Handbook of Porous Carbon Materials

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I Basic Sciences and Engineering
1 Synthesis and Fabrication of Advanced Carbon Nanostructures
	1 Introduction
	2 Bottom-Up Approach
		2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition
		2.2 Laser Pyrolysis
		2.3 Ionic Liquids
		2.4 Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
	3 Top-Down Approach
		3.1 Lithography
		3.2 MOF-Derived Carbons
		3.3 Carbide-Derived Carbon (CDC)
	4 Conclusion
	References
2 Fabrication of Graphene, Graphene Oxide, Reduced Graphene Oxide, Fullerene (C60) and Carbon Nanotube Thin Film By Langmuir–Blodgett Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Fundamental Principles of Langmuir–Blodgett Technique
		2.1 Synthesis of Thin Film and Self-Assembled Structure of Bare and Functionalized GO, RGO by LB Technique
		2.2 Synthesis of Fullerene (C60) Thin Films By LB Technique
		2.3 Preparation of Pristine and Composite Carbon Nanotube Thin Films
	3 Conclusion and Future Aspects
	References
Part II Energy Science and Engineering
3 Nanoporous Carbon Materials for Energy Harvesting, Storage, and Conversion
	1 Introduction of Porous Carbon Materials
	2 Synthesis Methods of Porous Carbon Materials
		2.1 Hard-Template Method
		2.2 Soft-Template Method
		2.3 Template-Free Method
	3 Applications of Carbon Porous Materials
		3.1 Supercapacitors
		3.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs)
		3.3 Lithium-Sulfur-Based Batteries (LSBs)
		3.4 Solar Cells
		3.5 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
		3.6 CO2 Capture
		3.7 Effect of Doping on Carbon-Based Electrodes in Energy Storage Applications
		3.8 Factors Affecting Performance of Carbon Materials as Electrodes
	References
4 Lignin-Derived Carbonaceous Materials for Supercapacitor Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Supercapacitors
		2.1 Precursors for Electrodes
		2.2 Activated Carbon Electrodes for Supercapacitors
		2.3 Carbonization and Activation
		2.4 Electrolytes for Supercapacitors
	3 Sustainable Materials as Carbon Precursors for Supercapacitors
	4 Lignin
		4.1 Lignin Structure
		4.2 Different Bonds and Functional Groups
		4.3 Extraction Processes from Lignocellulosic Biomass
	5 Lignin as a Precursor for Carbonaceous Materials
	6 Lignin-Based Composites for Electrodes
	7 Supercapacitor Fabrication and Electrochemical Study
	8 Computational Modeling Techniques for Supercapacitors
	9 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
5 Porous Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthetic Strategies of Porous Carbon Materials
		2.1 Carbonization–Activation Methods
		2.2 Template Methods
		2.3 Pyrolysis Methods
	3 Typical Features of Carbon Materials for Supercapacitors Electrode
		3.1 Large Surface Area
		3.2 Hierarchical Porosity
		3.3 Electrochemical Performance in Different Electrolytes
		3.4 Different Kinds of Morphology
		3.5 Electrochemical Characteristics of Porous Carbon Supercapacitors
	4 Understanding of Charge Storage Mechanisms in Porous Carbon
		4.1 Electrochemical Double Layer Model Using 2D Electrode Materials
		4.2 Capacitance in Nanoporous Carbon-Derived Electrodes
		4.3 Capacitance with Respect to Specific Surface Area (SSA)
		4.4 Capacitance with Respect to Pore Size
	5 Structure–activity Relationship with Heteroatom Doped Carbon Materials
	6 Conclusions and Prospects
	References
6 Recent Advancement of Luminescent Graphene Quantum Dots for Energy-Related Applications
