Handbook of Road Ecology

Content: Notes on contributors ix    Foreword xx Richard T. T. Forman    Preface xxii    About the companion website xxiv    1 The ecological effects of linear infrastructure and traffic: Challenges and opportunities of rapid global growth 1 Rodney van der Ree, Daniel J. Smith and Clara Grilo    2 Bad roads, good roads 10 William F. Laurance    3 Why keep areas road  ]free? The importance of roadless areas 16 Nuria Selva, Adam Switalski, Stefan Kreft and Pierre L. Ibisch    4 Incorporating biodiversity issues into road design: The road agency perspective 27 Kevin Roberts and Anders Sjolund    5 Improving environmental impact assessment and road planning at the landscape scale 32 Jochen A. G. Jaeger    6 What transportation agencies need in environmental impact assessments and other reports to minimise ecological impacts 43 Josie Stokes    7 Principles underpinning biodiversity offsets and guidance on their use 51 Yung En Chee    8 Construction of roads and wildlife mitigation measures: Pitfalls and opportunities 60 Cameron Weller    9 Ensuring the completed road project is designed, built and operated as intended 65 Rodney van der Ree, Stephen Tonjes and Cameron Weller    10 Good science and experimentation are needed in road ecology 71 Rodney van der Ree, Jochen A. G. Jaeger, Trina Rytwinski and Edgar A. van der    Grift    11 Field methods to evaluate the impacts of roads on wildlife 82 Daniel J. Smith and Rodney van der Ree    12 Case study: A robust method to obtain defendable data on wildlife mortality 96 Eric Guinard, Roger Prodon and Christophe Barbraud    13 Road   wildlife mitigation planning can be improved by identifying the patterns and processes associated with wildlife   vehicle collisions 101 Kari Gunson and Fernanda Zimmermann Teixeira    14 Incorporating landscape genetics into road ecology 110 Paul Sunnucks and Niko Balkenhol    15 Guidelines for evaluating use of wildlife crossing structures 119 Edgar A. van der Grift and Rodney van der Ree    16 Guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of road mitigation measures 129 Edgar A. van der Grift, Rodney van der Ree and Jochen A. G. Jaeger    17 How to maintain safe and effective mitigation measures 138 Rodney van der Ree and Stephen Tonjes    18 Understanding and mitigating the negative effects of road lighting on ecosystems 143 Bradley F. Blackwell, Travis L. DeVault and Thomas W. Seamans    19 Ecological impacts of road noise and options for mitigation 151 Kirsten M. Parris    20 Fencing: A valuable tool for reducing wildlife   vehicle collisions and funneling fauna to crossing structures 159 Rodney van der Ree, Jeffrey W. Gagnon and Daniel J. Smith    21 Wildlife crossing structures: An effective strategy to restore or maintain wildlife connectivity across roads 172 Daniel J. Smith, Rodney van der Ree and Carme Rosell    22 Recreational co  ]use of wildlife crossing structures 184 Rodney van der Ree and Edgar A. van der Grift    23 Predator   prey interactions at wildlife crossing structures: Between myth and reality 190 Cristina Mata, Robert a Bencini, Brian K. Chambers and Juan E. Malo    24 Wildlife warning signs and animal detection systems aimed at reducing wildlife   vehicle collisions 198 Marcel P. Huijser, Christa Mosler  ]Berger, Mattias Olsson and Mart in Strein    25 Use of reflectors and auditory deterrents to prevent wildlife   vehicle collisions 213 Gino D   Angelo and Rodney van der Ree    26 Ecological effects of railways on wildlife 219 Benjamin Dorsey, Mattias Olsson and Lisa J. Rew    27 Impacts of utility and other industrial linear corridors on wildlife 228 A. David M. Latham and Stan Boutin    28 The impacts of roads and traffic on terrestrial animal populations 237 Trina Rytwinski and Lenore Fahrig    29 Insects, snails and spiders: The role of invertebrates in road ecology 247 Heinrich Reck and Rodney van der Ree    30 Case study: Protecting Christmas Island   s iconic red crabs from vehicles 258 Rob Muller and Mike Misso    31 Making a safe leap forward: