Handbook of Stress Medicine and Health

Front cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 6
References......Page 7
Editor......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
Why Stress?......Page 14
What Is Stress?......Page 15
What Causes Stress?......Page 16
Health Effects......Page 17
A Holistic Approach......Page 18
From Research to Legislation and implementation......Page 20
Health Promotion and Stress-Related Disease Prevention......Page 22
References......Page 23
Contents......Page 26
Conceptual Issues in Research on Stress and Health......Page 28
Definitional Issues: Stress as Stimulus, Response, and Transaction......Page 29
Challenge and Stress......Page 31
Potential Misunderstandings about Implications of a Negative Definition of Stress......Page 33
Microlevel Stress Episodes......Page 34
Coping......Page 35
Immediate Outcomes......Page 37
Multiple SPECs......Page 38
Chronic Conditions......Page 39
Cumulative Stress Effects as Alterations of System Responsivity......Page 40
Outcomes......Page 42
In the Eye of the Beholder? Social and Individual Meaning......Page 46
The Role Facet......Page 47
The Goal Facet......Page 48
Control......Page 49
Individual Belief Systems......Page 50
Lack of Reciprocity......Page 51
Stress as Offense to Self (SOS)......Page 53
Legitimacy of Social Interactions......Page 54
Legitimacy of Tasks......Page 55
Reciprocity and Offense to Self: Communalities......Page 56
References......Page 57
Introduction......Page 72
Stress and Immune Dysregulation......Page 73
Stress and Cancer through Behavioral Pathways......Page 74
Association and Causal Relationship......Page 75
Record Linkage Studies......Page 76
Loss of Child or Experience of Severe Illness in Child......Page 77
Prospective Cohort Studies......Page 78
Prospective Cohort Studies......Page 79
Some Considerations......Page 80
References......Page 81
Stress and Cancer: The Practice......Page 86
Does Coping Affect the Prognosis of Cancer Diseases?......Page 87
How Can the Well-Being of Cancer Patients Be Improved?......Page 88
Is It Possible to Improve the Prognosis of Cancer Patients?......Page 90
References......Page 94
Stress and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease......Page 98
Stressors at Work......Page 99
The Relationship between the Demand-Control-Support Model and Biological Risk Factors......Page 103
Shift Work (with Some of the Work Shift at Night Hours)......Page 104
Critical Life Events......Page 105
Coping Mechanisms......Page 106
Specific Strategies for Different Stressors......Page 107
Individual Teaching of Stress Management (Improved Coping)......Page 108
References......Page 109
Introduction......Page 114
What Is Stress?......Page 115
The Stress-Diathesis Proposal......Page 116
Specific Vulnerabilities......Page 117
Stress and Episodes of Psychiatric Ill Health......Page 118
The Management of Stress and Mental Illness......Page 119
Treating the Condition That Arises from the Stress Process......Page 120
Environmental Change......Page 121
Personal Change......Page 122
Arousal Management......Page 123
REFERENCES......Page 125
Stress, Endocrine Manifestations, and Diseases: The Critical Research......Page 128
Stress Syndrome: Phenomenology......Page 129
Neuroendocrine Effectors of the Stress Response......Page 130
Stress System Interactions with Other CNS Components......Page 135
Stress System: Endocrine Interactions......Page 136
Stress System: Immune System Interactions......Page 140
Increased Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity: Pathophysiology......Page 143
Decreased Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity: Pathophysiology......Page 145
Abbreviations......Page 146
References......Page 147
Stress, Immunity, and Disease......Page 158
Immune System......Page 159
Types of Stressors......Page 161
Acute Stressors......Page 162
Chronic Unrelenting Stressors......Page 164
Chronic Intermittent Stressors......Page 165
Stressful Event Sequences......Page 166
Subjective Appraisal of Stressors......Page 167
Combined Effect of Acute and Chronic Stress......Page 168
Cancer......Page 169
Infectious Disease......Page 173
HIV......Page 174
Autoimmune Disease......Page 175
Conclusion......Page 176
References......Page 177
Stress and Burnout: The Critical Research......Page 182
A Brief History of Burnout Research......Page 183
Multidimensional vs. One-Dimensional Constructs......Page 185
Diagnosis of Burnout as Mental Ill Health......Page 186
The Development of Burnout Over Time......Page 187
Causes and Consequences of Burnout......Page 188
Control......Page 189
Community......Page 190
Values......Page 191
Individual Predictors of Burnout......Page 192
Outcomes of Burnout......Page 193
Conclusion......Page 194
References......Page 195
Organizational Interventions to Alleviate Burnout and Build Engagement with Work......Page 200
Overview of Intervention Issues......Page 201
Qualities of Organizational Interventions......Page 203
Flexibility......Page 204
Information Flow......Page 205
Logistic Challenges to Implementing Burnout Interventions......Page 206
Tracking Interventions......Page 207
Goals of Intervention......Page 208
Energy......Page 209
Areas of Work Life......Page 210
Workload......Page 211
Reward......Page 213
Community......Page 214
Values......Page 215
Conclusion......Page 216
References......Page 217
Hardy Personality, Stress, and Health......Page 220
Defining the Hardy Personality......Page 221