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background of Graphene Quantum Dots from Graphene
		1.2 Outlooks of Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs)
	2 Synthesis Methods
		2.1 Top-Down Method
		2.2 Bottom-Up Method
	3 Energy-Related Applications
		3.1 Electrochemical Capacitor/Supercapacitors
		3.2 Batteries
		3.3 Fuel Cell
		3.4 Photovoltaic Thin Films Solar Cells
	4 Conclusions and Future Challenges
	References
7 Recent Progress of Carbonaceous Materials in Third Generation Solar Cells: DSSCs
	1 Introduction
	2 History of Solar Cells
	3 Generation of Solar Cells
	4 Classifications of Carbonaceous Materials
	5 Dye-Sensitizer Solar Cells
		5.1 The Factors that Play Crucial Role in the Selection of DSSC Compounds
		5.2 Components of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
	6 Remedial Measures to Be Taken on Its Challenge Perspectives
	7 Conclusions and Challenge
	References
8 Carbon-Based Materials as Electrodes for Biofuels Electrosynthesis
	1 Relevance of Biofuel in Low-Emission Economy
		1.1 Energy Storage Requirement
	2 Bio-Electrochemical Systems
		2.1 Biofilm Development
		2.2 Overpotentials
	3 Electrode Material and Bio-Electrodes
		3.1 Electrode Material and Architecture
		3.2 Carbon Materials
		3.3 Electrode-Microbe Interaction
		3.4 Electron Transfer Mechanisms in BES
		3.5 Catalysts for Hydrocarbon Synthesis
		3.6 Enzymatic Electrosynthesis
	4 Electrodes Manufacturing Methods
		4.1 Densely Piled Electrodes
		4.2 Cell Embedded Electrodes
		4.3 Packed Bed Electrode
		4.4 Coated Electrodes
		4.5 Reticulated Vitreous Carbon (RVC) Electrode
	5 Fabrication and Modifications
		5.1 Plasma Treatment
		5.2 Thermal Treatment
		5.3 Chemical Treatment
	6 Final Comments
	References
Part III Catalyst Science and Engineering
9 Photoluminescent Carbon Dots: A New Generation Nanocarbon Material
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthetic Strategies of CDs
		2.1 Top-Down Approaches
		2.2 Bottom-Up Approaches
	3 Natural Biomass as the Source for the Fabrication of CDs
	4 Unique Properties of Carbon Dots
	5 Characterization of Carbon Dots
	6 Carbon Dot and Their Nanocomposites
	7 Catalytic Applications of Carbon Dots
	8 CDs for Sensor and Bioimaging Applications
	9 Conclusions and Future Scope
	References
10 Carbonaceous Nanostructures-Based Photocatalysts for Sustainable H2 Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Fundamentals of Hydrogen Evolution
		2.1 Basic Principle
		2.2 Use of Sacrificial Agents
		2.3 Band Alignment
		2.4 Surface Functionalization
	3 Carbon Material Nanostructure
		3.1 0D Carbonaceous Materials
		3.2 2D Materials
	4 Conclusion
	References
11 Design of Porous Carbon-Based Electro-Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation
	1 Introduction
	2 Global Energy Perspective
	3 Hydrogen Energy
		3.1 Fors and Against of Hydrogen Energy
	4 Hydrogen Generation
		4.1 Hydrogen by Electrolysis
	5 Electrocatalyst
		5.1 Porous Carbon-Based Materials as Water Electrocatalyst
		5.2 Graphene-Based Material
		5.3 Graphitic-Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) Based Porous Materials
		5.4 Carbon Nanotubes Based Porous Material (CNTs)
		5.5 Other Carbon-Based Porous Material
	6 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Derived Materials as Electrocatalyst
	7 Conclusion
	References
12 Core–Shell Nanostructures-Based Porous Carbon Nanomaterials for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
	1 Introduction
	2 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
	3 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials (CBNs)
