitter Example
		Summary
		References
	41 Doppler Radar Sensor Platform
		Introduction
		Doppler Radar
			Millimeter-Wave Doppler Radar
			Distant-Selective Doppler Radar
		Doppler Radar Sensor Platform
			Scalable Transceiver Architecture
		Circuit Blocks
			Transmission Lines
			Amplifier
			Down-Conversion Mixer
			Frequency Doubler
			BPSK Modulator
		Experimental Results
			Hardware Implementation
			Radar Measurements
		Conclusion
		References
	42 Intelligent Intracortical Brain-Machine Interfaces
		Introduction
		BMI: Recording Modalities
			State-of-the-Art Intracortical Brain Machine Interfaces
		Scalability of Architectures
			Raw Data
			Compressed Data
			Features
			Decoded Outputs
		Intelligent iBMI - i2BMI
		Non von-Neumann Architecture Based i2BMI
		Spiking Neural Network-Based i2BMI
		Analog Computing-Based i2BMI
		Future Directions
			Recording More Neurons to Build More Dexterous iBMIs
			Fully Implantable Wireless iBMI
			Dealing with Nonstationarity
			Toward Autonomous iBMIs
		References
	43 Optical Biosensors
		Introduction
		Fluorescence Materials for Bioimaging
			Downconversion Fluorescence Materials for Bioimaging
			Upconversion Fluorescence Materials for Bioimaging
		Lateral-Flow Immunoassay Based on Fluorescence
		Smartphone-Based Application
		Conclusions
		References
	44 Radiotelemetry for Epileptiform Activity in Freely Moving Rats
		Introduction
		ATR System Overview
		ATR System Design
			Sensor Array Equivalent Circuit Model
			HFSS Modeling, Simulation Results, and Optimization
			Implementation and Measurement Results
		Discussion and Future Plan
		Conclusion
		References
	45 Security and Innovation Protection of Biochips
		Introduction
		Attack for Biochips
			Attack Technology
				Hardwave Trojan (HT)
				Reverse Engineering (RE)
			Threat Effect
				Denial of Service (DoS)
				Function Modification
				Reagent Contamination
				Design Piracy
				Reading Forgery
				Parametric Altering
				Information Leakage
				Deliberate Aging
		Protection for Biochips
			IP Protection
				Daisychain Technology
				Bioassays Locking
				Watermark in Biochip
				Hardware Fingerprint
				Encrypted by Secret-Keys
			Detection Technology
				Checkpoint
				Comprehensive Security Certification
				Control Value Calculation
			Prevention Technology
				Camouflage
				Obfuscation
		Future Work
		Conclusions
		References
	46 Wireless Applications
		Introduction
		Data Telemetry System Overview
		Forward (Downlink) Data Telemetry
			Single-Carrier Data Telemetry
			Multi-carrier Data Telemetry
		Backward (Uplink) Data Telemetry
			Passive Data Telemetry
			Active Data Telemetry
		Design Example: Wireless Telemetry Circuits in Implantable Biomedical Devices
		Conclusion
		References
	47 Wireless Applications: Dual Band Power and Data Telemetry
		Introduction
		Conventional Power and Data Telemetry System
			Low-Frequency Inductive Link
			High-Frequency Radio-Frequency (RF) Link
		Dual-Band Power and Data Telemetry
			Efficient Wireless Power Transfer
				Inductive Link
				Near-Field High-Frequency Power Link
			Data Telemetry
				Inductive Link-Based Data Communication
				High-Frequency Data Communication
			Discussion
			Design Examples
				Dual-Band Telemetry for Implantable Visual Prosthetics
				Dual-Band Telemetry for Cortical Implant
		Conclusion
		References
	48 Wireless Applications: Inductive Links for Power and Data Telemetry to Medical Implants
		Introduction
		Power Transfer via Inductive Link
			Resonance in Inductive Links
			Link Drivers
				Class-D Power Transmitter
				Class-E Power Transmitter
			Power Management
				Voltage Rectifier
				Voltage Regulator
