Handbook of Tunnel Engineering, Volume I: Structures and Methods

Front Matter......Page 0
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
The authors......Page 5
Foreword to the English edition......Page 6
Foreword to the 3rd German edition......Page 7
Foreword to the 2nd German edition......Page 8
Foreword to the 1st German edition......Page 9
Table of Contents......Page 11
1.2 Historical development......Page 25
1.3 Terms and descriptions......Page 28
2.2 Action of the support materials......Page 33
2.2.1 Stiffness and deformability......Page 34
2.2.3 Time of installation......Page 35
2.3.1 General......Page 36
2.3.2 Frame set timbering......Page 37
2.4.1 General......Page 38
2.4.3 Examples of typical arch forms for large and small tunnels.......Page 39
2.4.4 Installation......Page 40
2.5 Lattice beam elements......Page 43
2.6.1 Steel lagging sheets and plates......Page 45
2.6.2 Spiles......Page 47
2.6.4 Pipe screens, grout screens, jet grout screens......Page 49
2.6.5 Ground freezing......Page 52
2.7.2 Mode of action......Page 53
2.7.3 Anchor length and spacing......Page 56
2.7.4 Load-bearing behaviour......Page 57
2.7.5 Anchor types......Page 60
2.8.2 Construction variants......Page 69
2.8.2.2 Single-layer construction......Page 70
2.8.3.1 General......Page 72
2.8.3.2 Process technology, equipment and handling......Page 73
2.8.3.3 Mixing and recipes......Page 84
2.8.3.4 Influence of materials technology and process technology......Page 96
2.8.3.5 Quality criteria, material behaviour and calculation methods, quality control......Page 111
2.8.3.6 Mechanisation of shotcrete technology......Page 115
2.8.3.7 Steel fibre concrete......Page 124
2.8.3.8 Working safety......Page 130
2.8.4.1 Formwork......Page 135
2.8.4.2 Concreting......Page 138
2.8.4.3 Reinforced or unreinforced concrete lining......Page 139
2.8.4.5 Disadvantages of nominal reinforcement......Page 142
2.8.4.7 Filling of the crown gap......Page 143
2.8.4.9 Single-pass process, extruded concrete......Page 144
2.8.4.10 After-treatment......Page 147
2.8.5.1 Steel segments......Page 148
2.8.5.2 Cast steel segments......Page 149
2.8.5.3 Cast iron segments......Page 150
2.8.5.4 Reinforced concrete segments......Page 151
2.8.5.5 Geometrical shapes and arrangement......Page 154
2.8.5.7 Circumferential joint details......Page 155
2.8.5.8 Fixing and sealing systems......Page 156
2.8.5.9 Segment gaskets......Page 157
2.8.5.10 Production of reinforced concrete segments......Page 158
2.8.5.11 Installation of segment lining......Page 159
2.8.6 Linings for sewer tunnels......Page 160
2.8.7 Yielding elements......Page 166
3.1 General......Page 169
3.2 Full-face excavation......Page 171
3.3.2 The Belgian or underpinning tunnelling method......Page 172
3.3.3 The German or remaining core tunnelling method......Page 175
3.3.4 The Austrian or upraise tunnelling method......Page 178
3.3.5 The New Austrian Tunnelling Method......Page 179
3.3.7 The Italian or packing tunnelling method......Page 185
3.4 Classic shield drives......Page 187
3.5 The classic tunnelling machines......Page 188
4.1 General......Page 191
4.2.2 Underpinning method......Page 192
4.2.3 Crown pilot heading with crown beam......Page 194
4.2.4 Shotcrete tunnelling with longitudinal slots......Page 197
4.3 Core tunnelling method with side headings......Page 199
4.4.2 Ground freezing, grouting......Page 200
4.5.1 Tunnel support......Page 202
4.5.2 Shaft insets......Page 203
4.7 The new Italian tunnelling method (ADECCO-RS)......Page 206
4.7.1 Theoretical model......Page 207
4.7.2 Procedure through the example of the new line from Bologna – Florence......Page 208
5.1 Historical development......Page 213
5.2.1 General......Page 215
5.2.2 Drills......Page 216
5.2.3 Drill bits......Page 224
5.2.4 Wear......Page 230
5.2.5 Performance......Page 231
5.2.6 Costs......Page 234
5.3.1 General......Page 235
5.3.2 Explosives in tunnelling......Page 237
5.3.3 Detonators and detonation systems in tunnelling......Page 239