	4 Porous Carbon-Based Materials (PCBMs)
	5 Biomass-Derived Porous and Non-Porous Carbon-Based Materials
	6 Importance of CSNs-Based Porous Carbon Nanomaterials for ORR
	7 Transition Metals and Metal Oxides-Embedded Porous Carbon Nanomaterials for ORR
	8 Heteroatom-Doped CSNs with Porous Carbon Nanomaterials for ORR
	9 CSNs with Carbon Nanomaterials for ORR or OER with Supercapacitor Behaviour
	10 Factors that Affect the Performance of Carbon Materials in ORR
	11 Future Perspectives and Outlooks
	References
13 Waste-Derived Activated Carbon as a Sustainable and Economical Catalyst Support
	1 Introduction
	2 Waste Precursors for the Synthesis of Activated Carbon
		2.1 AC from Agricultural Wastes
		2.2 AC from Biomass Wastes
		2.3 AC from Plastic Wastes
		2.4 AC from Industrial Wastes
	3 Process of Synthesis of AC
	4 AC as Catalyst Support
		4.1 Solid Acid Catalysts
		4.2 Solid Base Catalysts
		4.3 Metal/metal Oxides-Doped Catalysts
	5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Part IV Sensor and Sensing Technology
14 Porous Carbon-Based Sensors and Their Applications
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Carbon Nano-Structured Sensors
	2 Fabrication of Porous Carbon-Based Sensors
		2.1 Pyrolysis
		2.2 Solvothermal Carbonization
		2.3 Template-Assisted Polymerization
		2.4 Metal–Organic Frameworks
		2.5 Covalent Organic Frameworks
		2.6 Dual Templating
		2.7 Hard Templating with Carbonization Temperature Optimization
		2.8 Carbon-MEMS
	3 Porous Carbon-Based Sensor Applications
		3.1 Chemical Sensors
		3.2 Physical Sensors
		3.3 Biosensors
		3.4 Energy Storage and Sensing
		3.5 Bandgap Variations in Gas Sensing Material Due to Carbon Materials
		3.6 Dielectrophoresis-Based Gas Sensors
	4 Conclusions
	References
15 Carbon Composites with Polymer Materials for Gas Sensing Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Nitrogen Oxides Sensors
	3 Volatile Organic Compound (VOCs) Sensors
	4 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Sensors
	5 Hydrocarbon Sensors
	6 Ammonia Sensors
	7 Future Perspectives
	References
16 Recent Advances in Porous Carbon-Based Inorganic Flexible Sensor Journey from Material Synthesis to Sensor Prototyping
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Plastic Flexible Substrate
		1.2 Paper Substrate
		1.3 Textile Substrate
	2 Gas Sensor
		2.1 Theoritical Aspect of Gas Sesing Mechanism
		2.2 Characteristics of Sensor
		2.3 Sensing Material
		2.4 Clasification of Gas Sensor Devices
	3 Synthesis and Characterization of Porous Graphene and Its Derivatives
	4 Functionalization of Graphene
	5 Factors Effecting Sensing Process
	6 Conclusion
	References
Part V Device Engineering and Technology Sensing
17 Biomedical Application of Porous Carbon and Its Future in Precision Medical Devices
	1 Introduction
	2 Various Biomedical Applications of Porous Carbon Materials
		2.1 Mesoporous Carbon Materials
		2.2 Carbon Dots
		2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
		2.4 Activated Carbon
		2.5 Fullerene
		2.6 Graphene
	3 Graphene-Based Sensors for Human Health Evaluation
		3.1 Non-Invasive Sensors
		3.2 Invasive Sensors
	4 Porous Carbon Microparticle as a Vehicle in Drug Delivery
	5 Application of Spherical Nanocarbon Materials
	6 Effect on Bacteria and Fungi by Porous Carbon Cuboid Nanoparticles
	7 Carbon Nanotube Wire for Precision Medical Devices
	8 Recent Advancements
	9 Conclusion
	References
18 Role of Graphene-Based Materials in Gas Sensing Applications: From Synthesis to Device Fabrication