		Data Transfer via Inductive Link
			Forward Data Telemetry
				ASK Modulation
					ASK Data Modulation
					ASK Clock and Data Recovery
				FSK Modulation
					FSK Data Modulation
					FSK Clock and Data Recovery
			Backward Data Telemetry
		Conclusion
		References
	49 Wireless Capsule Design and Its Locomotion and Navigation Within the Body
		Introduction
		Impulse Radio Ultra-Wideband (IR-UWB) Communication For Wireless Capsules
			UWB Antenna Design
			Path Loss Variation
			Temperature Analysis
		Wireless Capsule Design
			Pressure Sensor
			pH Sensor
		Navigation
		Conclusion
		References
	50 Wireless Circuits and Systems: Energy-Neutral Links
		Introduction
		System Architecture
			FF-WIOS Device Assembly
			FF-WIOS SoC Design
			3-Coil Inductive Link Design and Optimization
			System Implementation
		Bench-Top Characterization
		In Vivo Experiments
		Conclusion and Discussion
		References
	51 Wireless Circuits and Systems: FM Telemetry Devices
		Introduction
		Architecture of FM Telemetry Devices
		Circuit Design
			Theoretical Analysis of 400 MHz VCO
			VCO with Temperature Compensation Operating in Med-Radio Band
			Operational Transconductance Amplifier Filter
		Simulation Results
		Conclusions
		References
	52 Wireless Circuits and Systems: Healthy Radios
		Introduction
		Narrowband Transceivers
			MICS/MedRadio Transceivers
			433/868/915/960 MHz ISM Transceivers
			2.4GHz ISM Band Transceivers
		UWB Transceivers
			IR-UWB Transceivers
			FM-UWB Transceivers
			Chirp-UWB Transceivers
		HBC Transceivers
			Galvanic-Coupling HBC Transceivers
			Capacitive-Coupling HBC Transceivers
			Magnetic HBC Transceivers
		Conclusion
		References
	53 Wireless Power Transfer, Recovery, and Data Telemetry for Biomedical Applications
		Introduction
		Sensors in Biomedical Applications
		Powering of Biomedical Sensors
			Alternate Power Sources
			Wireless Power Transfer
				Types of Wireless Power Transfer
				Electromagnetic Induction
				Electromagnetic Radiation
				Limitations of Wireless Energy Transfer
		Inductive Link
		Health Issues Related to Wireless Power Transfer
		Implantable Sensor-Based Patient Monitoring System
		Inductive Link for Biomedical Implantable Systems
		Data Telemetry
		Wireless Power Recovery and Energy Conversion
		Conclusions
		References
Part V: Microstimulators
	54 A Flexible Software-Hardware Framework for Brain EEG Multiple Artifact Identification
		Introduction
		Related Work
		EEG Artifacts and Visualization
		Theoretical Background
			Traditional Convolution
			Depthwise Convolution
			Depthwise Separable Convolution
		Software Framework and Results
			EEG Artifact Identification Model Architecture
			Classification Analysis and Results
			Comparison of Classification Accuracy with Existing Work
		Model Optimization for Embedded Low-Power Hardware
			Network Parameters Optimization
			Model Weights Quantization
		Hardware Architecture Design
		Hardware Implementation and Results
			FPGA Implementation Results and Analysis
			ASIC Implementation Results and Analysis
			Comparison with Existing Work
		Experimental Study: Eye Blink Artifact Detection Using Emotiv EPOC+ Headset
		Conclusion
		References
	55 Adiabatic Electrode Stimulator
		Introduction
		Electrical Stimulation of Neural Tissue
		Electrode-Tissue Interface
		Power Consumption in Traditional Neural Stimulators
		Reducing Sources of Loss
			Reducing Excess Voltage Drops
			Reducing Excess Voltage Drops
			Approximate Voltage Waveform
		Example Adiabatic Stimulator Circuit Architecture with Energy Recovery
			Proof-of-Concept Experiments
		Single-Coil Multivoltage Power Supply for Neural Stimulation
			Inductive Power Transmission
