Handbook of Road Safety Measures, Second Edition

The Handbook of Road Safety Measures: Second edition 
......Page 4
Copyright page
......Page 5
Contents
......Page 6
Preface
......Page 12
Part I: Introduction
......Page 14
1.1. Purpose of the Handbook of Road Safety Measures
......Page 16
1.2. Which questions does the book answer?
......Page 18
1.3. Structure of the book
......Page 19
1.4. Science and politics in road safety
......Page 21
2.1. Systematic literature search
......Page 28
2.3. Study classification
......Page 32
2.4. The use of meta-analysis to summarise study results
......Page 33
2.5. Does a weighted mean estimate of effect make sense?
......Page 38
2.6. Developing accident modification functions
......Page 43
2.7. Specification of accident or injury severity
......Page 45
2.8. Updated estimates of effect: Revision of the book
......Page 46
3.1. A simple conceptual framework
......Page 48
3.2. The scope of the road accident problem worldwide
......Page 50
3.3. Incomplete reporting in official road accident statistics
......Page 60
3.4. Exposure: Traffic volume
......Page 66
3.5. Accident rates for different types of exposure
......Page 69
3.6. The mixture of road users
......Page 70
3.7. A survey of some risk factors for accident involvement
......Page 72
3.8. A survey of risk factors for injury severity
......Page 80
3.9. Assessing the relative importance of risk factors
......Page 82
4.1. Random and systematic variation in accident counts
......Page 94
4.2. The use of accident rates to measure safety
......Page 99
4.3. Explaining road accidents - the concept of cause
......Page 100
4.4. Road accidents as a self-regulatory problem
......Page 106
5.2. Assessing study quality
......Page 112
5.3. The importance of study quality: Some illustrations
......Page 119
5.5. Can the findings of road safety evaluation studies be accounted for in theoretical terms?
......Page 126
6.1. An idealised model of the policy-making process
......Page 130
6.2. The applicability of cost-benefit analysis
......Page 132
6.3. Monetary valuation of road safety in different countries
......Page 137
6.4. Current monetary valuations of impacts of road safety measures in Norway
......Page 138
6.5. The preventability of road accident fatalities and injuries
......Page 140
6.6. Vision Zero
......Page 143
References......Page 144
PART II: Road Safety Measures
......Page 156
1.0. Introduction and overview of 20 measures
......Page 158
1.1. Cycle lanes and tracks
......Page 168
1.2. Motorways
......Page 177
1.3. Bypasses
......Page 182
1.4. Urban arterial roads
......Page 185
1.5. Channelisation of junctions
......Page 191
1.6. Roundabouts
......Page 198
1.7. Redesigning junctions
......Page 203
1.8. Staggered junctions (reconfiguring crossroads to two T-junctions)
......Page 208
1.9. Grade-separated junctions
......Page 212
1.10. Black spot treatment
......Page 219
1.11. Cross-section improvements
......Page 225
1.12. Roadside safety treatment
......Page 243
1.13. Improving road alignment and sight distance
......Page 246
1.14. Reconstruction and rehabilitation of roads
......Page 261
1.15. Guardrails and crash cushions
......Page 264
1.16. Game accident measures
......Page 271
1.17. Horizontal curve treatments
......Page 281
1.18. Road lighting
......Page 285
1.19. Improving tunnel safety
......Page 294
1.20. Rest stops and service areas
......Page 300
References......Page 302
2.0. Introduction and overview of nine measures
......Page 348
2.1. Resurfacing of roads
......Page 352
2.2. Treatment of unevenness and rut depth of the road surface
......Page 357
2.3. Improving road surface friction
......Page 361
2.4. Bright road surfaces
......Page 371
2.5. Landslide protection measures
......Page 373
2.6. Winter maintenance of roads
......Page 376
2.7. Winter maintenance of pavements, footpaths, cycle paths and other public areas
......Page 386
2.8. Correcting erroneous traffic signs
......Page 389
2.9. Traffic control at roadwork sites
......Page 393
References......Page 398
3.0. Introduction and overview of 22 measures
......Page 410
3.1. Area-wide traffic calming
......Page 416
3.2. Environmental streets
......Page 421
3.3. Pedestrian streets
......Page 425
3.4. Urban play streets
......Page 428
3.5. Access control
......Page 432
3.6. Priority control
......Page 436
3.7. Yield signs at junctions
......Page 440
3.8. Stop signs at junctions
......Page 443
3.9. Traffic signal control at junctions
......Page 446
3.10. Signalised pedestrian crossings
......Page 453
3.11. Speed limits
......Page 458
3.12. Speed-reducing devices
......Page 465
3.13. Road markings
......Page 471
3.14. Traffic control for pedestrians
......Page 480
3.15. Stopping and parking control
......Page 487
3.16. One-way streets
......Page 492
3.17. Reversible traffic lanes
......Page 494
3.18. Bus lanes and bus stop design
......Page 500
3.19. Dynamic route guidance
......Page 505