	1 Introduction
	2 Gas Sensing Mechanism
	3 Sensing Performance Parameters
		3.1 Sensor Response
		3.2 Limit of Detection
		3.3 Operating Temperature
		3.4 Response Time and Recovery Time
		3.5 Selectivity and Stability
	4 Classes of Gas Sensors
		4.1 Chemiresistive Gas Sensors
		4.2 Field-Effect Transistor-Based Gas Sensors
		4.3 Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors
		4.4 Optical Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)-Based Gas Sensor
		4.5 Electrochemical-Based Gas Sensor
	5 Gas Sensors Based on Pristine Graphene
	6 Graphene Oxide-Based Gas Sensors
	7 Gas Sensors Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide
	8 Modified Graphene-Based Gas Sensors
		8.1 Chemically Modified Graphene-Based Gas Sensors
		8.2 Graphene/Nanoparticle Hybrid-Based Gas Sensors
		8.3 Graphene/Polymer Hybrid-Based Gas Sensors
	9 Conclusion
	References
19 Trends in Nanostructured Sorbent Materials for Passive Sampling Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Principles of Passive Sampling
	3 Passive Sampling Devices (PSDs)
	4 Principles of Green Chemistry, Nanosynthesis and Miniaturized Sample Preparation Techniques
	5 Trends in PSD Miniaturization
	6 Applications of Nanostructured Materials in Passive Sampling
		6.1 Inorganic Nanostructures
		6.2 Carbonaceous Nanostructures
		6.3 Nanofibers
	7 Outlook
	8 Final Considerations
	References
Part VI Environmental Sciences and Applications
20 Porous Graphene-Based Materials for Enhanced Adsorption Towards Emerging Micropollutants (EMs)
	1 Introduction
	2 Emerging Micropollutants (EMs)—Current Status Quo
	3 Properties and Synthesis of Graphene Composite-Based Adsorbents
	4 Adsorption of Micropollutants and Their Mechanism
		4.1 2D Graphene-Based Composites
		4.2 3D Graphene-Based Composites
	5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
	References
21 Response Surface Modelling and Optimisation of Activated Carbons Adsorption of Pollutants from Textile Wastewater
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Development of Research Dataset
		2.2 Response Surface Modelling
		2.3 Numerical Optimisation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 ANOVA and Model Accuracy
		3.2 Response Surfaces of Factor Interactions
		3.3 Numerical Optimisation Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
22 Biochar: Porous Carbon Material, Its Role to Maintain Sustainable Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Biochar: Preparation and Characterization
	3 Biochar as Soil Amendment
		3.1 Effects on Different Physical Properties of Soil
		3.2 Effects on Soil Chemical Characteristics
		3.3 Soil Biological Properties
		3.4 Soil Nutrient Retention
		3.5 Effect on Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
	4 Impact of Biochar Addition on Yield of Different Crops
	5 Biochar and the Environment
		5.1 Biochar and Carbon Sequestration
		5.2 Biochar and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		5.3 Biochar to Reduce Nutrient Pollution
		5.4 Biochar as Adsorbent Material
		5.5 Biochar in Reclamation of Problem Soil
	6 Role of Biochar in Sustaining Bioeconomy from Soil to Agricultural Production
	7 Constraints to Biochar Production and Application Technology
	8 Conclusion and Outlooks
	References
23 Application of Porous Carbon Material for Water Treatment and Gas Storage
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Brief Insight of Carbon Materials
		1.2 Background
	2 Categories of Carbon Materials
		2.1 Graphene
		2.2 Nano-porous Carbon
