Handbook of Smart Cities

Preface
Contents
About the Editor
Contributors
Part I: Basic Concepts and Frameworks
	1 Smart Cities: Fundamental Concepts
		Introduction
		Human Interaction
			Fundamental Beginnings of the City
			Qualitative and Quantitative Changes in Human Interactions Within the City
		Data
			Big Data
		Information And Technology
			Technology, Integrated Technology, and Responsive Technology
			Architecture of a Technology Platform
		Institutions
			The Triple Helix
			Institutional Logics Connecting Actors, Activities, and Roles
		Climate and Energy
			Introduction: The Green, Resilient Cosmo-Polity
			The ``Old´´ Grid
			The Smart Grid, Distributed Energy Resources, and the City
			Conclusion
		Summary
		Glossary
		References
	2 Smart Cities Can Be More Humane and Sustainable Too
		Introduction
		More Humane and Sustainable Smart Cities
		Live-Work-Play in the Same Area!
			Sidewalks
			Bike Lanes
			Light-Engine Vehicles
			Public Transport
		Listen to Citizens´ Wishes, Interests, and Needs!
		Deindustrialize your Mind!
			9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
			Schools
			Tech Parks
			Work and Employment
			The Car
		Cross Reference and Major Challenges
			Demographics
			Diversity and Priorities
			Special Needs
			Socialization
		Conclusion
		References
			Further Reading
	3 Smart Energy Frameworks for Smart Cities: The Need for Polycentrism
		Introduction
		Climate Change and Urban Energy Infrastructure
			The Nature of the Challenge
			Smart Grid and the Future of Smart Cities
		Emerging Models for Urban Energy Transformation
			Distributed Energy Resources
			Energy Storage
			Microgrids
			Demand Response and Energy Management Systems
			Smart Measuring Systems
			Harvesting
			Green Technologies
			From Robustness to Resilience
		A Polycentric Approach to Smart City Energy Governance
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	4 Urban Computing: The Technological Framework for Smart Cities
		Introduction
			The Sense-Analyze-Actuate Paradigm
				Definition
				Example
			Optimizing the Use of Resources
			Case Study: Optimizing Urban Energy
		Sensing
			Data Categories
			Urban Sensing Modes
			Networking
			Internet of Things
			Urban Platforms
				Data Services
				Integrated Urban Platforms
		Analyzing: Intelligence
			Prediction of Urban Resource Supply and Demand
			Decision-Making
				Control Theory
				Exact Optimization Algorithms
				Heuristic Algorithms and Artificial Intelligence
			Ethical Implications
		Actuating
			Data Visualization
			Human Interfaces
			Consumer Interfaces
				City Dashboards
			Robotics/Autonomous Actuation
		Conclusion
		References
	5 Smart Cities Data: Framework, Applications, and Challenges
		Introduction
		Smart Data Framework
			Sensor Network Databases and Data Management
			City Analytics
				Deep Learning
			Smart Visualization
				GIS-Based Visualization
			Quality and Veracity
			General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
		Smart Data Applications
			Smart Government and Governance
			Social Networks
			Mobility and Transportation
			Smart Environment
				Smart Streetlights
				Smart Homes and Smart Building
				Smart Surveillance in Smart Cities
		Privacy Challenges in Smart Cities
			Security and Privacy Challenges
			Privacy Threats
			Privacy-Enhancing Technologies
			Data Privacy in Data Sensing
			Privacy and Availability
		Conclusion
		References
	6 Smart Institutions: Concept, Index, and Framework Conditions
		Introduction
		Methodology
		Literature Review
			Selected Literature on Smart Cities
			Smart Institutions in the Literature
			A Working Definition of a Smart Institution
		A Case Study on University Hospitals
			General Considerations
			A Review of the Case Study
			An Index for Smart Institutions
		Framework for Smart Institutions
			Framework Conditions for UML and SSMU
				Public Policy Supporting Innovations in Healthcare in Germany
				Public Policy Supporting Innovations in Healthcare in Russia
			Framework Conditions for UML in 2009 and 2017
				Outstanding Academic Performance of UML
				Openness of Academic Institutions for Collaborations
				Willingness to Cooperate Across Disciplines
				Support from Service Providers: The Leipzig Trade Fair
			Other Framework Conditions of Relevance for a Smart Institution
		Smart Institutions in Various Sectors of the Economy
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
Part II: Current Exemplary Smart Cities
	7 Smart City Edmonton
		Introduction
			Definition: A Smart City is a Healthy City
			Guiding Principles
			Smart City Framework
			Smart City Maturity Matrix
			Smart City Ecosystem
			Smart City Achievements
		Edmonton´s Smart City Projects
		Data and Technology
			Data Accessibility and Sharing
				Open Data
			Shareable Solutions
			Future-Proofing Technologies
			Inclusive and Accessible Solutions
			Data and Technology Partnerships
			Standards for Data and Technology Solutions
		Privacy, Security, and Ethics
			Data Governance
			Edmonton´s Open City Initiative
			Security, Privacy, and Ethics Considerations
		Resident and Community Engagement
			Engagement Tools
			Engagement Activities
			Inclusive Engagement
		Conclusion
	8 From Invention City to Innovation City: The Case of Racine Wisconsin
		Introduction
		Racine, Wisconsin, Small Town USA
			Advantages and Disadvantages of Smaller Urban Contexts
			The Importance of Strategic Planning
				Stakeholder Involvement
			The Importance of a Middleman in Public Private Partnerships
			Establishing City Priorities
			Community Wide Connectivity
			Energy and Sustainability
			Smart Mobility and TF Century Transportation
			Priority of Inclusivity
		Conclusion
		References
	9 Urban Innovation Ecosystem and Humane and Sustainable Smart City: A Balanced Approach in Curitiba
		Introduction
		The Drivers for Smart Curitiba
			Humane and Sustainable Smart City
			Sustainable Development
			Urban Innovation Ecosystem
			Quadruple Helix as a Model to Bring Integration
		Translating the Drivers into Policies and Strategies
			Policy-Mix
			Curitiba 2035 Strategic Plan
		Translating the Strategies into Services and Projects
			Smart Cities Institute
			Curitiba Technopark and Vale do Pinhão
			Startup Movement
			ICITIES and Smart City Expo
			Urban Projects
		Conclusions
		References
	10 Holistic, Multifaceted, and Citizen-Centric Smart Taipei Strategies
		The Strategy of the Taipei Smart City
			Build a Smart City Ecosystem
			Establishment of Smart City Management Office
			Establish a Smart City Operation and Promotion Mechanism
				Top-Down: Private Sector Operating Mechanism
				Bottom-Up: Private Sector Operating Mechanism
