Handbook of Ugaritic Studies (Handbook of Oriental Studies)

HANDBOOK OF UGARITIC STUDIES......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
List of Illustrations......Page 12
Wilfred Watson - Nicolas Wyatt: Preface......Page 13
1 PREVIOUS COMPREHENSIVE STUDIES......Page 16
2 SOME CURRENT WORK......Page 17
4 THE HANDBOOK OF UGARITIC STUDIES......Page 18
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 20
2 DISCOVERY AND EARLY EXCAVATIONS......Page 21
3 SUBSEQUENT CAMPAIGNS......Page 24
4 TEXTUAL DISCOVERIES......Page 26
5 UGARIT IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE......Page 28
6 ART AND CULTURE......Page 33
7 THE PORT AREA......Page 36
8 RAS IBN HANI......Page 37
9 CONCLUSION......Page 41
1.1 Introduction......Page 43
1.2.1 The palace archives......Page 44
1.2.2 The private archives......Page 47
1.3 Text genres......Page 51
1.4 Scribal education......Page 55
1.5 The Akkadian of Ugant......Page 57
2.1 Introduction......Page 61
2.2 The archives and their locations......Page 63
2.3 Genres of texts in alphabetic cuneiform......Page 66
2.3.1 Literary texts......Page 67
2.3.3 Legal texts......Page 71
2.3.5 The hippiatrìc texts......Page 72
3.1.1 Texts from palace libraries......Page 73
3.1.2 Texts from the priests' libraries......Page 74
3.1.4 Formal aspects......Page 76
3.3.1 Previous research......Page 77
3.3.2 Grammar......Page 79
3.3.3 Lexicon......Page 83
3.4 The pantheon of the cultic texts......Page 84
3.5 Historical Aspects......Page 88
1.2 Charles Virolleaud......Page 91
1.3 René Dussaud......Page 92
1.5 Edouard Dhorme......Page 93
Ugarit, Home of the Oldest Alphabets......Page 96
3.1.2 Current research in Ugaritic grammar......Page 106
3.1.3 Aim of this grammatical outline......Page 107
3.2.2 The aleph signs......Page 108
3.2.3 Vowel notation......Page 109
3.3.2 Comments on uncertain consonantal phonemes......Page 110
3.3.5 Sound changes......Page 111
3.4.1 The pronoun......Page 113
3.4.2 The noun......Page 115
3.4.3 Cardinal numbers......Page 118
3.4.4 The verb......Page 119
3.4.5 Particles......Page 133
4.1 Previous work......Page 137
4.3 Problems......Page 139
4.5 Use of cognate languages......Page 140
4.7 Selected examples......Page 141
4.9 Non-Semitic words in Ugantic......Page 143
4.10 Homonyms......Page 146
4.11 Ghost words......Page 147
4.12 Future research......Page 148
5 John Huehnergard: Ugaritic Words in Syllabic Texts......Page 149
1.1 Introduction......Page 155
1.2.2 Letters......Page 157
1.2.3 Ritual texts......Page 158
1.2.5 Other miscellaneous prose texts......Page 160
1.3 Administrative prose......Page 161
1.4 Literary prose of incantations, stones and reports......Page 164
1.5 The prose of letters......Page 168
1.6 Performative and prescriptive prose......Page 176
2.1.2 The texts......Page 180
2.1.3 Problems in studying Ugaritic verse......Page 181
2.1.4 Approaches......Page 182
2.1.5 Metre......Page 183
2.3.1 General......Page 184
2.3.2 Semantic parallelism......Page 185
2.3.3 Grammatical and syntactical parallelism......Page 186
2.3.5 Ellipsis and ballast variant......Page 187
2.4 Verse paragraphs......Page 188
2.4.2 The tricolon......Page 189
2.4.3 The quatrain or tetracolon......Page 190
2.4.5 Longer sequences......Page 191
2.5 Strophe and stanza......Page 192
2.6.1 Repetition of words......Page 193
2.6.3 Repetition of passages......Page 194
2.7 Expansion and contraction......Page 195
2.8 Word pairs......Page 196
2.9.2 Formulaic patterns......Page 198
2.10.1 Alliteration......Page 199
2.11.1 Simile......Page 200
2.11.2 Metaphor......Page 201
2.12.1 A king is chosen (KTU 1.6 = RS 2.[009]+ i 43-65)......Page 202
2.12.2 Comments......Page 204