Mitigating road impacts on amphibians 261 Andrew Hamer, Thomas E. S. Langton and David Lesbarreres    32 Reptiles: Overlooked but often at risk from roads 271 Kimberly M. Andrews, Tom A. Langen and Richard P. J. H. Struijk    33 Flight doesn   t solve everything: Mitigation of road impacts on birds 281 Angela Kociolek, Clara Grilo and Sandra Jacobson    34 Bats and roads 290 Isobel M. Abbott, Anna Bert hinussen, Emma Stone, Martijn Boonman, Markus Melber and John Altringham    35 Carnivores: Struggling for survival in roaded landscapes 300 Clara Grilo, Daniel J. Smith and Nina Klar    36 Case study: Roads and jaguars in the Mayan forests 313 Eugenia Pallares, Carlos Manterola, Dalia A. Conde and Fernando Colchero    37 Case study: Finding the middle road     grounded approaches to mitigate highway impacts in tiger reserves 317 Sanjay Gubbi    38 Case study: African wild dogs and the fragmentation menace 322 Brendan Whittington  ]Jones and Harriet Davies  ]Mostert    39 Roads, traffic and verges: Big problems and big opportunities for small mammals 325 Fernando Ascensao, Scott LaPoint and Rodney van der Ree    40 Reducing road impacts on tree  ]dwelling animals 334 Kylie Soanes and Rodney van der Ree    41 Case study: Canopy bridges for primate conservation 341 Andrea Donaldson and Pamela Cunneyworth    42 Transportation and large herbivores 344 Patricia Cramer, Mattias Olsson, Michelle E. Gadd, Rodney van der Ree and Leonard E. Sielecki    43 Case study: The Mount Kenya elephant corridor and underpass 353 Susie Weeks    44 Form and function: A more natural approach to infrastructure, fish and stream habitats 357 Paul J. Wagner    45 Solutions to the impacts of roads and other barriers on fish and fish habitat 364 Fabrice Ottburg and Matt Blank    46 The function and management of roadside vegetation 373 Suzanne J. Milton, W. Richard J. Dean, Leonard E. Sielecki and Rodney van der Ree    47 Roads in the arid lands: Issues, challenges and potential solutions 382 Enhua Lee, David B. Croft and Tamar Achiron  ]Frumkin    48 Road ecology in an urbanising world 391 Darryl Jones, Hans Bekker and Rodney van der Ree    49 Tropical ecosystem vulnerability and climatic conditions: Particular challenges for road planning, construction and maintenance 397 Miriam Goosem    50 The influence of economics, politics and environment on road ecology in South America 407 Alex Bager, Carlos E. Borg hi and Helio Secco    51 Highway construction as a force in the destruction of the Amazon forest 414 Philip M. Fearnside    52 Road ecology in South India: Issues and mitigation opportunities 425 K. S. Seshadri and T. Ganesh    53 Planning roads through sensitive Asian landscapes: Regulatory issues, ecological implications and challenges for decision  ]making 430 Asha Rajvanshi and Vinod B. Mathur    54 Setjhaba SA, South Afrika: A South African perspective of an emerging transport infrastructure 439 Wendy Collinson, Dan Parker, Claire Patterson  ]Abrolat, Graham Alexander and Harriet Davies  ]Mostert    55 Unfenced reserves, unparalleled biodiversity and a rapidly changing landscape: Roadways and wildlife in East Africa 448 Clinton W. Epps, Katarzyna Nowak, and Benezeth Mutayoba    56 Expected effects of a road across the Serengeti 455 Michelle E. Gadd    57 China: Building and managing a massive road and rail network and protecting our rich biodiversity 465 Yun Wang, Yaping Kong and Jiding Chen    58 Railways, roads and fences across Kazakhstan and Mongolia threaten the survival of wide  ]ranging wildlife 472 Kirk A. Olson and Rodney van der Ree    59 Best  ]practice guidelines and manuals 479 Marguerite Trocme    60 Case study: The role of non  ]governmental organisations (ngos) and advocates in reducing the impacts of roads on wildlife 485 Patricia White    61 Case study: Building a community of practice for road ecology 488 Paul J. Wagner and Andreas Seiler    62 Wildlife/roadkill observation and reporting systems 492 Fraser Shilling, Sarah Perkins and Wendy Collinson    Glossary 502    Species 509    Index 513