				Public-Private Partnership
			Strengthening the Linkage of International Smart Cities
				International Expositions
				Exchange Visits
				Cooperation Workshops
		Taipei Smart City Achievements
			Smart Government
				Intelligent Road and Pipeline Management
				Smart Streetlight
				Pumping Station Automatic Monitored Control System
				Feitsui Reservoir Smart Security Monitoring Control System
				Taipei Free: Free Wi-Fi in Taipei Public Area
				Data.Taipei Open Data Platform
				Taipei Geographic Integration Platform
				App.Taipei
				Hello.Taipei - Taipei City Simple Petition System
			Smart Social Housing
			Smart Transportation
			Smart Health and Care
			Smart Education
				Smart Campus
				Innovative Education
				Lifelong Education
			Smart Payment
			Smart Start-Up
		The Future of Taipei Smart City
			New Promotion Framework for Taipei Smart City with 1 Core+ 7 Key Directions
			Continue to Promote Innovation Culture to Public Sector
			Establish Sustainable Smart City Implementation Mechanism and Specification
			Improve Public-Private Partnership
			Strengthen PoC Effectiveness
			Broaden Collaboration and Construction Scale
			The Establishment of GO SMART
			Conclusion
	11 Smart City Transformation for Mid-Sized Cities: Case of Canakkale, Turkey
		Introduction
		A Mid-sized City: Canakkale, Turkey
		A Smart City Transformation Initiative: ``Canakkale on My Mind´´ CASE
			Visionary Leadership
			Collaboration and the Role of the Private Sector
			A Road Map to Smart City Transformation
				Phase 1: Understanding
				Phase 2: Vision
				Phase 3: Strategy
		Critical Success Factors and Challenges
		Governance Models for Mid-sized Smart Cities
			Successful Cases of Smart City Transformations
			A Model for Turkish Mid-sized Cities: Case of Canakkale
		Conclusion
		References
	12 Stockholm: Smart City
		What Do We Consider a Smart City?
		Plan for a Smart and Connected City
			Developed in Cooperation
			Brochure: Smart & Connected (https://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-och-filer/smart-city/brochure-smart...
		What Makes Stockholm a Super Smart City?
			Extensive Fiber Network
			E-Services
		Examples of E-Services
			Preschool Portal
			Residents´ Parking Permits
			Report Problems in Traffic and Outdoor Environment
			Radon Reading Search
			Heat Pump License Applications
			Care Diary
			Apply for a School
			Apply for a Building Permit
			Komet: Web-Based Parent Training
			Online Applications to Art School
		Open Data
			Data per Area
				Culture and Archive Data
				Population Data
				Traffic and Parking Data
				Environmental Data
				Activities and Satisfaction Surveys
				Geodata
			The Stockholm Open Award
		Innovative Solutions and International Smart City Cooperation
		Hammarby Sjöstad
			Hammarby Sjöstad: A Neighborhood with Integrated Environmental Solutions
			Stockholm Royal Seaport
			The GrowSmarter Project, Smart Refurbishment
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		Reference
	13 Smart City Wien: A Sustainable Future Starts Now
		Introduction
			Vienna Is on Its Way
			Smart City Wien Framework Strategy 2014
			Smart City Wien Monitoring Process
			Smart City Governance Is the Key to Success
			Smart City Wien Framework Strategy 2019-2050
		Thematic Fields
			Energy Supply
			Mobility and Transport
			Buildings
			Digitalization
			Economy and Employment
			Water and Waste Management
			Environment
			Healthcare
			Social Inclusion
			Education
			Science and Research
			Participation
		Projects
			E_OS: Renewable Energy from Sewage Sludge
			Neighborhood Oasis
			Smarter Together
			WAALTeR: Active, Healthy Ageing
			Sag´s Wien App
			Citizens´ Power Plants: Community-Funded Solar Energy
			Auto Bus
			Smart Traffic Lights
			Vienna Provides Space: Digital Twin
			BRISE
			Werkstadt Junges Wien: Co-Creating a Child and Youth Strategy for Vienna
		Conclusion and Outlook
		References
	14 NEOM Smart City: The City of Future (The Urban Oasis in Saudi Desert)
		Introduction
		Research Methodology
		Literature Review
		NEOM Case Study
			Content Analysis (Articles and Blogs)
			Content Analysis (Pictures and Videos)
			NEOM Smart City
			Internet of Things Technologies
			Smart Economy (SE)
			Smart Living (SL)
			Smart Governance (SG)
			Smart Environment (SE)
			Smart Mobility (SM)
			Smart People (SP)
		Discussions
		Conclusion
		References
	15 Tehran in the Path of Transition to a Smart City: Initiatives, Implementation, and Governance
		Introduction
		Background of Smart Cities
		Experiences and Measures for Smartening Tehran
			Smart Governance
				Smart Governance Challenges in Tehran
			Smart Environment
				Tehran Challenges in Implementing a Smart Environment
			Smart Infrastructure
				Infrastructure Challenges in Tehran Smartening
			Smart Life
				Tehran Challenges in Implementing Smart Life
			Smart Transportation
				Tehran Challenges in Implementing Smart Transportation
			Smart Economy
				Tehran Challenges in Implementing Smart Economy
			Smart City Application in Fighting the Covid-19 Pandemic in Tehran
		Conclusion
			Governance Challenges
			Citizenship Challenges
			Technological Challenges
			Economic Challenges
		References
	16 Rebranding Umhlanga as an Intelligent City
		Introduction
		Conceptualizing Smart Cities
			The Developmental Perspective of Post-apartheid South Africa
			Tools for Post-1994 Spatial Restructuring
			The Current Realities of the Post-apartheid City
		Background to eThekwini Municipality
			Methodology
			The Planning Perspective of Umhlanga
			Insight into Umhlanga
			Umhlanga: Responding to the Tenets of New Urbanism
			Transport Sustainability of Umhlanga
			Umhlanga as a Communication Node
			Umhlanga and the Non-place Urban Realm
			Safety and Security
			Housing and Quality of Life
			PPPs: A Winning Card for Smart Cities
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	17 Bandung Smart City: The Digital Revolution for a Sustainable Future
		Introduction
			Songdo, South Korea
			Sejong, South Korea
			Masdar, UAE
			Amsterdam, The Netherlands
			San Francisco, USA
			Brisbane, Australia
		The Concepts of Smart Cities
		The Development of Smart Cities in Indonesia
		The Concept of Bandung Smart City (BSC)
		Features of Bandung Smart City
			Bandung Command Center
			LAPOR! (Layanan Aspirasi dan Pengaduan Online Rakyat/Community Online Complaint and Aspiration Service)
			Single Number Emergency Call 112
			Bandung Panic Button
			Bandung Planning Gallery
		Discussion: Challenges and Opportunities
		Conclusion
		References
Part III: Human Dimension
	18 Social Inclusion in Smart Cities
		Introduction
			Social Inclusion and Smart Cities