2.13 The character of Ugaritic poetry......Page 206
1.1.2 The contents......Page 208
1.1.3 Interpretation......Page 211
1.2.2 The Devourers (KTU 1.12 = RS 2.[012])......Page 214
1.2.4 The Gracious Gods (KTU 1.23 = RS 2.002)......Page 215
1.2.5 Nikkal and the Kotharat (KTU 1.24 = RS 5.194)......Page 216
1.2.7 El's Banquet (KTU 1.114 = RS 24.258)......Page 217
2.1 The history of the text: discovery, publication, editions......Page 218
2.2 The history of (mis)interpretation......Page 219
2.3 The story in outline, the message in detail......Page 234
2.4 The moral of the story (in sum)......Page 247
3.1 Introduction......Page 249
3.2 Synopsis of the story......Page 250
3.3 History of interpretation......Page 253
3.4.1 The Incubation theory......Page 262
3.4.3 Aqhat's encounter with Anat......Page 263
3.4.4 Danel's social status......Page 264
3.4.6 What becomes of dead men?......Page 266
3.5 New angles on Aqhat......Page 268
3.6 Some observations on style......Page 271
4.1 Introduction: the tablets......Page 274
4.2 The Identity of the Rpum......Page 278
4.2.1 The rpum as spirits of the dead......Page 279
4.2.2 The rpum as deities......Page 280
4.2.3 The rpum as living persons......Page 282
5.1 Introduction......Page 285
5.2 Speaking to the gods in hymns and prayer......Page 287
5.3 Binding hostile supernatural forces by incantations......Page 291
5.4 Conjuring up the spirits of the dead......Page 297
5.5 Elements of incantations in other texts......Page 299
1.1 The problem of the ritual documents......Page 302
1.2 Classifications of form and content......Page 303
1.3 Rite and sacrificial material: terminology and typology......Page 306
1.4 The role of the king......Page 311
1.5 Other cult personnel......Page 315
1.6 The times of the celebrations......Page 316
1.7 The places for the celebrations......Page 317
2.1 Introduction......Page 320
2.2.1 Lists of divine names......Page 322
2.2.2 Lists of names of divine kings......Page 328
2.2.3 Lists which are litanies of gods' names......Page 331
2.2.4 Cultic lists of gods......Page 332
Appendix: The Lists of Hurrian Gods......Page 338
2.3.1 Lists without offerings......Page 341
3.2 The teratological omens......Page 368
3.3 Astrological omens......Page 370
3.4 Extispicy......Page 372
1.1.1 The texts......Page 374
1.1.2 Structure......Page 375
1.2 Heading......Page 376
1.3 Body of the letter or message......Page 380
1.5 Conclusion......Page 382
1.5 Appendix: the vocabulary of the letters......Page 383
2.2 Format and Formulae......Page 390
2.4 Grammar......Page 393
2.5 Akkadian Letters according to Place of Origin......Page 396
1.1 Definition and scope......Page 405
1.2 The find-spot......Page 406
1.3 Chronology......Page 407
1.4 Language and script......Page 408
2.1 The domestic legal texts......Page 409
2.2.2 Find-spot......Page 410
2.2.3 Form......Page 411
2.2.4 Content......Page 412
2.2.5 An example......Page 413
2.3.2 Find-spot......Page 414
2.3.3 Form......Page 415
2.3.5 Publication and studies......Page 416
2.4.2 Find-spot......Page 417
2.5.1 Definition and scope......Page 418
2.5.2 Form......Page 419
2.6.1 Definition and scope......Page 420
2.6.3 Content......Page 421
2.7.1 Definition and scope......Page 422
2.7.3 Content......Page 423
2.8 The texts from Amurru......Page 424
2.9 The texts from Siyannu......Page 425
3 The Ugaritic Legal Texts......Page 426
3.1 The domestic legal texts......Page 427
3.2 The royal legal texts......Page 428
3.3 The non-royal legal texts......Page 431
3.4 The international legal text......Page 434
4 The Hittite Legal Text......Page 435
4.3 Form......Page 436
4.5 Publication and studies......Page 437
1.1 General......Page 438