		2.3 Activated Carbon
	3 Adsorption Application
		3.1 Gas Storage
		3.2 Energy Storage Applications and Technology
		3.3 Wastewater Treatment
	4 Membrane Separation by Carbon Materials
		4.1 Mechanical and Chemical Stability
		4.2 The Efficiency of Filtration Medium
	5 Future Perspectives and Challenges
	6 Conclusion
	References
24 Utilization of Aquatic Plants Dead Biomass in Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Wastewater
	1 Introduction
	2 Sources of Heavy Metals
	3 Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals on Human Health
	4 Conventional Methods of Heavy Metals Removal
	5 Adsorption: A Low-Cost Method for Heavy Metals Removal
		5.1 Adsorption Capacity of Adsorbents for Heavy Metals
	6 Mechanism of Adsorption
		6.1 Adsorption Isotherm
		6.2 Adsorption Kinetics
	7 Factors Affecting the Adsorption Process
	8 Aquatic Plants Dead Biomass as Adsorbents
	9 Advancement in Aquatic Plant Adsorbents
	10 Challenges of Aquatic Plants Adsorbents
	11 Conclusions
	References
25 Porous Carbon Materials and Their Composites for Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding: The State-of-the-Art of Technologies
	1 Introduction
	2 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding
	3 Mechanism of EMI Shielding
		3.1 Shielding by Reflection (SER)
		3.2 Shielding by Absorption (SEA)
		3.3 Shielding by Multiple Reflections (SEMR)
	4 How the EMI Shielding Works
	5 Materials Used for Effective EMI Shielding
	6 Porous Graphite and Amorphous Carbon for EMI Shielding
		6.1 Porous Graphite and Amorphous Carbon Nanoplatelets for EMI Shielding
		6.2 Porous Graphite/carbon Foams for EMI Shielding
		6.3 Composites of Porous Graphite/carbon Foams for EMI Shielding
	7 Porous Graphene for EMI Shielding
		7.1 Porous Graphene Foams for EMI Shielding
		7.2 Porous Graphene Films/paper for EMI Shielding
		7.3 Functionalized Porous Graphene for EMI Shielding
		7.4 Composites Based on Porous Graphene for EMI Shielding
		7.5 Graphene-CNT Hybrid Structures for EMI Shielding
	8 Conclusion
	References
Part VII Food and Agriculture Applications
26 Porous Carbon Materials and Their Applications in Environmental Monitoring and Food Safety
	1 Introduction
	2 Applications of Porous Carbon in Environmental Monitoring
		2.1 Sensors Based on Porous Carbon for Environmental Contaminants
		2.2 Porous Carbon-Based Systems for Environmental Monitoring
	3 Applications of Porous Carbon in Food Safety
		3.1 Sensors Based on Porous Carbon for Food Safety
		3.2 Porous Carbon-Based Systems for Food Safety
	4 Conclusion
	References
27 Porous Carbon in Food Industry
	1 Introduction
		1.1 What is Activated Carbon?
		1.2 Role of Porous Carbon in Food Industry
	2 Mechanism of Porous Carbon Synthesis
		2.1 Activated Carbon’s Pore Size
		2.2 Surface Structure of Activated Carbon
	3 Classical and Latest Technologies in Porous Carbon Synthesis
		3.1 Activation
		3.2 Recent Methods of Porous Carbon Synthesis
	4 Application of Porous Carbon in Food Industry
	5 Mechanism of Action of Porous Carbon Against Microbial Cells
		5.1 The Release of Antimicrobial Compounds from Activated Carbon
		5.2 Release of Volatile Antimicrobial Compound by Activated Carbon
		5.3 Mechanism of Emission of Antimicrobial Agents Inside Food Packaging
		5.4 Food Quality Check
		5.5 Release of Nanoparticles by Nanoporous Carbon in Activated Form
		5.6 Food Odor Adsorption Property of Activated Carbon
		5.7 Adsorption of Ethylene by Activated Carbon
		5.8 Adsorption of Oxygen by Activated Carbon
		5.9 Activated Carbon: Vapor Phase Molecule Scavenging
