Handbook on Miniaturization in Analytical Chemistry: Application of Nanotechnology

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Handbook on
Miniaturization in
Analytical Chemistry:
Application of Nanotechnology
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
About the editor
Era of nano-lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology
	Introduction
	Lab-on-a-chip technology
		Paper-based LOC systems
		Centrifugal LOC systems
		Droplet-based LOC systems
		Digital LOC systems
		Surface acoustic wave-based LOC systems
	Applications of LOC technology
		LOC platforms for biological applications
		LOC platforms for environmental applications
		LOC platforms for food applications
	Conclusions
	References
Section A: Sample preparation stage of analysis
Microfluidics in lipid extraction
	Introduction to biodiesel production from lipids
	Positive attributes of microfluidics over existing technologies
	Ideal characteristics of microfluidic devices
	Design of microfluidic devices in lipid extractions from microalgae/oleaginous microbes
		Reservoir with filter design
		Lab-on-a-disc design
		Bead-packed microchannel design for lipid extraction
		U-shaped trap split-channel design
		Confined impinging jet mixer design
	Lipid extractions from microalgae and oleaginous microorganisms
	Future prospects
	Conclusion
	Websites
	References
Microfluidic strategies for extraction and preconcentration of proteins and peptides
	Introduction
	Electrokinetic preconcentration
		Field-amplified sample injection
		Isotachophoresis
			ITP-based isolation
			ITP-based immunoassays
			ITP in microchip gel electrophoresis
		Isoelectric focusing
		Multidimensional analysis
	Preconcentration on solid supports
		Methodology based on molecular recognition mechanism
		Monoliths
			General features
			Applications
		Beads
		Membranes
		Emerging microfluidic strategies for protein preconcentration
	Conclusion and futures perspectives
	References
The role of magnetic nanomaterials in miniaturized sample preparation techniques
	Introduction
	Magnetic nanomaterial synthesis
		Coprecipitation
		Hydrothermal synthesis
		Microemulsion
		Thermal decomposition
		Sonochemical
	Surface functionalization of magnetic nanomaterials: Coatings
		Silica
		Surfactants
		Ionic liquids
		Polymers
		Molecularly imprinted polymers
		Carbon and derivatives
	Application of magnetic nanomaterials in sample preparation
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Miniaturized methods of sample preparation
	Introduction
	Solid-phase microextraction techniques
		On-fiber SPME
		Solid-phase dynamic extraction
		Matrix solid-phase dispersion
		Sea sand disruption method
		Stir bar sorptive extraction
		Microextraction in packed syringe
		QuEChERS
	Liquid-phase microextraction techniques
		Single-drop microextraction
		Hollow-fiber liquid phase microextraction
		Electromembrane extraction
		Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction
		Supported liquid extraction
		Cloud point extraction
		Salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction
	Conclusions
	Websites
	References
Section B: Separation/identification stage of analysis
Lab-on-chip for chromatographic techniques
	Introduction
	Lab-on-chip and chromatography-on-chip
	Liquid chromatography on-chip
	Gas chromatography-on-chip
	Conclusions
	References
Lab on a chip: A versatile integration with spectroscopic techniques
	Introduction
	Biomolecular spectroscopy
		Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy
		Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
	Functionality of lab-on-a-chip devices
	Applications of LOC-Raman/SERS
	Applications of fluorescence spectroscopy
	Website
	References
Section C: Detection stage of analysis
Contactless conductivity detection on lab-on-a-chip devices: A simple, inexpensive, and powerful analytical tool for microfluidic applications
	Introduction
	Principle and theory of C4D
		Electronic circuit for C4D detectors
		Cell geometry and electrode design
	Microsystems and portability
	Fabrication of sensing electrodes
		Metal electrodes
		Nonmetallic electrodes
	Applications
		Bioanalytical studies
		Clinical applications
		Environmental applications
		Forensics
		Other applications
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Multidimensional sensors: Classification, nanoprobes, and microfluidics
	Introduction
	Classification
		Type A: Heterogeneous probe/sample interactions
			Type A1
			Type A2
			Type A3
			Type A4
		Type B: Multichannel outputs
			Type B1
			Type B2
		Type C: Heterogeneous probe/sample interactions and multichannel outputs
	Nanomaterials for high-performance multidimensional sensors
		Improving the sensitivity and recognition ability
		Lab-on-a-nanomaterial
		Single probe and measurement
	Microfluidic platforms
	Conclusion and outlook
	Websites
	Acknowledgments
	References
Miniaturized microfluidic heuristics for the detection of polluting molecules in the environment
	Introduction: Environmental pollutants
		Heavy metals
		Pesticides
		Organophosphorus compounds
		Xenobiotics
	Existing detection strategies for environment pollutants and their drawbacks
		Detection of heavy metals
		Detection of xenobiotics
		Detection of pesticides
	Positive attributes of microfluidics for better detection of environmental pollutants
	Designs for detection
		Colorimetric approach
		Electrochemical approach
		Other optical methods
	Future scope
	Conclusion
	References
Section D: Important aspects and challenges
Pushing the limits of analytical characterization tools: How much is too much?
	Introduction
	Theories involving crystallite and grain size measurements
		Issues related to the measurements and analyses of crystallite and grain sizes
		Can X-ray diffraction become “a limiting tool” for phase analyses?
			Issues examining phase change via XRD: The fluorite-pyrochlore transition
	Fundamentals of differential scanning calorimetry
		Measurement issues with the order of phase transition using DSC and/or DTA
		Measurement and interpretation issues with glass transition
		Probing crystallization and associated phase transition events using DSC and/or DTA
	Conclusion
	References
Future of the modern age of analytical chemistry: Nanominiaturization
	Introduction
	Categorization of miniaturized systems
	Miniaturization of separation techniques
		Miniaturization of liquid chromatography systems
		Miniaturization of gas chromatography systems
		Miniaturization of capillary electrophoresis systems
	Miniaturization of detection techniques
		Atomic and molecular spectrometry-based detection systems
		Mass spectrometry-based detection systems
		Electrochemical detection systems
	Conclusions
	References
Nanobiotechnology approaches for miniaturized diagnostics
	Introduction
	Nanobiotechnology
	Nanobiosensors
		Types of nanomaterial
			Gold nanoparticles
			Silver nanoparticles
			Quantum dots
			Magnetic nanoparticles
			Carbon nanoparticles
		Type of biomaterial
			Proteins
			Nucleic acids
			Aptamers
	Techniques for the conjugation of biomaterials with nanomaterials
	Nanobiotechnology-based diagnostic devices
		Principle and mechanism of signal detection in nanobiotechnology-based diagnostic devices
		Commercialized nanobiotechnology-based miniaturized diagnostic devices
	Advantages and disadvantages of nanobiotechnology-based diagnosis
	Acknowledgment
	Conflict of interests
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Z
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