Handbook of Physics

Handbook of Physycs......Page 1
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 22
Part I - Mechanics......Page 25
1.1.1 Reference systems......Page 26
1.1.2 Time......Page 31
1.1.3 Length, area, volume......Page 32
1.1.4 Angle......Page 34
1.1.5 Mechanical systems......Page 35
1.2.1 Velocity......Page 37
1.2.2 Acceleration......Page 40
1.2.3 Simple motion in one dimension......Page 42
1.3 Motion in several dimensions......Page 45
1.3.1 Velocity vector......Page 46
1.3.2 Acceleration vector......Page 48
1.3.3 Free-fall and projectile motion......Page 51
1.4 Rotational motion......Page 54
1.4.1 Angular velocity......Page 55
1.4.2 Angular acceleration......Page 56
1.4.3 Orbital velocity......Page 57
2.1.1 Mass and momentum......Page 59
2.1.2 Newton’s laws......Page 62
2.1.3 Orbital angular momentum......Page 70
2.1.4 Torque......Page 72
2.1.5 The fundamental law of rotational dynamics......Page 74
2.2.1 Weight......Page 75
2.2.2 Spring torsion forces......Page 76
2.2.3 Frictional forces......Page 78
2.3 Inertial forces in rotating reference systems......Page 81
2.3.1 Centripetal and centrifugal forces......Page 82
2.3.2 Coriolis force......Page 84
2.4.1 Work......Page 85
2.4.2 Energy......Page 87
2.4.3 Kinetic energy......Page 88
2.4.4 Potential energy......Page 89
2.5 Power......Page 92
2.5.1 Efficiency......Page 93
2.6 Collision processes......Page 94
2.6.1 Elastic straight-line central collisions......Page 96
2.6.3 Elastic non-central collision with a body at rest......Page 98
2.6.4 Inelastic collisions......Page 100
2.7.1 Thrust......Page 101
2.7.2 Rocket equation......Page 103
2.8.1 Equations of motion......Page 104
2.8.2 Momentum conservation law......Page 106
2.8.3 Angular momentum conservation law......Page 107
2.9.1 Lagrange’s equations and Hamilton’s principle......Page 108
2.9.2 Hamilton’s equations......Page 111
3.1.1 Density......Page 114
3.1.2 Center of mass......Page 115
3.1.3 Basic kinematic quantities......Page 117
3.2 Statics......Page 118
3.2.1 Force vectors......Page 119
3.2.2 Torque......Page 121
3.2.3 Couples......Page 122
3.2.4 Equilibrium conditions of statics......Page 124
3.2.5 Technical mechanics......Page 125
3.2.6 Machines......Page 127
3.4.1 Moment of inertia......Page 132
3.4.2 Angular momentum......Page 137
3.5 Work, energy and power......Page 139
3.5.1 Kinetic energy......Page 140
3.5.2 Torsional potential energy......Page 141
3.6.1 Tensor of inertia......Page 142
3.6.2 Nutation and precession......Page 145
3.6.3 Applications of gyroscopes......Page 148
4.1.1 Law of gravitation......Page 150
4.1.2 Planetary motion......Page 152
4.1.3 Planetary system......Page 154
4.2.1 Principle of relativity......Page 158
4.2.2 Lorentz transformation......Page 161
4.2.3 Relativistic effects......Page 165
4.2.4 Relativistic dynamics......Page 166
4.3 General theory of relativity and cosmology......Page 169
4.3.1 Stars and galaxies......Page 171
5.1.1 Stress......Page 174
5.1.2 Elastic deformation......Page 177
5.1.3 Plastic deformation......Page 188
5.2 Hydrostatics, aerostatics......Page 192
5.2.2 Pressure......Page 193
5.2.3 Buoyancy......Page 201
5.2.4 Cohesion, adhesion, surface tension......Page 204
5.3.1 Flow field......Page 207
5.3.2 Basic equations of ideal flow......Page 208
5.3.3 Real flow......Page 218
5.3.4 Turbulent flow......Page 224
5.3.5 Scaling laws......Page 227
5.3.6 Flow with density variation......Page 230
6 Nonlinear dynamics, chaos and fractals......Page 232
6.1.1 Dynamical systems......Page 233
6.1.2 Conservative systems......Page 238
6.1.3 Dissipative systems......Page 240
6.2 Bifurcations......Page 242
6.2.1 Logistic mapping......Page 243
6.3 Fractals......Page 246
Formula symbols used in mechanics......Page 249
7.1.1 Solids......Page 250
7.1.2 Fluids......Page 256
7.1.3 Gases......Page 257
7.2 Elastic properties......Page 258
7.3.1 Coefficients of friction......Page 262