			ICT Standards as Tools for Social Inclusion in Smart Cities
			Smart Mobility and Social Inclusion
			Interconnected Public Spaces and Social Inclusion
		Related Projects About Inclusion in Smart Cities
			Inclusive Accessibility in Smart Cities
				Melbourne Making Life Easy For The Disabled
				Smart Cities Addressing Homelessness And Isolation
				Opensidewalks
				Alma Houses
			5G Connectivity and Social Inclusion
				One Atlanta
				Yingtan: 5G-Enabled Digital Twin City
			Apps and Inclusive Smart Cities
				Blindsquare
				Safe & The City (SatC) App
				City4Age (Elderly Friendly City Services for Active and Healthy Aging)
			Smart Cities and Women
				Safetipin
				Gender Smart Cities
			Unmanned Kiosks: The Best Way to Join Citizens with Cities
				Kiosks in Case of Emergencies
				Kiosks Deployed as Smart Street Furniture
		Interconnected Public Spaces (IP-Spaces)
			Elders´ Demographic Facts and Their Connection to Smart Cities
			Elders´ Oriented IP-Spaces
			Elder Activities
			Elder Activities in the Context of IP-Spaces
			Technological Interfaces for IP-Spaces
				Audiovisual Accessibility
				Gestural Interfaces for IP-Spaces
			Related Legislation with the Use of Technology in Interconnected Public Spaces
				European Legislation
		MUSA: An Inclusive Smart Bus Stop
			MUSA Smart Bus Stop
				MUSA Smart Bus Stop System Architecture
				Sensorization of Buses
				MUSA Transport Services
				Interconnected Public Space Service in MUSA
			MUSA Smart Stop and IP-Spaces Current Developments
		Conclusions
		References
	19 Malaysia Smart City Framework: A Trusted Framework for Shaping Smart Malaysian Citizenship?
		Introduction
		Literature Review
			Malaysia Smart City Framework and Citizenship
			Citizenship and The Nations-of-Intent in Malaysia
		Methodology
		Findings and Discussions
			General Frames of Malaysian Smart City Policies and Strategies
			Malaysia´s Citizenship Framing in the MSCF
			Overall Themes on the Relationship Between Smart City and Citizenship
		Suggestions in Building Smart City and Smart Citizenship in Malaysia
		Conclusion and Contributions
		References
	20 Making Smart Cities ``Smarter´´ Through ICT-Enabled Citizen Coproduction
		Introduction
		ICT-Enabled Coproduction
			The Concept of Coproduction
			The Adoption of ICT to Coproduce
		Characteristics of ICT-Enabled Coproduction
		The Process of ICT-Enabled Coproduction
			Direct Interaction Between the Coproducing Actors
			Motivated Coproducing Actors
			Shared Resources
			Joint Decision-Making Process
		Potential Outcomes of ICT-Enabled Coproduction Through the Lenses of Public Values
			Advantages of ICT-Enabled Coproduction
			Challenges of ICT-Enabled Coproduction
		ICT-Enabled Coproduction Initiatives
			The Case of ``Leuven, Maak het Mee,´´ Belgium
			The Case of ``SmartBike,´´ Belgium
		Concluding Remarks
		References
Part IV: Energy Dimension
	21 Smart Cities and the Challenge of Cities´ Energy Autonomy
		Introduction
		The Concept of Smart City
		Smart Energy-Autonomous Cities
		Need for Energy Smart Cities
			Urbanization
		Challenges for the Transition to Smart Cities
			Sociopolitical Challenges
			Financial Challenges
			Technological Challenges
			Environmental Challenges
		Smart City Planning
		Transition to Energy Smart Cities
		Methodologies and Tools in Buildings of Smart Cities
			General Description
			Energy Saving and Management Tools
			Energy Management and Saving in the Building Sector
		Decision Support Systems (DSS)
		Existing Methodologies and Tools
		Evaluation
		The Greek Reality: Greek Legislation - Directive 2010/31/EU
		Conclusions
		References
			Legislation
	22 Energy Harvesting in Smart Cities
		Introduction
		Kinetic Energy Harvesting in Urban Environments
			Kinetic Energy from Human Activities
			Running Vehicles
			In-Pipe Water Flow
			Airflow
			Structural Vibrations
		Power Management for Energy Harvesting Systems
			Voltage Converter
			MPPT Circuit
			Charge Management Circuit
		Wireless Sensing and Communication
			LoRa for Smart City Applications
				Long-Range Connectivity
				Low Power
				Low Cost
				Good Reliability and Robustness
				High Scalability Potential
			Example Applications
				Building Monitoring
				Urban Greenhouse Gas Monitoring
				Bridge Condition Monitoring
				Urban Water Meter Monitoring
				Urban Environmental Monitoring
				Human Surroundings Monitoring
			Adoption of Energy Harvesting Powered LoRa
		Conclusion
		References
	23 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Smart Cities: Political Economy and Strategic Mitigation Alliances
		Introduction: The Smart City in the New Climate Regime
		The Smart City, Renewables, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		The Heterogeneity of Smart City GHG Emissions
		Smart Cities, Electrical Power, and the Grid: Mitigation
		Governance of the US Electrical Grid
			Ohm´s Law
			Governance: Capital Accumulation and the Hope Framework
			The Contradiction of Renewable Technologies with Hope Framework
		Electrical Utility Reconfigurations of the 1970s and 1990s
			1970s: Economical Rationalization of Pricing
			1990s: Regulating Market Discipline
		City as Producer of Electrical Power
		City as Consumer of Electric Power
		Conclusion: The Smart City as Mitigator
		References
Part V: Technology Dimension
	24 Technology: Person Identification
		Introduction
		Technology for Identification in Smart Cities Cloud Services
		The Identification Technologies in Systems of Internet of Things
			Taxonomy of IoT Authentication Schemes
			Authentication Schemes Survey
				Smart Grids
				RFID and NFC-Based Applications
				Vehicular Networks
				Smart Homes
				Wireless Sensor Networks
				Mobile Network and Applications
		Identification Using Video Surveillance Systems of a Smart City
			Centralized Architecture of Surveillance System
			Decentralized Surveillance System Concept
			Decentralized Surveillance Systems with Edge TPU
				Algorithm of Searching Cells with Motion Detection
				Face Detection
			3-Tier Decentralized Surveillance Systems
			Surveillance Systems Integration into ERP
		Conclusions
		References
	25 User Interfaces in Smart Cities
		Introduction
			A Day in a Smart City
			How to Read This Chapter
			IoT, ICT, and a System of Systems
		Characteristics of a Smart City
			Public Utilities
			Mobility
				Public
				Private
			Health and Safety
				Health
				Public Safety Services
			Communication and Amber Alert
			Quality of Life
				Playful
				Social
		People of a Smart City
			Tech Literacy
			Ability
			Local Versus Global
				Local
				Global
			Resident Versus Government
				Resident
				Government
			Work Versus Leisure
				Work
