Handbook of the neuroscience of language

Front Cover......Page 1
Handbook of the Neuroscience of Language......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 18
Preface......Page 20
Prologue......Page 22
PART I: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES......Page 28
1.1. Introduction......Page 30
1.2. Nature of Language Deficits......Page 31
1.3. Theoretical Models for the Assessment of Language Impairment......Page 32
1.4. Classical Tests and Aphasia Assessment Procedures......Page 33
1.5 Classical Tests for the Assessment of Language Impairment in Special Populations......Page 35
1.6. Interface between Language and Other Cognitive Functions......Page 36
1.7. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 37
2.2. What is the Hypothesis Testing Approach to Assessment?......Page 40
2.3. Hypothesis Testing of Language Impairment: Assessment Resources and Considerations......Page 43
2.5. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 47
Appendix – Hypothesis Testing: A Worked Example......Page 48
3.2. Historical Background......Page 50
3.4. Rationale Underlying the IAT Procedure......Page 51
3.5. Components of the IAT Procedure......Page 52
3.6. Problems and Considerations in IAT Protocol Administration and Interpretation......Page 53
3.8. Validation and Reliability Studies......Page 55
3.9. Supplementary and Alternative Techniques for Establishing Language Lateralization......Page 56
3.10. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 58
4.1. Introduction......Page 60
4.2. Broca's Region......Page 62
4.3. Wernicke's Region......Page 66
4.5. Interhemispheric Cytoarchitectonic Differences......Page 67
4.6. Cytoarchitectonic Maps for the Analysis of Language......Page 68
4.7. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 69
5.1. Introduction......Page 72
5.2. Principles of Brain Structure and Function......Page 73
5.3. From Anatomical Structure to Neurolinguistic Function......Page 76
5.4. Time Dynamics of Fronto–Temporal Activations......Page 78
5.6. Challenges and Future Directions: Levels of Brain, Levels of Language?......Page 80
6.1. Introduction......Page 84
6.2. Electromagnetic Functional Neuroimaging Techniques......Page 85
6.3. Hemodynamic Functional Neuroimaging Techniques......Page 87
6.4. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation......Page 91
6.5. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy......Page 92
6.6. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 93
PART II: NEUROIMAGING OF LANGUAGE......Page 96
7.1. Introduction......Page 98
7.2. PET versus fMRI – Some Methodological Issues......Page 99
7.3. Crucial PET Findings......Page 100
7.4. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 105
8.1. Introduction......Page 108
8.2. Recognizing Auditory Input as Speech......Page 109
8.3. Word Representation: Form and Meaning......Page 110
8.4. From Words to Sentences: Syntactic Processing......Page 111
8.5. From Words to Sentences: Semantic Processing of Sentences......Page 112
8.6. From Sentences to Discourse......Page 113
8.7. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 114
9.1. Introduction......Page 118
9.2. Language-Related Components and Their Functional Significance......Page 119
9.3. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 130
10.2. Description of the Technique......Page 132
10.4. Selected Findings with Cortical Stimulation Technique......Page 134
10.5. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 138
11.1. Introduction......Page 142
11.2. Assessing Hemispheric Specialization for Language with TMS......Page 143
11.3. Different Effects of TMS On Task Performance: Posterior Temporal Cortex and Picture Naming......Page 145
11.5. Speech Perception and the Motor System......Page 147
11.6. Representation of Actions and Verbs in the Motor System and Frontal Cortex......Page 148
11.7. TMS Studies in Patients with Aphasia......Page 149
11.8. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 150
PART III: EXPERIMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE OF LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION......Page 152
12.2. Changing Concepts in the Neurolinguistic Analysis of Phonetics and Phonology......Page 154
12.3. Anatomical and Computational Complexity for Broca's Area......Page 156
12.4. Intractable Problems in the Neurolinguistics of Segmental Paraphasias......Page 157
12.5. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 161
13.1. Introduction......Page 164
13.2. Noun versus Verb Morphology......Page 165
13.3. Regular versus Irregular Morphology......Page 166
13.4. Impairments of Inflectional Morphology......Page 167
13.6. Impairments in Compounding......Page 170
13.7. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 171
14.2. Disorders of Lexis: A Brief Overview......Page 174