3.20. Variable message signs
......Page 508
3.21. Protecting railway-highway level crossings
......Page 512
3.22. Environmental zones
......Page 517
References......Page 520
4.0. Introduction and overview of 29 measures
......Page 556
4.1. Tyre tread depth
......Page 563
4.2. Studded tyres
......Page 567
4.3. Antilock braking systems and disc brakes
......Page 573
4.4. High-mounted stop lamps
......Page 577
4.5. Daytime running lights for cars
......Page 580
4.6. Daytime running lights for mopeds and motorcycles
......Page 584
4.7. Improving vehicle headlights
......Page 587
4.8. Reflective materials and protective clothing
......Page 595
4.9. Steering, suspension and vehicle stability
......Page 599
4.10. Bicycle helmets
......Page 604
4.11. Motorcycle helmets
......Page 609
4.12. Seat belts in cars
......Page 613
4.13. Child restraints
......Page 622
4.14. Airbags in cars
......Page 628
4.15. Seat belts in buses and trucks
......Page 637
4.16. Vehicle crashworthiness
......Page 640
4.17. Driving controls and instruments
......Page 648
4.18. Intelligent cruise control
......Page 652
4.19. Regulating vehicle mass (weight)
......Page 655
4.20. Regulating automobile engine capacity (motor power) and top speed
......Page 662
4.21.Regulating engine capacity (motor power) of mopeds and motorcycles
......Page 669
4.22. Under-run guards on heavy vehicles
......Page 674
4.23. Safety equipment on heavy vehicles
......Page 676
4.24. Moped and motorcycle equipment
......Page 681
4.25. Bicycle safety equipment
......Page 684
4.26. Safety standards for trailers and caravans
......Page 689
4.27. Fire safety standards
......Page 693
4.28. Hazardous goods regulations
......Page 695
4.29. Electronic stability control
......Page 700
References......Page 703
5.0. Introduction and overview of four measures
......Page 746
5.1. Vehicle safety standards
......Page 750
5.2. Periodic motor vehicle inspections
......Page 755
5.3. Roadside vehicle inspections
......Page 762
5.4. Garage regulation and inspections
......Page 766
References
......Page 768
6.0. Introduction and overview of 12 measures
......Page 772
6.1. Driving licence age limits
......Page 776
6.2. Health requirements for drivers
......Page 784
6.3. Driver performance standards
......Page 792
6.4. Basic driver training
......Page 798
6.5. The driving test
......Page 806
6.6. Training and testing of moped and motorcycle riders
......Page 810
6.7. Training and testing of professional drivers
......Page 815
6.8. Graduated driving licences (GDLs)
......Page 819
6.9. Motivation and incentive systems in the work place
......Page 828
6.10. Regulation of driving and rest hours
......Page 830
6.11. Safety standards for emergency driving
......Page 840
6.12. Safety standards for school transport
......Page 846
References......Page 852
7.0. Introduction and overview of three measures
......Page 872
7.1. Education of pre-school children (0-6 years)
......Page 875
7.2. Education in schools (6-18 years old)
......Page 878
7.3. Road user information and campaigns
......Page 880
References......Page 886
8.0. Introduction and overview of 13 measures
......Page 892
8.1. Stationary and manual speed enforcement
......Page 898
8.2. Automatic speed enforcement: Speed cameras
......Page 902
8.3. Seat belt enforcement
......Page 906
8.4. Patrolling
......Page 912
8.5. Red-light cameras
......Page 915
8.6. Demerit point systems and licence suspension
......Page 920
8.7. Fixed penalties
......Page 926
8.8. DUI legislation
......Page 929
8.9. DUI enforcement
......Page 943
8.10. Restrictions for DUI-convicted drivers
......Page 948
8.11. Treatment of DUI-convicted drivers
......Page 954
8.12. Fines and imprisonment
......Page 958
8.13. Motor vehicle insurance
......Page 962
References......Page 968
9.0. Introduction and overview of three measures
......Page 994
9.1. Emergency medical services
......Page 996
9.2. Rescue helicopters
......Page 1003
9.3. Automatic crash notification
......Page 1007
References......Page 1011
10.0. Introduction and overview of 13 measures
......Page 1018
10.1. Organisational measures
......Page 1025
10.2. Information for decision-makers
......Page 1030
10.3. Quantified road safety targets and road safety programmes
......Page 1033
10.4. Safe community programmes
......Page 1036
10.5. Exposure control
......Page 1039
10.6. Land use plans (urban and regional planning)
......Page 1044
10.7. Road plans and road construction
......Page 1052
10.8. Road safety audits and inspections
......Page 1056
10.9. Motor vehicle taxation
......Page 1061
10.10. Road pricing
......Page 1066
10.11. Changes in the modal split of travel
......Page 1074
10.12. Road traffic legislation
......Page 1082
10.13. Regulating commercial transport
......Page 1088
References......Page 1092
PART III: Vocabulary and Index
......Page 1106
Definitions of Technical Terms......Page 1108
List of abbreviations......Page 1128
Subject Index......Page 1130