				Leisure
		Interface Trends for Smart Cities
			Tangible User Interfaces (TUI)
				Tactile Internet Systems
				Urban Interaction Using TUI
					Health/Global/Residents
				Geospatial Tangible Urban Planning
					Local/City Planning
				Participative Design
				Tangible Interfaces for Three-Dimensional Interaction
			Ambient Interfaces
				Ambient Intelligence
				Context-Aware Middleware for Ambient Intelligence
					Resident Employee
				The Smart Bus Stop
			In-Environment Interface (IEI)
				Environment-Dependent Interfaces
				Environment-Independent Interfaces
				Ambient Actuation Through ShapeBots
				Ambient Play
				Ambient Surveillance
				Ambient Intelligence in Healthcare
					Health/Ability/Residents
				Healthy Aging
				Virtual Humans and Agents for an Aging Population
			Environment Scale Interfaces
				Parks and Recreation
				Pervasive Games
				LiftTiles
				City as a Playground
				Digitally Enhanced Communal Spaces
			Mobile/Wearable
				Smartphone as a Data Collection Mechanism for Security Resident
					Government Concerns
					Digital Democracy
				Wearable Health Monitoring
				Social Wearables
				Co-creation Wearables
				Wearable Interfaces for Ubiquitous Gaming
			Extended Reality
				Augmented Reality
				Virtual Reality
			Material Based
				Sustainable Interfaces
				Everyday Objects
				Smart Material Interfaces
			Data Representation and Physicalization
				Healthcare Applications
					Resident Engagement and Resident Participation
					Government and Professionals
				Nanotechnology for Health and Smart Cities
		Conclusion
		References
	26 Vehicular Network Systems in Smart Cities
		Introduction
		Vehicular System Layered Architecture
			Development Environment for Vehicular Networks
		Vehicular WSN and WDSN System
			VANETs
		Vehicular Communication
			IPv6
			Wave
			Routing
				RPL
		Network Technologies for Enabling Vehicular Communication in a Smart City
			Network Classes
			Short-Range Technologies
			Long-Range Technologies
		Security in Vehicular Networks
		Vehicular Networking Applications
		Challenges
		Conclusions
		References
	27 How Technology Makes a Difference: Digital, Agile, and Design Thinking
		Introduction
			Where Technology Provides Lot of Opportunities
			Where Technology Makes a Difference
			How Technology Connects with Cities
			What Are the Keys to Unlock Digital Transformation
		IoT
			Why There Is a Tremendous Growth in IoT
			Why There Is an Acceleration of IoT (Especially in the Last Few Years)
			Why IoT Has a Bright Future Ahead
			IoT Means
			How Does IoT Works
			Differences Between ToI, M2M, and IoE
			How to Manages the Environment
				How to Builds an Eco-Friendly Environment
			Applications of IoT in Different Industries
			How Is IoT Technology Classified Into
			How Should Be Enable IoT Growth
			IoT Are Achievable in the Near Future
			Growth of the Global IoT Market Over the Years and Expectations
			Role of Government and Regulatory Authorities
			Deployment and Adoption of IoT Will Be Different Across Geographical Regions
			Value Chain: A New Ecosystem
		Data Collection
			Market Opportunities
			Gartner Recommendation: Top 10 Technology Trends in Data and Analytics
			Top 10 Digital Transformation Trends for Australia and New Zealand by IDC
		Strategy
			Why Digital Strategy Is Very Important for Companies
			What Is Digital Transformation
			Which Type of Strategy and When
			One of the Hardest Things About Strategy
			Digital Strategy Is Not Equal to IT Strategy
			Is Digital Edge Different from Digital Automation
		Challenges
		Agile in Digital Transformation
			How Design Thinking Helps Digital Transformation with Five Steps
		Conclusion
		References
	28 Building Smart City Solutions with Focus on Health Care and GDPR
		Introduction
		Source of Data
			Simplex and Complex Data Sources
			Process of Data Collection
			Data Publish Cycles and Thresholds
			Data Model and Converters
			Private and Public Data Solutions
		Anonymization of the User Data
			Anonymization Process
			Data Mining Capabilities Over Anonymized Data
			Geolocation Data Anonymization
		Extensibility of the Architecture
			Microservice Architecture
			Scalability
			Continuous Integration
			Event Communication via Webhooks
		Extend a Smart City with a Smart Health Care Solution
			Med-i-hub System
			Med-i-hub Sensor Layer
			Med-i-hub Service Layer
			Data Storage
			HL7 Standard and FHIR Support in Med-i-hub System
			Smart Personal Assistant
			Measurement Data Classification
			The Role of the Med-i-hub System in the Smart City Ecosystem
		Conclusion
		References
	29 Smart Mobility Ontology: Current Trends and Future Directions
		Introduction
		Ontology Components
		Ontology Classification
		Ontology Developing Approaches
			Direction of Taxonomy Hierarchy
			Source Type of Ontology
				Text Documents
				Schemata
		Ontology Languages
			RDF Language
			OWL Language
		Ontology Design Procedure
		Mobility Ontologies
			Foundation Ontologies
				Geospatial Ontology
				Time Ontology
				Weather Ontology
				Units of Measure
				Change
				Household and Dwelling Ontology
				Organization Ontology
				Stakeholder Ontology
				Trip
			Transportation Physical Network Ontologies
				Road Transportation Network
				Railway Transportation Network
				Cycling and Pedestrian Network
				Transit System
				Freight Transportation System
				Road Service Area
		Future Directions in Smart Mobility Ontology
			Mobility Sensors
			MaaS
			Autonomous Robotics
			Connected Roadways and Internet of Vehicles Technologies
		Conclusion
		References
Part VI: Data Dimension
	30 Towards Autonomous Knowledge Creation from Big Data in Smart Cities
		Introduction
		Big Data in Smart Cities
		Smart Cities and Big Data Challenges
		The Vision of (Autonomous) Knowledge Creation
		Example Scenarios
			Anomaly Detection
			Activity Recognition
			Remaining Useful Life and Survivability
		Desired Solution Properties
		Wisdom of the Crowd Framework
		Examples and Results
			Fault Detection and Failure Prediction for a Fleet of City Buses
			Transfer Learned Knowledge Across Diverse Fleets
			SAFARI Framework for District Heating
		Outlook and Conclusions
		References
	31 Interoperability Effect in Big Data
		Introduction
		Characterizing Data
			Data in Vs
			Data Structure
		Characterizing Interactions
			Smart Applications and Urban Computing
			Integration, Interoperability, and Coupling
			Application Interactions in Big Data Contexts
		Interoperability Frameworks
			The NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework
			A Layered Interoperability Framework
		Big Data Standards
		Where Should Be Interoperability Headed?
