Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies

Front Cover......Page 1
Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 8
In Memory......Page 10
About the Author......Page 11
Foreword......Page 12
Introduction......Page 14
What We Mean by Water Purification......Page 17
The Clean Water Act......Page 39
Introducing the Physical Treatment Methods......Page 46
Introducing Chemical Treatment......Page 50
Energy Intensive Treatment Technologies......Page 53
Water Treatment in General......Page 55
Some General Comments......Page 69
List of Abbreviations Used in this Chapter......Page 70
Recommended Resources for the Reader......Page 71
Questions for Thinking and Discussing......Page 73
Introduction......Page 75
Terminology and Governing Equations......Page 76
Filtration Dynamics......Page 85
Wastewater Treatment Applications......Page 91
Key Words......Page 94
Nomenclature......Page 99
Recommended Resources for the Reader......Page 100
Questions for Thinking and Discussing......Page 102
Aluminum Based Chemical Additive Compounds......Page 104
Iron-Based Compounds......Page 110
Lime......Page 114
Soda Ash......Page 117
Liquid Caustic Soda......Page 118
Filter Aids......Page 119
Recommended Resources for the Reader......Page 133
Questions for Thinking and Discussing......Page 135
Types of Filter Media to Choose From......Page 136
Rigid Filter Media......Page 145
General Properties of Loose and Granular Media......Page 155
Filter Media Selection Criteria......Page 161
Recommended Resources for the Reader......Page 165
Questions for Thinking and Discussing......Page 168
Introduction......Page 170
Constant Pressure Differential Filtration......Page 171
Constant-Rate Filtration......Page 181
Variable-Rate and -Pressure Filtration......Page 183
Constant-Pressure and -Rate Filtration......Page 185
Filter-Medium Filtration Formulas......Page 186
Cake Filtration Equipment,......Page 197
Nomenclature,......Page 226
Recommended Resources for the Reader,......Page 227
Questions for Thinking and Discussing......Page 230
Cartridge Filters......Page 237
The Tilting Pan Filter......Page 241
The Table Filter......Page 244
Questions for Thinking and Discussing......Page 246
Introduction......Page 248
Water Treatment Plant Operations......Page 249
Granular Media Filtration......Page 256
Let\'s Take a Closer Look at Sand Filters......Page 260
Slow Sand Filtration......Page 269
Rapid Sand Filtration......Page 270
Chemical Mixing and Solids Contact Processes......Page 273
Recommended Resources for the Reader......Page 278
Questions for Thinking and Discussing......Page 279
Introduction......Page 281
Let\'s Look at How a Single Particle Behaves in a Suspension......Page 282
Gravity Sedimentation......Page 288
The Sedimentation Process in Greater Detail......Page 295
A Closer Look at Mechanical Clarification Process and the Chemistry of Clarification......Page 318
Rectangular Sedimentation Tanks......Page 328
Air Flotation Systems......Page 330
Separation Using Coalescers......Page 336
Nomenclature......Page 339
Recommended Resources for the Reader......Page 341
Questions for Thinking and Discussing......Page 344
Introduction......Page 348
An Overview of Membrane Processes......Page 349
What Electrodialysis Is......Page 352
What Ultrafiltration Is......Page 357
What Microfiltration and Nanofiltration Are......Page 367
What Reverse Osmosis Is......Page 373
Recommended Resources for the Reader......Page 380
Questions for Thinking and Discussing......Page 383
Introduction......Page 385
Theory and Practice of Ion Exchange......Page 387
Carbon Adsorption in Water Treatment......Page 417
Some Final Comments on Both Technologies......Page 445
Recommended Resources for the Reader......Page 453
Questions for Thinking and Discussing......Page 457
What Waterborne Diseases Are......Page 459
Treatment Options Available to Us......Page 463
Ozonation......Page 467
Electron Beam......Page 468
Biology of Aquatic Systems......Page 469
Disinfection by Chlorination......Page 476
Disinfection with Interhalogens and Halogen Mixtures......Page 489
Sterilization Using Ozone......Page 495
Introduction......Page 509
What Sludge Is......Page 510
What Stabilization and Conditioning Mean......Page 514
Sludge Dewatering Operations......Page 533
Volume Reduction......Page 563
What Finally Happens to Sludge after Volume Reduction......Page 578
Final Comments and Evaluating Economics......Page 595
Recommended Resources for the Reader......Page 605
Questions for Thinking and Discussing......Page 607
Glossary......Page 614
Index......Page 644