	6 Conclusion
	References
28 Chitosan-Based Porous Carbon Materials for Agriculture and Agro-waste Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Chitosan—Sources and Properties
		2.1 Sources of Chitin/Chitosan
		2.2 Physicochemical Properties
		2.3 Biocompatibility and Biodegradability
		2.4 Antimicrobial Activity
		2.5 Antioxidant Activity
	3 Chitosan-Based Carbon Composites—Synthesis and Characteristics
		3.1 Modification of Chitosan
	4 Applications in Agricultural
		4.1 Crop Production and Protection
		4.2 Chitosan Seed Treatment and Micronutrients
		4.3 Biostimulant and Delivery System
		4.4 Pesticide: Herbicide: Weed
		4.5 Soil Health Improvement and Biofertilizer
	5 Applications in Agro-waste Treatment
		5.1 Wastewater Treatment
		5.2 Application of Chitosan in Air Filtration
		5.3 Utilization of Chitosan in Animal Fodder Supplement
		5.4 Chitosan Agro-waste Composites
	6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
Part VIII Applications in Therapeutics and Diagnostics
29 Carbon-Based Porous Materials in Biomedical Applications: Concept and Recent Advancements
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Porous Materials
	3 Carbon-Based Porous Materials
		3.1 Mesoporous Carbon (MC) Materials
		3.2 Carbon Nanotubes
		3.3 Activated Carbon
		3.4 Fullerenes
		3.5 Graphene
	4 Biomedical Application
		4.1 Drug Delivery
		4.2 Photothermal and Synergistic Therapy
		4.3 Bio-imaging
		4.4 Fluorescent Imaging
		4.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		4.6 Photoacoustic Imaging
		4.7 Antibody-Based Biosensors for Biomedical Applications
	5 Challenges and Need for Future Research
	6 Human Health Effect of Carbon-Based Porous Materials
	7 Conclusion
	References
30 Fanatical Clout of Porous Carbon Materials—A Peek in Therapeutics
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Sensors
		1.2 Property of Sorption
		1.3 Catalysis
	2 Fullerenes
		2.1 Buckysomes as Hydrophobic Molecule Delivery System
		2.2 ROS Quenching
		2.3 MRI Contrast Agents
		2.4 Antitumor Effects
	3 Drug Delivery Tools
		3.1 Targeted Delivery System Pathway
		3.2 Nanodiamonds as Anticancer Drug Delivery System
		3.3 Porous Nanospheres as Drug Delivery
		3.4 Carbon Nanohorns
	4 Carbon Nanohorns and Bone Marrow Formation
	5 Carbon Nanotubes and Embryonic Development
	6 Nanocarbon-Based Cardiovascular Applications
		6.1 Drug/biomolecule Delivery
		6.2 Biosensors
		6.3 Tissue Engineering
		6.4 Cardiac Patches
		6.5 Additional Nanomaterials for Cardiovascular Therapeutics and Diagnostics
	7 Toxicity of PCM-A Question of Safety?
	8 Summary and Outlook
	References
31 Porous Carbon Materials and Their Applications in Biosensing, Medical Diagnostics, and Drug Delivery
	1 Introduction
	2 Porous Carbon Materials in Biosensing
	3 Porous Carbon Materials in Medical Diagnosis
		3.1 Fluorescence Imaging
		3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
	4 Porous Carbon Materials in Drug Delivery
		4.1 Immediate Release Drug Delivery Systems
		4.2 Sustained Release Drug Delivery Systems
		4.3 Controlled Drug Delivery Systems
		4.4 Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
	5 Conclusion
	References
32 Carbon Nanotubes-Based Anticancer Nanomedicine
	1 Introduction
	2 Therapeutic Modality-Based Nanomedicine
		2.1 Photothermal Therapy
		2.2 Photodynamic Therapy
		2.3 Combined Phototherapy
		2.4 Chemo-Photothermal Therapy
		2.5 Immune-Photothermal Therapy
		2.6 Sonodynamic Therapy
		2.7 Chemo-Sonodynamic Therapy
	3 CNTs-Based Strategies Against Nervous System-Associated Cancer