5.3.4 Transport, storage and handling of explosives......Page 245
5.3.5 Charge determination......Page 252
5.3.6 The drilling and firing pattern......Page 256
5.3.7 Charge loading......Page 259
5.3.8 Time calculation......Page 263
5.3.9 Blasting technology aspects......Page 265
5.4.1 General......Page 267
5.4.2 Loading machines......Page 268
5.4.3 Muck conveyance......Page 275
5.4.5 Examples of transport chains......Page 284
5.5.1 Combinations with roadheaders......Page 289
5.5.2 Combination with full-face machines......Page 290
5.6.1 Vibration......Page 291
5.6.2 Composition and effects of the blasting gas emissions......Page 299
5.7.1 General......Page 302
5.7.2 Emphasis of mechanisation......Page 303
5.7.3 Computer-assisted drill jumbos......Page 304
5.7.4 Mucking and tunnel logistics......Page 306
6.2 Categories of tunnelling machines......Page 309
6.3.1 Categories of shield machines......Page 310
6.3.2 Basic principle, definition......Page 311
6.3.4 Face with mechanical support......Page 316
6.3.5 Face under compressed air......Page 317
6.3.6 Face with slurry support......Page 318
6.3.6.2 Slurry shield......Page 319
6.3.6.4 Hydroshield......Page 321
6.3.6.5 Mixshield as a Hydroshield version......Page 323
6.3.6.7 Hydraulic soil transport......Page 324
6.3.6.8 Soil separation in shield operation with hydraulic transport......Page 326
6.3.7.1 Functional principle......Page 330
6.3.7.2 Scope of application and soil conditioning process......Page 331
6.3.7.3 Use of foam with earth pressure shields......Page 334
6.3.8 Blade tunnelling and blade shieldsAccording to DAUB, the blade shield represents......Page 335
6.3.9.1 Calculation of face stability with slurry and earth pressure support......Page 337
6.3.9.2 Calculation of safety against breakup and blowout......Page 339
6.3.9.3 Calculation of thrust force......Page 340
6.3.9.4 Determination of the air demand for compressed air support......Page 344
General......Page 346
6.4.3 Boring system......Page 351
6.4.4 Thrust and bracing system......Page 352
6.4.5 Support system......Page 356
6.4.6 Ventilation......Page 359
6.4.7 The use of slurry and earth pressure shields in hard rock formations......Page 360
6.5.1 Areas of application......Page 362
6.5.2 Construction possibilities......Page 363
6.5.3 Example......Page 368
6.6.1 Basic principle of a roadheader......Page 377
6.6.2 Rock excavation by a roadheader......Page 379
6.6.4 Profile and directional control of roadheaders......Page 383
6.6.5 Construction sequence using a roadheader......Page 384
6.6.6 Additional equipment and variations of roadheaders......Page 385
6.6.8 Comparison of partial face and full face machines......Page 386
6.6.11 Tunnel excavators......Page 388
6.7 Checking the tunnelling machine for suitability and acceptance based on a risk analysis......Page 390
6.7.2 Basic design......Page 391
6.7.3 Analysis of obstructions......Page 392
6.7.4 Machine specification......Page 393
6.7.5 Acceptance of the TBM......Page 394
6.7.6 Shield handbook......Page 395
6.7.8 Implementation of the strategy through the example of the Elbe Tunnel and the Lefortovo Tunnel......Page 396
6.7.9 Recommendations for the future......Page 402
7.1 General......Page 403
General......Page 404
7.3.1 General......Page 409
7.3.2 Non-steerable processes, or with limited control of direction......Page 410
7.3.3 Guided processes......Page 419
7.4.1 Thrust shaft......Page 424
7.4.4 Intermediate jacking stations......Page 425
7.5.1 Loading during pipe jacking......Page 426
7.5.2 Loading in operation......Page 427
7.5.3 Insertion of the product pipe......Page 431
8.1 General......Page 433
8.2.2 Positive pressure ventilation......Page 435
8.2.4 Reversible ventilation......Page 436
8.2.6 Recirculation systems......Page 437
8.3.1 Fans......Page 438
8.3.2 Air ducts......Page 439
8.3.3 Dedusters......Page 440
8.4 Design and cost......Page 441
8.5.1 Ventilation for TBM drives......Page 447
8.5.3 Automatic ventilatio......Page 449
Bibliography......Page 451
Index......Page 467
List of Advertisers......Page 479