		Conclusion
		References
	32 Data Protection and Smart Cities
		Introduction
		From Privacy To Data Protection
		Territorial Scope of The General Data Protection Regulation
		General Data Protection Regulation
			What Is An EU Regulation?
			Structure of the Regulation
			Definition of Personal Data and Processing of Personal Data
			Choosing the Basis for Processing in the Context of Smart Cities
			Rights of the Data Subject
			Smart City Service Provider or Equipment Vendor as a Potential Controller or Processor
			Data Protection Impact Assessment
			Designation of the Data Protection Officer
		Smart City, IoT, and Privacy
			Compliance: Where Do We Start?
		Conclusion
		References
	33 Multitier Intelligent Computing and Storage for IoT Sensor Data
		Introduction
			Applicability Use Cases
				Healthcare and Telemedicine
				Public Safety and Disaster Response
				Smart Transportation
				Smart Gardening
			Multitier Reference Framework for IoT Data Processing in Smart Cities
		Computing Continuum for IoT Data
			Cloud Computing
			Regional Cloud Computing
			Edge/Fog Computing
			Virtualization Techniques
				Pre-virtualization
				Hypervisor-Based Virtualization
				System-Based Containerization
				Application-Based Containerization
		Intelligence for Smart Cities
			Supervision in Machine Learning
				Supervised Learning
				Unsupervised Learning
				Reinforcement Learning
				Training in Machine Learning
				Online Training
				Offline Training
			Generalization in Learning
				Instance-Based Learning
				Model-Based Learning Reinforcement Learning
			Federated Learning
			Deep Learning
			Learning in Different Tiers
				Healthcare
				RoboNet
				Federated Learning on Multiple Tiers
				Intelligent Drones
		Data Management and Storage
			Data Acquisition
				Unified Access Platform
				Bluetooth Low Energy
			Multitier Storage
				Device Tier
				Fog Tier
					Mashups
					Data Analytics on Fog-Stored Data
				Cloud Tier
				Topic-Based IoT Storage
		IoT Data Security in Motion and at Rest
		Conclusion
		References
	34 Deep Learning for LiDAR-Based Autonomous Vehicles in Smart Cities
		Introduction
		Deep Learning for Object Detection
			What Is Deep Learning?
			Convolutional Neural Networks
			What Is Object Detection?
			Training a CNN for Object Detection
				Supervised Learning
				Unsupervised Learning
				Reinforcement Learning
				Transfer Learning
				Data Augmentation
			Inference at the Edge
		LiDAR in Autonomous Vehicles
			Sensor Types in Autonomous Vehicles
				Cameras
				Radar
				Ultrasonic
				LiDAR
			LiDAR Fundamentals
			LiDAR´s Relevance in Industry
			LiDAR and Deep Learning for Autonomous Vehicles
			Autonomous Vehicles in the Smart City Ecosystem
			LiDAR for Pedestrian Detection
		Case Study: Creating a Deep Learning Model for LiDAR-Based Inference
			LiDAR Selection
			Parsing and Visualization
			Sample Data and Labeling
			Preprocessing
			CNN Selection
			Dataset Creation and Labeling
			Training
			System and Performance
			Analysis
		Conclusion
		Future Research Directions
		References
Part VII: Institutions Dimension
	35 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Governments, Institutions, Businesses, and the Public Within a Smart City Context
		Introduction
		Smart Cities: Promises from Business
		Smart Cities: The Publics Role and Citizenship
		Business and CSR Responsibility
			CSR: A Single Organizational View
			CSR: As Multi-Stakeholder Engagement
		Meeting Community and Business Expectations
		Conclusion
		References
	36 Social Emergence, Cornerstone of Smart City Governance as a Complex Citizen-Centric System
		Introduction
		The Smart City: A Collection of Smarties or a System?
		How Smart Were the Cities of the Past?
		Cities as Far from Equilibrium Adaptive Systems
		What Makes a City Smart?
		Why Do We Need Strong Citizen-Based Interactions Within the Urban System?
		Rethinking the Smart City Concept from the Perspective of Citizens´ Bottom-Up Involvement: The Cases of Barcelona (Spain) and ...
			The Case of Barcelona: Decidim.Barcelona
			The Case of Medellín: ``City for Life´´
		Social Emergence as a Proposed Lens for a Finer Grained Understanding of How Bottom-Up Dynamics Within Smart Cities Initiate a...