	4 Future Perspectives
	5 Conclusions
	References
33 Porous Carbon Materials Enhanced the Therapeutic Efficacy of Anticancer Drugs
	1 Introduction
	2 Factors that Help PCMs to Be Effective Drug Delivery Agents
	3 PCMs in Immediate/Sustained Drug Delivery Systems
	4 Porous Carbon Materials in Controlled Drug Delivery Systems (CDDSs)
	5 Porous Carbon Materials in Targeted Drug Delivery Systems (TDDSs)
	6 Limitations of Porous Carbon Materials in Delivery of Anticancer Drugs
	7 Conclusions
	References
34 Biocompatible Carbon-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles
		1.2 Carbon Materials
	2 Synthesis and Biological Properties of Carbon Nanomaterials
		2.1 Carbon Dots
		2.2 Fullerenes
		2.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
		2.4 Graphene
		2.5 Graphene Oxide (GO) and Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)
		2.6 Porous Carbon
	3 Carbon Dots-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
		3.1 Targeted Drug Delivery
		3.2 Combined MRI Imaging and Drug Delivery
	4 Magnetic Nanoparticle-Decorated CNTs for Biomedical Applications
		4.1 SWCNT for Targeted Drug Delivery and MRI Imaging
		4.2 MWCNTs for Combined Targeted Drug Delivery and Magnetic Hyperthermia
	5 Graphite-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
	6 Graphene Oxide-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
		6.1 Targeted Drug Delivery
		6.2 Magnetic Hyperthermia and Cancer Imaging
	7 Porous Carbon-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
		7.1 Drug Delivery and MRI Imaging
	8 Conclusion
	References
35 Noscapinoids: A Family of Microtubule-Targeted Anticancer Agent
	1 Introduction
	2 Modalities of Treatment for Cancer
	3 Microtubules: A Robust Target for Chemotherapy
		3.1 Biology of Microtubule
		3.2 Tubulin-Interacting Antimitotic Agents
		3.3 Noscapine and Its Analogs: A Microtubule Modulating Agent
		3.4 Noscapine is a Safe Cough Suppressant
		3.5 Noscapine’s Potential Against Cancer
		3.6 Anti-Angiogenic Effects of Noscapine
		3.7 Advancement of Noscapine Analogs as a Promising Drug Candidate
		3.8 9ʹ-Halogenated Noscapine Analogs
		3.9 Nitro-noscapine
		3.10 Azido Noscapine
		3.11 Amino Derivative of Noscapine
	4 N-Substituted Derivatives of Noscapine
		4.1 Biaryl-Type Derivatives of Noscapine
		4.2 9-(4-vinylphenyl) Noscapine
		4.3 Bromo-Trimethoxy Benzyl Noscapine
	5 Current Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects
	References
36 Recent Advances in Designing Porous Carbon Nanomaterial Based for Electrochemical Biosensing Prostate Cancer
	1 Introduction
	2 Cancer Biomarkers
	3 Prostate Cancer (PCa)
	4 Electrochemical Biosensors: Basic Principles
	5 Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Immunoassays
		5.1 Simple Antibody–Antigen Interaction (Label-Free)
		5.2 Sandwich Antigen–Antibody Interaction
	6 The Role of Porous Carbon Nanomaterials on Electrochemical Sensing
	7 Porous Carbon Nanomaterials Fabrication
	8 Covalent Organic Frameworks
	9 Porous Graphitic Carbon Nitride (C3N4)
	10 Aptamer-Based Electrochemical Biosensors
	11 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
	12 DPV-Based Prostate Cancer Biomarker Detection
	13 SWV-Based Prostate Cancer Biomarker Detection
		13.1 Creatinine
		13.2 Sarcosine
	14 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
37 Role of Nanosystems for Electrochemical Mapping Using Diverse Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
	1 Introduction and Background
	2 Role of Nanomaterials in Electrochemistry