14.3. Words in the Brain......Page 176
14.4. The Domain of Lexical Disorders, the Notion of a Mental Lexicon, and the Notion of Word......Page 177
14.6. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 179
15.1. Introduction......Page 182
15.2. The Endgame: Theory Unification......Page 183
15.4. The Linear Models......Page 184
15.5. A Hierarchical Model: The Double-Dependency Hypothesis......Page 187
15.6. What Have We Learnt?......Page 188
15.7. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 189
16.2. Cognitive and Linguistic Principles of Discourse Processing......Page 192
16.3. The Neuroscience of Text and Discourse Comprehension......Page 194
16.4. Right Hemisphere Contributions to Discourse Comprehension......Page 197
16.5. Summary and Conclusions......Page 199
16.6. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 200
17.2. Pragmatic Disorders in Adult Clinical Populations......Page 202
17.3. Explaining Linguistic Pragmatic Impairments in Clinical Populations......Page 205
17.4. Neural Systems Underlying Pragmatic Abilities......Page 206
17.5. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 213
18.2. The Declarative and Procedural Memory Systems......Page 216
18.3. Language and the Declarative and Procedural Memory Systems......Page 218
18.4. Disorders of Grammar and Procedural Memory......Page 219
18.5. Disorders of Lexicon and Declarative Memory......Page 223
18.6. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 224
19.2. Language and Emotion: Theoretical Perspectives......Page 226
19.4. The Linguistic Communication of Emotion......Page 227
19.6. Syntactic Structures as Reflective of Attitudinal Meaning......Page 228
19.7. Language Affects Emotions......Page 229
19.9. Brain Structures Underlying Emotional Language......Page 230
19.12. Pragmatic Deficits Following Brain Damage......Page 232
19.15. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 233
20.1. Introduction......Page 236
20.3. Classical Neurolinguistic Classification of Acquired Spelling Disorders......Page 237
20.4. Dual-Route Models of Reading and Cognitive Accounts of Acquired Dyslexia......Page 239
20.5. Dual-Route Models of Spelling and Cognitive Accounts of Acquired Dysgraphia......Page 241
20.6. Principles for the Assessment of Reading and Spelling Impairments......Page 242
20.8. Neuroanatomy of Written Language......Page 243
20.9. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 244
21.1. Introduction......Page 246
21.2. The Representation of Numbers......Page 247
21.3. Number Manipulation: Transcoding......Page 249
21.4. Calculation......Page 250
21.5. Numbers and Calculation in the Brain......Page 251
21.6. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 253
22.2. The Computer and the Brain......Page 256
22.3. Structured Models......Page 257
22.4. Emergent Models......Page 260
22.5. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 262
23.1. Introduction......Page 264
23.2. Multiple Mirror Systems and the Language-Ready Brain......Page 265
23.3. Praxis, Language and the Action-Oriented Perception of Scenes......Page 266
23.4. Modeling the Canonical and Mirror Systems for Grasping......Page 268
23.5. Imitation and Mirror Neurons: In Search of Subtlety......Page 269
23.6. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 272
24.1. Introduction......Page 274
24.2. Brain Development......Page 275
24.3. Changes Associated with Aging......Page 278
24.4. Interpretive Complexities......Page 279
24.5. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 281
25.1. Introduction......Page 284
25.3. Advantages and Challenges of Hemispheric Asymmetry......Page 285
25.4. Mechanisms of Interhemispheric Interaction......Page 287
25.5. Individual Variation......Page 290
25.6. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 292
A: Language in Special Populations and in Various Disease Processes......Page 294
26.1. Introduction......Page 296
26.2. Approaches to Classifying Acute Aphasias......Page 298
26.3. Non-stable Syndromes of Acute Aphasia......Page 301
26.4. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 303
27.2. Phonology and Speech Errors in Dementia......Page 306
27.3. Lexical Retrieval and Naming Difficulty in Dementia......Page 307
27.4. Semantic Memory Difficulty in Dementia......Page 308
27.6. Discourse Deficit in Dementia......Page 311
27.7. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 312
28.2. Pragmatic Inference......Page 316
28.3. Social Cognition......Page 318
28.4. Discourse Production......Page 320
28.5. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 322
29.1. Introduction......Page 326
29.2. Bi-hemispheric Theory of Language......Page 327
29.3. Principles of Connectivity of Hetero-Modal Association Cortex......Page 328