		The Generative Emergence Model, as a Promising Way to Study Processes of Emergence in Socially Smart Communities
		Conclusion
		References
	37 Exploiting Big Data for Smart Government: Facing the Challenges
		Introduction
		Big Data: Views and Usage
			Existing Views on Big Data
			Issues when Using Big Data
		A Discerning Definition of BD
			Databases
			Inductive Reasoning
			Models
			In Summary
		Challenges of Using Big Data in Practice
			Data Quality Issues
			Evolving Semantics
			System Realities
			Statistical Truths
		Towards a Framework for Responsible Use of Big Data
			Achieving Transparency
			Dealing with Uncertainty
			Illustrative Examples
		Conclusion and Future Research
		References
Part VIII: Smart Cities Infrastructure Ecosystem
	38 Feeding a Smart City
		Introduction
		A Brief History of Urbanization
		Agricultural Revolutions
			Agriculture 1.0
			Agriculture 2.0
			Agriculture 3.0
			Agriculture 4.0
		Food and Employment
		Food Regulation, Fraud, and Deception
		Food and Religion
			Judaism: Kosher
			Christianity
			Muslim: Halal
			Hinduism
			Sikhism
			Buddhism
			Quakers
			Amish
		Subsidies
		Monoculture
		Retail Practice, Shelf Life, Dates, and Food Processing
			Shelf Life
			Retail Practice
			Processing of Food
			Preserving Food
		Meat
			Extending the Shelf Life of Meat
			Sheep/Lamb/Mutton
			Cow/Beef
			Pig: Pork, Ham, and Sausages
			Blood and Offal (Internal Organs)
			Alternatives: Bison, Camel, Deer (Venison), Goats, and Kangaroo
			Poultry
		More Than Food
		Fish
		Milk and Dairy Products
			Milk Consumption Around the World
			Nutritional Value of Milk
			Dairy Products
			Initial Milk Processing
			Beyond Pasteurization
		Eggs
			Egg Regulation
			Egg Preservation
		Plant Based Foods: Varieties and Genetics
			Legumes
			Brassicas
			Genetics
		Seeds, Grains, Nuts, and Bread
			Seeds as Food
			Culinary Nuts
			Bread
		Animal Feed
			Grass
			Grain as Animal Feed
		Food Security, Continuity, and Transparency of Supply
			Endangered Crops
		Vitamins, Allergies, Intolerances, and Deficiencies
			Vitamins and Dietary Supplements
		Plastics, Carbon, and the Future of Local Food
			The New Local
		Conclusion
		References
	39 IoT and Blockchain-Based Smart Agri-food Supply Chains
		Introduction
		Literature Review
		The Architecture of Smart Agri-food Supply Chains
			The IoT Architecture and Communications
				RFID
				LoRa
				MQTT
			The Key Components of Blockchain
				Merkle Tree
				Timestamp
				Asymmetric Cryptography
				Consensus Mechanism
				Smart Contract
			Key Data Flows
				Product Flow
				Information Flow
				Finance Flow
			Practical Applications
				The Quality Assurance and Traceability of Agricultural Products
				E-commerce of Agricultural Products
				Credit Issues in Transactions of Agricultural Products
				Agricultural Insurance
				IBM Watson IoT and Blockchain Platform
				Ant Group: A Pioneer of the Blockchain-Enabled Supply Chain in China
		Challenges of Blockchain-Based Smart Agri-food Supply Chains
			Legal Provisions Lag Behind Blockchain´s Evolution
			The Cost of Devices and Maintenance
			Security Concerns
			Storage, Throughput, and Velocity
		Conclusion
		References
	40 A Primer on Smart Contracts and Blockchains for Smart Cities
		Introduction
		Blockchain
			Blockchain Networks
			Consensus Algorithms
			Consensus in Permissioned and Permissionless Networks
			Hyperledger
			Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS) Offering
			Bitcoin
			Ethereum
			Corda
			Iota
			Developer Tools and Environments
				Platform and Tools
				Programming Languages
			Popular Use Cases of Blockchain
		Smart Contracts
			Endorsement Phase
			Validation
			Calculating the Importance of a Smart Contract
			Use Cases
			Writing Smart Contracts
				Using Basic Data Types
			Smart Contract Functions
				Add a New Service
		Discussion
			Pitfalls
			Challenges
			Advantages and Disadvantages of Smart Contracts
		Conclusion
		References
	41 Technology-Led Disruptions and Innovations: The Trends Transforming Urban Mobility
		Introduction
		Global Transport Challenges
			Rapid Urban Population Growth
			Road Safety
			Traffic Congestion
			Ageing Infrastructure
			Environmental Emissions
			Transport Systems Resilience
			Transport Energy Provision
			Climate Change
			Public Health and Pandemics
			City Logistics and Urban Supply Chains
		Limitations of Traditional Approaches
			Emerging Trends
		Technology-Led Opportunities and Innovations
			Smart Cities: Context and Definitions
			Early Developments in Intelligent Transport Systems
				Advanced Traffic Management Systems
				Advanced Traveler Information Systems
				Advanced Vehicle Control Systems
		Disruptive Mobility
			Self-Driving Technologies
				Levels of Vehicle Automation
				Self-Driving Algorithms: The Key Differentiator
				The Promise of Automated Vehicles: The Moral Imperative
			Vehicle Electrification
				Changing Consumer Attitudes
				Broader Access to Charging Infrastructure
				Stricter Regulatory Policies
			Blockchain
			Internet of Things
			Mobile, Cloud and Fog Computation
			The Sharing Economy and Collaborative Mobility
				Autonomous on-Demand Shared Mobility Opportunities
			Artificial Intelligence
		Crowd Sourcing, Urban Sensing, and Smart City Logistics
			Impact of Technology on Freight and Logistics Services
		Benefits of Technology-Driven Transport Solutions
		Conclusion
		References
	42 Advances on Urban Mobility Using Innovative Data-Driven Models
		Introduction
		Data Acquisition
			Use Case: Curitiba, Brazil
		Complex Networks
			Application to Public Transportation Systems
		Link Streams
			Background on Link Streams
			Methodology
			Use Case: Curitiba, Brazil
		Origin/Destination Matrix Estimation
			Application to Public Transportation Systems
			Application to Private Transportation Systems
		Triple Helix Model
			Use Case: Curitiba, Brazil
		Conclusion and Future Research
		References
	43 Towards Interoperability of Data Platforms for Smart Cities
		Introduction
		Relevant Concepts and Research Approach
			Smart City
			Data Platform
			Interoperability
			Methodology
		Smart City Examples from Practice
			Smart City in Santander
			Smart City in Munich
		Dismantling Interoperability for Smart City Data Platforms