	3 Amalgamation of Electrochemistry with Choice of Carbon Nanoparticles
	4 Role of Electrodeposition, Nanopatterning and Its Relevance
	5 Versatility of Nanoparticles
		5.1 Carbon-Based Allotropic Forms
		5.2 Diamond
		5.3 Graphene and Its Oxide
		5.4 Metal Nanoparticles
		5.5 Polymeric Films
	6 Domains of Application
		6.1 Protein Biomarker Detection
	7 Downside of Using These Carbon Systems
	8 Conclusion
	References
38 Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors: A Forthcoming Future for Clinical Diagnostics
	1 Introduction
	2 Fundamentals of Biosensors
		2.1 Components of Biosensors
		2.2 Bioreceptor/Biorecognition Elements (BRE)
		2.3 Optical Techniques
		2.4 Electrochemical Analysis
	3 Biosensors in Clinical Diagnostics: Overview
	4 Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) in Biosensors
		4.1 Carbon Nanomaterials (0-D)
		4.2 Carbon Nanomaterials (1D)
		4.3 Carbon Nanomaterials (2-D)
	5 Optical Biosensors
		5.1 CNMs-Based SPR Biosensors
		5.2 CNMs-Based SERS Biosensors
	6 Electrochemical Biosensors
		6.1 CNMs-Based EC Biosensors
		6.2 Pre-Clinically Assessed EC Biosensors
	7 Advantages and Limitations of CNMs-Based Biosensors
		7.1 Advantages
		7.2 Limitations
	8 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
39 Emerging Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Cancer Nanotheranostics
	1 Introduction
	2 Surface Chemistry of Graphene to Formulate Biomedicine
		2.1 Functionalization of Graphene (Covalent and Non-Covalent)
		2.2 Incorporation of Nanoparticles onto the Graphene Surface
	3 Aspect of Drug and Gene Delivery of Graphene
		3.1 Anticancer
		3.2 Anti-Tumor
	4 Graphene as Phototherapeutic Agent Against Cancer
		4.1 Photodynamic Therapy by Graphene
		4.2 Photothermal Therapy by Graphene
		4.3 Graphene Combinatorial Therapy
	References
40 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes with Merocyanine Dyes Decorated Carbon Nanotubes for Biomedical Imaging Devices
	1 Introduction
	2 Role of Carbon Nanotubes in Bio-Imaging Technique
		2.1 Fluorescence Imaging
		2.2 Raman Imaging Analysis
		2.3 Photoacoustic (PA) Imaging
		2.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology
		2.5 Nuclear Imaging
	3 Merocyanine Dye in Biomedical Imaging
	4 Cellulose Acetate Films Properties
	5 Materials and Methods
		5.1 Preparation of Carbon Nanotubes
		5.2 Preparation of Cellulose Triacetate Film (CTA)
		5.3 Film Coating on CTA Film
	6 Results and Discussion
		6.1 Optical Analysis of UV–Visible and Fluorescence Spectral Analysis
		6.2 Photoluminescence Spectrum (PL)
		6.3 Raman Spectroscopy Analysis on Film
		6.4 AFM Analysis of Morphology
	7 Analysis of Surface Morphology Using SEM and TEM
		7.1 Nonlinear Optical Property
	8 Conclusion
	References
41 Role of Carbon Nanostructures as Nano-Theranostics Against Breast and Brain Cancer
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Breast Cancer
		1.2 Brain Cancer
		1.3 Nano-Theranostics
	2 Contemporary Therapy and Diagnostics Tools
		2.1 Therapy
		2.2 Diagnostic Tools
	3 Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs)
		3.1 Zero-Dimensional (0-D) CNMs
		3.2 One-Dimensional (1-D) CNMs
		3.3 Two-Dimensional (2-D) CNMs
		3.4 Functionalization of CNMs
	4 Role of CNMs
		4.1 For Targeted Drug Delivery
		4.2 For Imaging
		4.3 As Immunogens/Immunomodulatory
	5 Interaction of CNMs with Cancer Cells
		5.1 In Vitro Studies
		5.2 In Vivo Studies
	6 Advantages and Limitations of CNMs
		6.1 Advantages
		6.2 Limitations
	7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References