29.4. Anomalies of Anatomical Asymmetry and Schizophrenia......Page 329
29.5. The Central Paradox and Its Resolution......Page 330
29.6. How Do the Nuclear Symptoms Arise?......Page 331
29.7. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 332
30.1. Introduction......Page 336
30.2. Definition and Clinical Characteristics of Dysfluency......Page 337
30.3. The Physiology of Stuttering......Page 340
30.4. Theories of Stuttering......Page 341
30.5. Animal Modeling of Stuttering......Page 342
30.6. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 343
31.1. Introduction......Page 346
31.2. Do MTLE Patients Show Language Abnormalities?......Page 348
31.3. What Specific Evidence Is There Showing Medial Temporal Lobe Involvement in Language?......Page 349
31.4. Are There Anatomical Connections That Allow the Medial Temporal Lobe to Influence Language?......Page 350
31.5. What Might the Medial Temporal Lobe Contribute to Language Processing?......Page 351
31.6. What Accounts for the Language Deficits in MTLE?......Page 352
31.7. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 353
32.2. Distribution of Pathology in Subcortical Stroke and Degenerative Disorders Associated with Language Impairment......Page 356
32.4. Mechanisms of Non-thalamic Subcortical Aphasia......Page 359
32.6. Emerging Neuroscience of the Thalamus......Page 360
32.7. Mechanisms of Thalamic Aphasia......Page 363
32.9. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 365
33.1. Introduction......Page 368
33.2. Language Impairments......Page 369
33.3. Implicit and Explicit Memory......Page 370
33.4. Pathological Language Mixing and Switching......Page 371
33.5. Experimental Studies......Page 372
33.7. Multilingual Aphasia Rehabilitation......Page 373
33.8. Challenges and Future Directions: The Cerebral Organization of Languages......Page 374
34.2. Language Changes in Healthy Aging......Page 378
34.4. Distinguishing Language in Healthy Aging from That in Mild Cognitive Impairment and AD......Page 380
34.5. Explanations for Language Changes in Healthy Aging......Page 382
34.6. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 383
B: Language and Communication in Developmental Disorders......Page 386
35.1. Introduction......Page 388
35.2. Language Regression and Epilepsy......Page 389
35.3. The Nature of the Language Deficit......Page 390
35.5. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 391
36.1. Introduction......Page 394
36.2. Language in WS: The Evidence......Page 395
36.3. Theoretical Approaches to the Neurocognitive Study of WS......Page 396
36.4. Characterizing Language and Communication in WS......Page 397
36.5. Language in WS: Connecting the Dots......Page 400
36.6. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 401
37.1. Introduction......Page 404
37.2. Language Deficits in Autism......Page 405
37.3. Explaining Language and Communication Deficits in ASD......Page 408
37.4. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 411
C: Recovery from, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Language and Communication Disorders......Page 414
38.1. Introduction......Page 416
38.2. Soundly Established Factors Affecting Recovery......Page 417
38.3. Factors That May Affect Spontaneous Recovery......Page 418
38.4. Why Spontaneous Recovery?......Page 419
38.5. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 421
39.1. Introduction......Page 424
39.2. How to Approach Aphasia Therapy......Page 425
39.3. A Stage-Oriented Framework: Fitting the Therapeutic Approach to the Stage of Recovery......Page 426
39.4. Specific Neuropsychological and Psycholinguistic Approaches to the Treatment of Lexical and Syntactic Disorders......Page 429
39.6. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 432
40.2. Stroke: How Does It Cause Language Deficits?......Page 434
40.3. Subacute (and Chronic) Stroke: Enhancing Neural Transmission and Neuroplasticity......Page 438
40.5. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 440
41.1. Introduction......Page 444
41.2. Illustrative Cases......Page 445
41.3. Limits of the Syndrome-Based Approach......Page 447
41.4. Suggested Treatment of the Lexical Components......Page 448
41.5. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 450
42.1. Introduction......Page 454
42.2. Provision of Therapy......Page 455
42.4. Diagnosis and Assessment......Page 456
42.6. Alternative Communication......Page 457
42.8. Challenges and Future Directions......Page 458
PART V: RESOURCES......Page 460
Journals......Page 462
Books......Page 464
Source Books......Page 467
Professional Associations and Societies......Page 468
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C......Page 471
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W......Page 479
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