1.2.1 Lists of villages......Page 439
1.2.2 The gt......Page 440
1.2.3 The royal servicemen......Page 442
1.2.4 Cadastral texts......Page 446
1.2.7 The bdlm......Page 447
1.2.8 The clergy......Page 448
1.2.10 Administrators......Page 449
1.2.11 Ancillary palace personnel......Page 450
1.2.12 The royal stores......Page 451
1.3 Conclusion......Page 453
2.1 Ugarit as a trade centre......Page 454
2.3 International treaties......Page 455
2.3.1 Trading partners......Page 456
2.3.2 Exchanging gifts......Page 460
3 Crafts and Industries......Page 463
3.2.1 Collective work......Page 464
3.2.2 Agriculture......Page 465
3.2.3 Metal-working......Page 466
3.2.4 The textile industry......Page 467
3.2.5 Weapon production......Page 468
3.3 Other crafts......Page 469
1.1 The size and demography of the kingdom......Page 470
1.3 The Hurrian component......Page 471
1.4 Foreigners in Ugarit......Page 472
1.5 Ugaritians abroad......Page 478
1.6 Social mobility......Page 479
2.1 Dynasty and succession......Page 482
2.3 The prefect......Page 483
2.4 The queen......Page 484
2.6 Power and economy......Page 486
2.7 The scribes......Page 487
2.8 Administration and territory......Page 488
2.9 The priests......Page 489
3.1 Marriage......Page 490
3.2 Divorce......Page 491
3.3 The family unit......Page 493
3.4 Changes to the family unit......Page 494
3.5 Private property and inheritance......Page 495
3.6 The status of women......Page 496
3.7 Family piety......Page 497
3.8 The community......Page 498
4.1 Economic geography and the professions......Page 499
4.2 The professions and the administration......Page 500
4.4 The textile industry......Page 501
4.5 Hard materials, precious stones and metals......Page 502
4.6 The construction of houses, ships and chariots......Page 503
4.7 Weapon production......Page 505
4.9 Food......Page 506
5.1 Ugarit and the army......Page 507
5.2 Recruiting and infantry......Page 508
5.3 The war chariot......Page 511
5.4 Ships and war......Page 512
1.1 The identification and publication of personal names from Ugarit......Page 514
1.2 The linguistic analysis of personal names from Ugarit......Page 517
1.3 The prosopography of personal names from Ugarit......Page 524
1.4 Future prospects......Page 529
2 Ugaritic Place Names......Page 530
2.2.1 Sources from syllabic texts......Page 531
2.2.2 Sources from alphabetic texts......Page 539
2.2.3 Place names along the border......Page 540
2.3 Conclusions......Page 541
1 Introduction......Page 544
2.1 The intellectual construction of the world......Page 546
2.2 The experience of the world: orientation......Page 550
3.1 The nature of the pantheon......Page 552
3.2.1 The scope of individual theologies in a polytheistic context......Page 554
3.2.2 El......Page 557
3.2.3 Athirat......Page 558
3.2.4 Baal Hadd......Page 559
3.2.5 Mot......Page 560
3.2.6 The problem of an adequate assessment of ancient deities......Page 562
4.1 General considerations......Page 564
4.2 The role of Ilimilku......Page 566
4.3.1 KTU 1.23 = RS 2.002......Page 568
4.3.2 KTU 1.24 = RS 5.194......Page 572
5.1 General considerations......Page 574
5.2 The divinity of the king......Page 575
6.1 General considerations......Page 577
6.2 A rite of atonement: KTU 1.40 = RS 1.002+......Page 579
7 Family Life and its Religious Expression......Page 582
8.1 Vows......Page 583
8.2 Blessings......Page 584
8.3 Curses......Page 586
8.4 Oracles and omens......Page 588
8.5 Personal piety......Page 589
9.2 Snakebite......Page 590
10.1 Texts ritualizing death......Page 591
10.2 Tomb construction......Page 592
10.3 Mourning rites......Page 593
11.1 Looking beyond the text......Page 594
11.3 Iconography......Page 595