7.3.2 Compressibility......Page 263
7.3.3 Viscosity......Page 267
7.3.5 Surface tension......Page 270
Part II - Vibrations and Waves......Page 271
8 Vibrations......Page 272
8.1 Free undamped vibrations......Page 274
8.1.1 Mass on a spring......Page 275
8.1.2 Standard pendulum......Page 277
8.1.3 Physical pendulum......Page 280
8.1.4 Torsional vibration......Page 282
8.1.5 Liquid pendulum......Page 283
8.1.6 Electric circuit......Page 284
8.2 Damped vibrations......Page 285
8.2.1 Friction......Page 286
8.2.2 Damped electric oscillator circuit......Page 290
8.3 Forced vibrations......Page 292
8.4.1 Superposition of vibrations of equal frequency......Page 294
8.4.2 Superposition of vibrations of different frequencies......Page 296
8.4.3 Superposition of vibrations in different directions and with different frequencies......Page 297
8.4.4 Fourier analysis, decomposition into harmonics......Page 299
8.5 Coupled vibrations......Page 300
9.1 Basic features of waves......Page 303
9.2 Polarization......Page 309
9.3.1 Coherence......Page 310
9.3.2 Interference......Page 311
9.3.3 Standing waves......Page 312
9.3.4 Waves with different frequencies......Page 315
9.4 Doppler effect......Page 316
9.5 Refraction......Page 318
9.6.1 Phase relations......Page 320
9.8 Diffraction......Page 321
9.8.1 Diffraction by a slit......Page 322
9.8.2 Diffraction by a grating......Page 323
9.9 Modulation of waves......Page 324
9.10 Surface waves and gravity waves......Page 325
10.1.1 Sound velocity......Page 327
10.1.2 Parameters of sound......Page 329
10.1.3 Relative quantities......Page 333
10.2.1 Mechanical sound emitters......Page 335
10.2.2 Electro-acoustic transducers......Page 337
10.2.3 Sound absorption......Page 340
10.2.4 Sound attenuation......Page 343
10.3 Ultrasound......Page 344
10.4 Physiological acoustics and hearing......Page 345
10.4.1 Perception of sound......Page 346
10.5 Musical acoustics......Page 347
11 Optics......Page 351
11.1 Geometric optics......Page 353
11.1.1 Optical imaging—fundamental concepts......Page 354
11.1.2 Reflection......Page 357
11.1.3 Refraction......Page 361
11.2.1 Thick lenses......Page 374
11.3 Lens systems......Page 380
11.3.1 Lenses with diaphragms......Page 381
11.3.2 Image defects......Page 382
11.4 Optical instruments......Page 384
11.4.2 Camera......Page 385
11.4.3 Eye......Page 386
11.4.4 Eye and optical instruments......Page 388
11.5.1 Scattering......Page 392
11.5.2 Diffraction and limitation of resolution......Page 393
11.5.3 Refraction in the wave picture......Page 395
11.5.4 Interference......Page 396
11.5.5 Diffractive optical elements......Page 400
11.5.6 Dispersion......Page 405
11.5.7 Spectroscopic apparatus......Page 406
11.5.8 Polarization of light......Page 407
11.6 Photometry......Page 411
11.6.1 Photometric quantities......Page 412
11.6.2 Photometric quantities......Page 419
Symbols used in formulae on vibrations, waves, acoustics and optics......Page 422
12.1 Tables on vibrations and acoustics......Page 424
12.2 Tables on optics......Page 429
Part III - Electricity......Page 433
13.1 Electric charge......Page 434
13.1.1 Coulomb’s law......Page 436
13.2 Electric charge density......Page 437
13.3 Electric current......Page 439
13.4 Electric current density......Page 441
13.4.1 Electric current flow field......Page 443
13.5.1 Electric resistance......Page 444
13.5.3 Resistivity and conductivity......Page 445
13.5.4 Mobility of charge carriers......Page 446
13.5.5 Temperature dependence of the resistance......Page 447
13.5.6 Variable resistors......Page 448
13.5.7 Connection of resistors......Page 449
14.1 Electric field......Page 451
14.2 Electrostatic induction......Page 452
14.2.1 Electric field lines......Page 453
14.2.2 Electric field strength of point charges......Page 456
14.4 Electric voltage......Page 457
14.5 Electric potential......Page 459
14.5.2 Field strength and potential of various charge distributions......Page 460