		A Mix of Approaches Allows for Omitting Known Pitfalls
		Analyzing Examples from Practice
			Santander
			Munich
		Conclusion and Key Takeaways
		References
	44 Future Urban Smartness: Connectivity Zones with Disposable Identities
		Introduction
		Part 1: Limits of Smartness
		Part 2: Zones of Connectivity
			Cold Spots
				Properties of Cold Spots
					Proximity Unplugged
					Ambient Privacy
					Wilderness
					Trust
					Unprogrammability
					Playfulness
				Value Proposition
				The Park
				The Trust Framework
				Art for SmArt
			Hot Spots
				The Cruise and Passenger Ships Hybrid-Spots
		Part Three: Disposable Identities
		Conclusion
		References
	45 Problem-Driven and Technology-Enabled Solutions for Safer Communities
		Introduction
		Philosophy: Public and Open-Source, Privacy Compliance, and Community Consultation
		Deployment of a Regional, Open, and Free-to-Use LoRaWAN Network
			LoRaWAN Network Topology and Deployment in the Illawarra
		Design of an Interoperable IoT Architecture
		AIoT and Edge Computing for Early Warning Systems
			Culvert Blockage Detection
			Estuaries and Lagoon Management
		Environmental Monitoring: Quality Watch, Pollution Stop, and iOyster
			Gross Pollutant Traps Monitor
			Water Quality Monitor
			Low-Cost (Physicochemical) Sensing of Water Quality
			Conclusion and Future Work
		Live Data Informing Simulation: FloodAware
			GAMA Platform
			Modeling Flooding Events
			The FloodAware Model
			Algorithms
				Optimization of Rainfall
				Flow Method
			Data
			Calibration
			Future Work and Integrations
		Conclusion
		References
	46 Crowdsourcing for Smart Cities That Realizes the Situation of Cities and Information Sharing
		Introduction
		Background
			Smart Cities and Cyber-Physical Systems
			Sensing and Monitoring of Situations in Town
				Environmental Statuses
				Human Activities
			Crowdsourcing
		Model of CPS with Crowdsourced Mobile Sensing
			Service Platform
			Mobile Applications for End Users
			Applications for Civil Administration
		Case Study 1: Collecting Traffic and Road Conditions with Crowdsourced Drive Recording App
			Purpose
			``Drive around-the-corner´´: A Drive Recorder Application
				Map with Event Information
				Posting Event
				Settings
			Sensing Functions
				User Data
				Onboard Location and Motion Sensors
				Movies
			Website
			An Example
			Survey
			Analyzing Road Surface Conditions
				Feature Extraction and Selection
				Classification
				Experimental Results and Discussion
		Case Study 2: Collecting Traffic and Service Status of Public Transportation with Crowdsourced Mobile App
			Methodology
			Beacons
				Onboard Beacon
				Beacon at the Bus Stop
			Mobile Application
				User Functions
				Logging Functions
			Scenario 1: Grasping Bus Location and Estimating Arrival Time
			Scenario 2: Grasping Waiting Passengers at the Bus Stop
			Scenario 3: Notifying Getting On/Off
			Discussions
				Cost
				Accuracy
					Acquired Data
					Service Quality
					Evaluation Index
					Data Blank
					Target Route
				Results
		Case Study 3: Collecting the Atmosphere in Town with Social Service App
			Nicott: An LBS for Explorers in Town
			Service Description
			User Functions
				Event Information
				Sharing Posted Contents
				Posting Content
				Map
			Sensing Functions
				User Data
				Onboard Location and Motion Sensors
				Facial Feature Points
			Experiment
				Subjects
				Creating Training Data Set
				Classifying Facial Expressions
		Conclusion
		References
	47 Layer-Based Reference Model for Smart City Implementation
		Introduction
			Small Cities and Rural Communities
			Lighthouse Smart Cities and Challenges of Small Cities
		Layer-Based Reference Model for Smart City Implementation
			Technology Layer (TL)
			Service Layer (SL)
			Business Layer (BL)
		Smart City Shaping Selection Process
		Application of the Smart City Shaping Selection Process
			Shared Usage of Renewable Energy
			Pollution of the Environment
			Enhanced Mobility for Cars, Bikes, and Pedestrians
			Intelligent Public and Shared Buildings
		Conclusion
		References
Part IX: Ethical Challenges
	48 ``Eyes and Ears´´: Surveillance in the Indian Smart City
		Introduction
		Technologies and Data in the Smart City
			Data Collection Tools
			Data Collection and Utilization
			Governance and Technocratic Firms
			Emerging Smart Cities in the Global South
		The Indian Case
			Introduction to India´s Smart Cities Mission
			Surveillance Technologies in India´s Smart Cities
			The Legal Framework of Data Privacy in India
				The Srikrishna Expert Committee Report
				The Personal Data Protection Bill (2019)
		Discussion
			Absence of Guidelines, Policy, and Legislation
			Data Accountability, Security, and Privacy
			Big Data and Corporations: Public Data, Private Profit?
			Policing, Monitoring, and Community Targeting
		Conclusion
		References
	49 Reclaiming the Smart City: Toward a New Right to the City
		Introduction
		Ethical Issues of Smart Cities for Citizens
		Lefebvre´s Right to the City
		Contemporary Lenses to the Smart City
		The Right to the Smart City
		Conclusion and Reflection
		References
	50 Application of the General Data Protection Regulation for Social Robots in Smart Cities
		Introduction
		Development of the EU GDPR and Its Effects on Citizens of Smart Cities
		Technological Developments and New Data Protection Challenges
		Legal Issues of Social Robots in Smart Homes
		Case Study Analysis: Social Robots for Smart Citizens
		Conclusions
		References
			Web Links
			Court Cases
Part X: Bottle Necks and Potential Enablers
	51 Optimization Problems Under Uncertainty in Smart Cities
		Introduction
		Optimization in Smart Cities
			Location/Allocation of Urban Services
			IoT and Opportunistic IoT (oIoT)
				OMAs and oIoT Development
				Jointly Exploiting OMAs and oIoT
			Routing Problems in Smart Cities
			Comparative Analysis of OMAs with Alternative Approaches
		Decision-Making Under Uncertainty
			Sources of Uncertainty
			Optimization Paradigms for Decision-Making Under Uncertainty
				Robust Optimization (RO)
				Stochastic Programming (SP)
			Multistage SP Embedding Discrete Choice Problems (msSPDC)
			Does Uncertainty Complicate the Problems?
			Does Uncertainty Matter?