			Synchronous Rectifier Chip Architecture
			Rectifier Reference Voltages
			Clocked Comparators
			Continuous Comparator
		System Implementation and Testing
		Conclusion
		References
	56 Biphasic Current Stimulator for Retinal Prosthesis
		Introduction
		Considerations
		Design of Retinal Prosthesis Circuits
			Image Processors
			Biphasic Current Stimulators
			Power Management
		Future Directions
		Conclusions
		References
	57 Electronic Platforms and Signal Processing for Magnetoresistive-Based Biochips
		Introduction
		Magnetoresistive Biochip-Based Systems
			Magnetoresistive Sensors
				Spin Valve
				Magnetic Tunnel Junction
			Biomolecular Analysis
			Neuronal Magnetic Reading
		Readout Architectures for Magnetoresistive Biochips
			Simple Linear and Matrix Sensors
				Sensor Electrical Models
			High-Density Monolithic Matrix Sensors
		Measuring the Biosignals
			Signals Due to Nanoparticles
		Detecting Small Resistance Variations
		Signal Conditioning
			Neuronal Signals
		Biosensing Platform Electronic Systems
			Biomolecular Analysis Platform
				Assembling and Evaluating Electromagnetic Compatibility
				Experimental Autonomy and Noise Performance
					Platform Electric Noise Level
				CMOS Biochip
				High-Throughput Platform
			Neuronal Magnetic Recording
				Current Source
				Amplification and Filtering
				Software Interface
		References
	58 Foot Drop Stimulator
		Introduction
		Foot Drop Syndrome
		Foot Drop Systems with Surface Electrodes
		Hardware for the Foot Drop Stimulator
		Implantable Foot Drop Systems
		Take-Home Message
		References
	59 Microstimulator for Endocardial Stimulation
		Introduction
			Motivation
			Endocardial Stimulation System Architecture
		Design
			Sensing Channel
			Digital Circuitry
			Pacing Channel
			Power Interface with RF Front-End Circuits
				External Power/Data Transmitter
				Rectifier for the Rechargeable Device
				Rectifier for the Rechargeable Device
		Experimental Results
			Power Interface with RF Front-End Circuits
			Two-Battery-Based Power Management System
			Digital Circuitry and Programmable Pacing Channel
			Experimental Procedure and Result
		Conclusions
		References
	60 Multichannel Microstimulating SoC
		Introduction
			Example of Multichannel Neural Prosthesis
			Retinal Stimulator Implant
		State of the Art in Multichannel Stimulators
			System Architectures with Flexible Waveform Generation
			Balancing Techniques for Safe Stimulation
			Power Management Requirements in Multichannel Microstimulators
		Flexible Protocol and Waveform Generation
			System Overview
			Stimulation Protocol and Waveform Generation
				Timing Data Packet
				Amplitude Data Packet
				Stimulation Generation Principle
		Power- and Area-Efficient Stimulator Front Ends
			HV Current Driver
			Compliance Monitor
			Charge Balancing
				Electrode Shorting or Passive Discharge
				Pulse Insertion Active Charge Balancing
				Offset Regulation Active Charge Balancing
		Effective Power Management for Multichannel Stimulators
			Overview of System Architecture
			Inductive Receiver with Secondary Resonance Compensation
			Closed-Loop Power Control and Dynamic Supply Adaptation
		Conclusion
		References
	61 Subretinal Neurostimulator for Vision
		Introduction
			Surgical Procedure
			System Overview
		Output Driver and Electrode
			Water Window and Different Electrode Materials
			Electrode Modeling
			Necessary Properties for the Output Driver Circuit
		Photo-Sensor Structure
			Retinal Illuminance
		Input Trans-impedance Converters
		Future Device Generation: Spatial Filtering
		References
Index
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index