14.5.3 Electric flux......Page 463
14.5.4 Electric displacement in a vacuum......Page 465
14.6 Electric polarization......Page 466
14.6.1 Dielectric......Page 468
14.7 Capacitance......Page 469
14.7.2 Parallel connection of capacitors......Page 470
14.7.4 Capacitance of simple arrangements of conductors......Page 471
14.8 Energy and energy density of the electric field......Page 472
14.9 Electric field at interfaces......Page 473
14.10 Magnetic field......Page 474
14.11.1 Magnetic field lines......Page 475
14.12 Magnetic flux density......Page 477
14.13 Magnetic flux......Page 479
14.14 Magnetic field strength......Page 481
14.15 Magnetic potential difference and magnetic circuits......Page 482
14.15.1 Ampere’s law......Page 484
14.15.2 Biot-Savart’s law......Page 486
14.15.3 Magnetic field of a rectilinear conductor......Page 488
14.15.4 Magnetic fields of various current distributions......Page 489
14.16 Matter in magnetic fields......Page 490
14.16.2 Paramagnetism......Page 492
14.16.3 Ferromagnetism......Page 493
14.16.4 Antiferromagnetism......Page 495
14.17 Magnetic fields at interfaces......Page 496
14.18 Induction......Page 497
14.18.1 Faraday’s law of induction......Page 498
14.18.2 Transformer induction......Page 499
14.19 Self-induction......Page 500
14.19.1 Inductances of geometric arrangements of conductors......Page 502
14.19.2 Magnetic conductance......Page 503
14.20 Mutual induction......Page 504
14.20.1 Transformer......Page 505
14.21 Energy and energy density of the magnetic field......Page 506
14.22 Maxwell’s equations......Page 508
14.22.1 Displacement current......Page 509
14.22.2 Electromagnetic waves......Page 510
14.22.3 Poynting vector......Page 512
15 Applications in electrical engineering......Page 513
15.1 Direct-current circuit......Page 514
15.1.2 Resistors in a direct-current circuit......Page 515
15.1.3 Real voltage source......Page 517
15.1.4 Power and energy in the direct-current circuit......Page 519
15.1.5 Matching for power transfer......Page 520
15.1.6 Measurement of current and voltage......Page 521
15.1.7 Resistance measurement by means of the compensation method......Page 522
15.1.8 Charging and discharging of capacitors......Page 523
15.1.9 Switching the current on and off in a RL-circuit......Page 525
15.2.1 Alternating quantities......Page 526
15.2.2 Representation of sinusoidal quantities in a phasor diagram......Page 529
15.2.3 Calculation rules for phasor quantities......Page 531
15.2.4 Basics of alternating-current engineering......Page 534
15.2.5 Basic components in the alternating-current circuit......Page 541
15.2.6 Series connection of resistor and capacitor......Page 546
15.2.7 Parallel connection of a resistor and a capacitor......Page 547
15.2.9 Series connection of a resistor and an inductor......Page 548
15.2.10 Series-resonant circuit......Page 550
15.2.11 Parallel-resonant circuit......Page 551
15.2.12 Equivalence of series and parallel connections......Page 553
15.2.13 Radio waves......Page 554
15.3.1 Fundamental functional principle......Page 556
15.3.2 Direct-current machine......Page 557
15.3.3 Three-phase machine......Page 559
16.1.1 Amount of substance......Page 563
16.1.4 Electrolytes......Page 564
16.1.5 Galvanic cells......Page 569
16.2.1 Non-self-sustained discharge......Page 572
16.2.2 Self-sustained gaseous discharge......Page 575
16.3.2 Photo emission......Page 577
16.3.3 Field emission......Page 578
16.4 Vacuum tubes......Page 579
16.4.2 Vacuum-tube triode......Page 580
16.4.5 Channel rays......Page 583
17.1.1 Plasma parameters......Page 585
17.1.2 Plasma radiation......Page 592
17.1.3 Plasmas in magnetic fields......Page 593
17.1.4 Plasma waves......Page 595
17.2.2 Generation of plasma by compression......Page 598
17.3.1 MHD generator......Page 600
17.3.2 Nuclear fusion reactors......Page 601
17.3.3 Fusion with magnetic confinement......Page 602