		An Innovative Extreme Value Theory-Based Deterministic Approximation Approach (EVTDA)
			Assumptions
			The EVTDA for msSPDC Problems
		The EVTDA in Practice
			Applicability of the EVTDA
			Parameters´ Calibration
			Results Obtained from the EVTDA Applications in Smart Cities´ Problems
		Conclusions
		References
	52 Information Technology Macro Trends Impacts on Cities: Guidelines for Urban Planners
		Introduction
		Innovation and Cities
		Basic Technology Concepts
		Information Systems
			Information Systems Services
			Service Requirements
		Regulation
		Opportunities, Recommendations, and Challenges
			Recommendations
			Specific Recommendations
			Challenges
			Examples of Approaches for Solving Challenges
		Conclusion
		References
	53 Advanced Visualization of Neighborhood Carbon Metrics Using Virtual Reality: Improving Stakeholder Engagement
		Introduction
			Background
		Background
			ZEN Definitions, ZEN KPIs, ZEN Pilot Project, and Stakeholder Participation
				Tools for Stakeholder Participation
				ZEN Definition and ZEN Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
				ZEN Pilot Project
			Advanced Visualization for ZEN Carbon Metrics
				Concept for the ZEN Toolbox
				Virtual Reality
		Method
			Research Method
			Data Source and LCA Method
				Building LCA Database-Tool (bLCAd-Tool)
			User Study and Questionnaire
			VR Visualization of Buildings BIM Files and GHG Emissions
			Technical Details
				Technology
				Software Architecture and Code
				Event-Driven Programming
				3D Model
				System Interaction
		Results
			Virtual Reality Application Overview
				Full View
				ZEN View
				ZEB View
			Results of User Tests and Questionnaires
		Conclusions and Discussion
		Further Work
		Appendix 1 ZEN Assessment Criteria and Key Performance Indicators (Wiik et al. 2018a, 2019)
		Appendix 2 ERD of the bLCAd-tool 3 (Løvhaug and Mathisen 2019)
		Appendix 3 UML Diagram of ZENVR (Løvhaug and Mathisen 2019)
		Appendix 4 Request for Participation in Research Project (Løvhaug and Mathisen 2019)
		Appendix 5 Interview Guide (in Norwegian only) (Løvhaug and Mathisen 2019)
		References
	54 Smart City Needs a Smart Urban-Rural Interface: An Overview on Romanian Urban Transformations
		Introduction
		Towards a Smart Development of the Postsocialist Romanian Cities
			Cities´ Dynamics During the Postsocialist Period
			Spatial Reverberation of the Urban Changes on Urban-Rural Interface
			Assessing of the Main Smart Results in the Current Urban Development
		Defining a Smart Urban-Rural Interface in the Postsocialist Romania
		Overview on the Dynamics of Postsocialist Cities and Their Urban-Rural Interfaces
		Current Challenges of Cities and Urban-Rural Interfaces Accelerating Their Smart Development
			Fundamental Role of Public Administration
			Need of an Integrated Metropolitan Governance
			Implications for Re-thinking Integrated Urban-Rural Planning
		Conclusions
		References
	55 Journeys in the Age of Smart Cities: Some Fresh Perspectives
		Introduction
			Imagination Journeys
			Introduction
			Stories as Vehicles of the Imagination
			Frameworks for the Imagination Journey
			The Creative Innovation Development Process
			A Smart City Application
			Reflecting on the Journey
			Entrepreneurial Journeys
			The Age of Intelligence-Assisted Entrepreneurs
			A Tale of Smart and Anti-smart Cities
			Final Thoughts
			Social Design Journeys with Future Customers
			Cities as Complex Ecosystems
			Social Design and Future Customers
			Small-Scale Ecology Reactions on Large-Scale Challenges
			Memory Journeys
			Memory, Emotion, and Life
			Current Research
			Speculative Thoughts
			Final Thoughts
			Educational Journeys
			Learning Experiences as Journeys
			Example of Learning Journey Design in K-12 and Higher Education
			The Future of Learning
			Artificial Intelligence
			Background
			Smart Cities as Multidimensional Navigable Spaces
			Smart City Data
			Artificial Intelligence Solutions for Smart Cites
			Final Thoughts
			Internet of Things
			Background
			Challenges and Solutions
			Final Thoughts
			Wearables
			Where We Are Now
			An Illustrative Example of Current Research
			Signposting the Future
			Final Reflections
			Smart Transport
			Physical Journeys
			Autonomous Systems
			Vehicle Communication and Security
			Challenges
			Final Thoughts
			Digital Twins
			A Vision for the Future
			Digital Twins
			Future Directions and Challenges
			Final Thoughts
		Conclusion
		References
	56 Openness: A Key Factor for Smart Cities
		Introduction
		Openness and Smart Cities
			Related Work
			Defining Openness for Smart Cities
		Dimensions: Transparency, Participation, Collaboration
			Transparency
			Participation
			Collaboration
		Intersections: Deep Participation, Citizen-Centric Services, Analytical Methods, and Tools
			Deep Participation
			Citizen-Centric Services
			Analytical Methods and Tools
		Implementing Openness: Some Examples
			Deep Participation: Place and City Tool
			Citizen-Centric Services: Open Data Portals
			Analytical Methods and Tools: Participatory Air Quality Sensing
			The Open City Toolkit (OCT)
		Discussion
			Digital Sovereignty
			Balancing Interests
			Harvesting Synergies
		Conclusion
		References
	57 The Importance of Creative Practices in Designing More-Than-Human Cities
		Introduction
		A Brief History of City Visions
			Resolving Tensions through Participatory Processes
			New Methods for More-Than-Human Cities
		Creativity, Creative Practice and Arts-Based Methods
			Creativity in City Visions
			Creative Practice in City Design
			Arts-Based Methods in Practice
			Empowering Youth to Express their Lived Experience
			Designing Future Personas as Voice for the Voiceless
		Conclusions
		References
	58 Influence of Smart Cities Sustainability on Citizen´s Quality of Life
		Introduction
		Smart Sustainable Cities and the Quality of Life in Smart Cities
		Data and Method
			Sample Selection
			Research Methodology
		Analysis of Results
			Descriptive Statistics
			Hypotheses Testing
		Discussions and Conclusions
		References
Part XI: Closing Words
	59 Smart Cities: State of the Art and Future Challenges
		Introduction
		Part 1: Understanding the Basics and the Holistic Concept
		Part 2: Understanding Its Components
		Part 3 Understanding How to Evolve the Concept
		Concluding Remarks
		References
Index