11.5 The assessment of material remains......Page 598
12 Conclusion......Page 599
1 Introduction......Page 601
2.1 Statues......Page 602
2.2 Stelae......Page 604
3.1 Statuettes......Page 606
3.2 Weapons and bowls......Page 608
4 Ivories......Page 610
5 Glyptic......Page 613
6 Ceramics and Faience......Page 614
7 Conclusions......Page 616
1.1 History of research......Page 618
1.2 Sources......Page 619
1.4 Chronology......Page 621
2.1 Ugarit in the third millennium BCE......Page 623
2.2 Ugarit in the Amorìte Age and the Ugaritic King List......Page 624
2.3 The Levant and the Egyptian Middle Kingdom......Page 629
2.4 Mari and Ugarìt......Page 631
2.5 Ugarit and the Mittannian confederacy......Page 634
3.1 The early 18th dynasty of Egypt......Page 636
3.2 Ammiṯtamru I (?-ca. 1350)......Page 637
3.3 Niqmaddu II (ca. 1350-1315)......Page 639
4.1 The Levantine alliance of Ugarit and Amurru......Page 642
4.2 Fire in the palace of Ugarit......Page 644
4.3 Ugarit joins the Hittite camp......Page 647
4.4 The first vassal treaty of Ugarit......Page 649
4.5 The loyalty of Ugarit tested......Page 651
4.6 Ar-ḫalba (ca. 1315-1313)......Page 652
4.7 Niqmepa (ca 1313-1260)......Page 653
4.7.1 Territorial issues......Page 654
4.7.2 Strengthening the bond with Amurru......Page 656
4.7.3 The Battle of Qadesh......Page 658
4.7.4 Urḫi-Tešub in Syria......Page 659
5 Ugarit in the Age of 'Pax Hethitica'......Page 661
5.1 Security problems......Page 666
5.2.1 Carchemish and Emar......Page 668
5.2.2 Tarḫuntašša......Page 675
5.2.3 Siyannu—Ušnatu......Page 677
5.2.4 Amurru and Kinza/Qadesh......Page 681
5.2.5 The 'Phoenician' port-towns......Page 683
5.2.6 Egypt and Canaan......Page 688
5.2.7 Cyprus and the Aegean......Page 690
5.3 Ammiṯtamru II (ca. 1260-1235)......Page 693
5.3.1 Marital problems......Page 695
5.3.2 Concessions from the overlords......Page 697
6.1 Ibiranu (ca 1235-1225/1220)......Page 698
6.1.1 Ugarit and the Assyrian war......Page 701
6.1.2 Queen Šarelli......Page 705
6.2 Niqmaddu III (ca. 1225/1220-1215)......Page 706
6.2.1 Reprimands from the overlords......Page 708
6.2.2 The correspondence of the Queen of Ugarit......Page 711
6.2.3 The Hittite princess......Page 716
7 The Last Years of Ugarit......Page 719
7.1 Ammurapi (ca 1215-1190/85)......Page 721
7.1.1 More reprimands from the overlords......Page 722
7.1.2 The rising 'Sun' of Egypt......Page 723
7.1.3 Grain shipments from Egypt......Page 730
7.1.4 Seaborne attacks on Ugarit......Page 734
7.1.5 An enemy bridgehead in Mukiš?......Page 738
7.1.6 Lost battles and the fall of Ugarit......Page 740
7.2 Ugarit and its region in the Iron Age......Page 746
1.2 Background......Page 753
1.3 Text editions and the current state of Ugaritic epigraphic analysis......Page 755
1.4 The Ugaritic Tablets Digital Edition Project (UTDE)......Page 757
1.5 Excursus: The format of the Ugaritic Tablets Digital Edition Prototype......Page 760
1.6 The Edinburgh Ras Shamra Project (ERSP)......Page 761
1.7 Banco de Datos Filológicos Semitícos Noroccidentales y el Sistema Integrado de Análisis Morfológico de Textos Ugaríticos (BDFSN-SIAMTU)......Page 763
1.8 Conclusion......Page 764
2.2 The modules......Page 766
2 Conclusions......Page 769
Abbreviations......Page 774
Bibliography......Page 781
List of Contributors......Page 843
Index of Topics......Page 846
Index of Personal Names......Page 858
Index of Divine Names......Page 862
Index of Toponyms......Page 863
Index of Ugaritic Words......Page 866
Index of Syllabic Akkadian......Page 869
Index of Various Languages......Page 870
Index of KTU Texts......Page 871
Index of RS Texts......Page 890
Back Matter......Page 912