Effects of Personality on Stressors and Strains......Page 222
Hardiness and Hyposensitivity to Stressors: The Moderating Effect......Page 223
Hardiness, Perception of Stressors, and Self-Selection of Stressors......Page 224
Hardiness and Creation of Stressors......Page 225
Hardiness and Coping Strategies......Page 226
The Effects of Stressors and Health on Hardiness......Page 227
Criticisms of Hardiness Research......Page 228
Expanding the Hardiness Construct......Page 229
Positive Affectivity......Page 230
Self-esteem and Self-efficacy......Page 231
Sense of Humor......Page 232
Summary and Conclusions......Page 233
References......Page 235
Introduction......Page 240
Nature of Stress: Western Perspectives......Page 241
Nature of Stress: Non-Western Perspectives......Page 243
Psychometric Measures: Philosophical Considerations......Page 245
Levels of Measurement......Page 247
Cross-Cultural Issues......Page 248
Summing Up......Page 255
References......Page 256
Introduction......Page 260
The Evidence: What Kind and How Much?......Page 261
The Mechanism(s): Environmental Stimuli and Neurological Pathways......Page 262
Principles of Social Support......Page 265
Gender, Emotions, and Social Support in the Incidence and Progression of CHD......Page 267
Gender, Social Support, and Recovery from Myocardial Infarction or Coronary Artery Surgery......Page 268
Gender, Social Support, Depression, and Mortality from CHD......Page 269
Summary......Page 270
References......Page 271
Social Support, Life Events, and Depression in HIV Disease......Page 276
Background Issues......Page 277
Depression and HIV......Page 279
Social Support......Page 283
Life Events......Page 284
Overview......Page 285
References......Page 286
Interpersonal Communication: The Key to Unlocking Social Support for Preventive Stress Management......Page 292
Introduction......Page 293
Definitions......Page 295
Health Consequences of Social Support: Explanation of the Effect......Page 297
Interpersonal Communication......Page 299
Emotional Intelligence......Page 303
Cognitive Complexity......Page 305
Gender......Page 306
Gender Differences in Communication of Support......Page 307
Explanations of Why Gender Differences Exist......Page 308
Personality......Page 309
Comprehensive Model of the Relationship of Communication and Social Support......Page 311
Building Communication Competence to Increase Social Support for Preventive Stress Management......Page 312
Conclusion......Page 314
References......Page 315
Emotional Processing of Traumatic Events......Page 320
Background......Page 321
Additional Outcomes of Writing......Page 323
Cognitive Processes......Page 324
Social Integration......Page 325
Individual Differences......Page 326
Development of Tools to Analyze Language......Page 327
Exploring Language and Emotional Expression in the Real World......Page 328
References......Page 330
Gender Differences in the Management of Work Stress: Preventing Distress and Savoring Eustress......Page 336
Gender Differences in Stressors......Page 337
The Preventive Management Philosophy and Framework......Page 339
Primary Prevention Methods......Page 341
Secondary Prevention Methods......Page 343
Eustress: The Other Half of the Stress Puzzle......Page 345
Potential Gender Differences in Eustress and Savoring......Page 348
The Future......Page 350
References......Page 352
Dealing with Stress: Families and Chronic Illness......Page 358
Patterns of Family Response to Chronic Stress......Page 359
Factors Influencing the Family’s Response to Illness......Page 361
The Family’s Needs and Resources......Page 362
The Relationship between Family Functioning and Individual Psychosocial Morbidity......Page 363
Common Themes That Arise as Families Cope with the Stress of Chronic Illness......Page 365
The Role of Discovering Meaning in the Illness......Page 366
Challenges and Problems in Family Work......Page 367
Complex Families in the Setting of Chronic Illness......Page 368
Other Models of Family Intervention with the Chronically Ill......Page 369
Ethical Issues That Arise in Family Work......Page 370
References......Page 371
Dealing with Workplace Stress......Page 376
Introduction......Page 377
What Is It in Work That Makes It Stressful?......Page 378
Prevalence of Work Stress: Stress Reactions and Risk Factors......Page 381
Which Recent Workplace Developments Are Behind These Figures?......Page 384
Rapid Expansion of the Service Sector......Page 385
Changing Boundaries between Work and Home......Page 386
Flexibilization and Utilization of New Production Concepts......Page 387
Individual Differences......Page 388
Legislation......Page 390
Job Characteristics Model......Page 391
Action-Theoretical Approach......Page 392
Interventions according to NIOSH......Page 393
Task and Technical Interventions......Page 394
More Comprehensive Multiple Changes......Page 395
References......Page 397
The Many Faces of Control at Work......Page 402
Theoretical and Conceptual Development of Control at Work......Page 403
Individual Health-Related Outcomes......Page 405
Individual Proactive and Learning-Related Outcomes......Page 406
Individual Work-Related Outcomes......Page 407
Individual Health-Related Outcomes......Page 408
Boundary Conditions Related to Control at Work......Page 409
Losing Control at Work......Page 411
Future Research......Page 414
Conclusion......Page 416
References......Page 417
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