Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production Vol. 2: Best Practices in the Wood and Paper Industries

cover......Page 1
Copyright
......Page 2
Acknowledgements......Page 3
About the authors......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
1.1
Introduction......Page 9
1.2
Wood types and products......Page 10
1.3.1
Coal-tar creosote......Page 14
1.3.2
Pentachlorophenol......Page 21
1.3.3
Inorganic arsenicals......Page 26
1.3.4
Water-borne preservatives......Page 28
Copper naphthenate......Page 29
Zinc naphthenate......Page 30
Propiconazole......Page 31
Water-repellent and nonpressure treatments......Page 32
References......Page 33
2.2
General facility overview......Page 35
2.3
Timber preparation......Page 37
2.4
Wood treating......Page 41
3.2.1 Solid wastes......Page 50
3.2.2 Liquid wastes......Page 55
3.2.3 Air emissions......Page 62
3.3 Drip pads......Page 63
3.4 Fate and transport......Page 72
3.5.1 Koppers Wood Treating Company (a.k.a. Koppers CompanyIncorporated Forest Production Group), Carbondale, JacksonCounty, IL (http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/PHA/kopperswood/kwt_p1.html#back)......Page 76
3.5.2 Hart Creosoting Co., Jasper, Jasper County, TX(http://www.epa.gov/earth1r6/6sf/pdffiles/0601975.pdf)......Page 80
3.5.3 Higgins Wood Preserving Co., Lufkin, Angelina County, TX(http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/remediation/superfund/state/higgins.html)......Page 81
3.5.4 The American Creosote Works site, Pensacola, FL (US EPA, 1989a)......Page 82
3.5.5 The Koppers site, Oroville, CA (US EPA, 1989b)......Page 83
3.5.6 The Koppers site, Morrisville, NC (US EPA, 1992)......Page 84
3.5.7 The Arkwood Inc. site, Omaha, AR (US EPA, 1990)......Page 85
3.5.8 The United Creosoting site, Conroe, TX (US EPA, 1989c)......Page 86
References......Page 87
4.1 Introduction......Page 89
4.2 Emission sources......Page 90
4.3.1 Emission factor definition and reliability of data......Page 91
4.3.2 Fugitive emissions from treated wood......Page 93
4.3.3 Process emission factors......Page 104
4.3.4 Emissions from support equipment and piping components......Page 107
4.3.5 Emissions from kilns......Page 114
4.3.6 Tank emissions......Page 115
4.3.7 Fugitive emissions from spills......Page 120
4.4.1 Waste sources and types......Page 121
4.4.2 Dioxins and furans......Page 129
4.4.3 PAH emissions......Page 137
4.5 Emission factors for other wood manufacturingpractices......Page 138
References......Page 139
5.1
Introduction......Page 141
5.2
Recommended best management practices and technologies......Page 143
5.3
Cleaner production through gasification......Page 151
5.4.2
Planning......Page 160
5.4.3
Implementation and operation......Page 162
References......Page 184
6.1 Introduction......Page 185
6.2.2 Wood harvesting......Page 186
6.2.4 Mechanical pulping......Page 187
6.2.5 Chemical pulping......Page 188
6.2.6 Kraft pulping......Page 189
6.2.7 Acid sulfite pulping......Page 190
6.2.8 Neutral sulfite semi-chemical (NSSC) pulping......Page 191
6.2.10 Bleaching......Page 192
6.2.12 Waste reduction/pollution control/sustainability......Page 195
Cyclones......Page 197
Incinerators......Page 198
Wet scrubbers......Page 199
Direct-contact evaporators......Page 200
Baghouses......Page 201
Adsorption......Page 203
Odor control......Page 204
6.3.1 General information on pollution sources......Page 205
6.3.2 Chemical exposure and toxicological profiles of chemicals......Page 208
Acetaldehyde......Page 210
Acrylonitrile......Page 211
Ammonia......Page 212
Benzene......Page 213
Chlorine dioxide......Page 215
Chloroform......Page 216
Chromium(VI)......Page 217
Dioxins......Page 219
Ethylene glycol......Page 220
Formaldehyde......Page 221
Formic acid......Page 222
Hydrochloric acid......Page 223
Hydrogen sulfide......Page 224
Methanol......Page 226
Pentachlorophenol......Page 227
Phenol......Page 229
Sulfur dioxide......Page 230
Toluene......Page 232
6.4 Regulations......Page 233
6.5 Emission factors......Page 234
6.6.1 International Paper Co., Jay, ME......Page 235
6.6.2 International Paper Co., Ticonderoga, NY......Page 254
6.6.4 Irving Pulp and Paper, St John mill......Page 256
6.6.6 Fort James Operating Company Inc., Pennington, AL......Page 257
6.6.7 Longview Fibre Co., Paper and Packaging Longview, WA......Page 258
References......Page 259
7.2 General P2 practices......Page 266
7.3 Cleaner production......Page 270
7.4 Audit forms for initial environmental reviews......Page 276
References......Page 296
Appendix......Page 297
Index......Page 347