17.3.4 Fusion with inertial confinement......Page 603
Symbols used in formulae on electricity and plasma physics......Page 605
18.1.1 Specific electric resistance......Page 607
18.1.2 Electrochemical potential series......Page 610
18.2 Dielectrics......Page 613
18.3 Practical tables of electric engineering......Page 618
18.4 Magnetic properties......Page 621
18.5 Ferromagnetic properties......Page 626
18.5.1 Magnetic anisotropy......Page 629
18.7 Antiferromagnets......Page 631
18.8 Ion mobility......Page 632
Part IV - Thermodynamics......Page 633
19.1.1 Systems......Page 634
19.1.2 Phases......Page 635
19.1.3 Equilibrium......Page 636
19.2.1 State property definitions......Page 638
19.2.2 Temperature......Page 640
19.2.3 Pressure......Page 645
19.2.4 Particle number, amount of substance and Avogadro number......Page 648
19.2.5 Entropy......Page 651
19.3.2 Internal energy as a potential......Page 652
19.3.3 Entropy as a thermodynamic potential......Page 653
19.3.4 Free energy......Page 654
19.3.5 Enthalpy......Page 655
19.3.6 Free enthalpy......Page 658
19.3.7 Maxwell relations......Page 659
19.3.8 Thermodynamic stability......Page 660
19.4 Ideal gas......Page 661
19.4.2 Law of Gay-Lussac......Page 662
19.4.3 Equation of state......Page 663
19.5.1 Pressure and temperature......Page 664
19.5.2 Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution......Page 666
19.5.4 Equipartition law......Page 668
19.5.5 Transport processes......Page 669
19.6.1 Equation of state of the ideal gas......Page 672
19.6.2 Equation of state of real gases......Page 676
19.6.3 Equation of states for liquids and solids......Page 682
20.1.1 Energy units......Page 685
20.1.2 Work......Page 686
20.1.3 Chemical potential......Page 687
20.1.4 Heat......Page 688
20.2.1 Conversion of equivalent energies into heat......Page 689
20.2.3 Exergy and anergy......Page 693
20.3.1 Total heat capacity......Page 694
20.3.2 Molar heat capacity......Page 696
20.3.3 Specific heat capacity......Page 697
20.4.1 Reversible and irreversible processes......Page 701
20.4.2 Isothermal processes......Page 702
20.4.3 Isobaric processes......Page 703
20.4.4 Isochoric processes......Page 704
20.4.5 Adiabatic (isentropic) processes......Page 705
20.4.6 Equilibrium states......Page 707
20.5.2 First law of thermodynamics......Page 708
20.5.3 Second law of thermodynamics......Page 711
20.6.1 Principle and application......Page 712
20.6.2 Reduced heat......Page 715
20.7.1 Right-handed and left-handed processes......Page 716
20.7.2 Heat pump and refrigerator......Page 717
20.7.3 Stirling cycle......Page 718
20.7.4 Steam engine......Page 719
20.7.5 Open systems......Page 720
20.7.6 Otto and Diesel engines......Page 721
20.7.7 Gas turbines......Page 723
20.8.1 Generation of low temperatures......Page 724
20.8.2 Joule–Thomson effect......Page 725
21.1.2 Aggregation states......Page 727
21.1.3 Conversions of aggregation states......Page 728
21.1.4 Vapor......Page 729
21.2.1 First-order phase transition......Page 730
21.2.2 Second-order phase transition......Page 731
21.2.4 Phase-coexistence region......Page 732
21.2.5 Critical indices......Page 733
21.3.2 Maxwell construction......Page 734
21.3.3 Delayed boiling and delayed condensation......Page 736
21.4.1 Magnetic phase transitions......Page 737
21.4.2 Order–disorder phase transitions......Page 738
21.4.3 Change in the crystal structure......Page 739
21.4.5 Superconductivity......Page 740
21.5 Multicomponent gases......Page 741
21.5.1 Partial pressure and Dalton’s law......Page 742
21.5.2 Euler equation and Gibbs–Duhem relation......Page 743
21.6.2 Gibbs phase rule......Page 744
21.6.3 Clausius–Clapeyron equation......Page 745
21.7.2 Boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression......Page 746
21.7.4 Steam–air mixtures (humid air)......Page 748
21.8 Chemical reactions......Page 752
21.8.1 Stoichiometry......Page 753
21.8.3 Law of mass action......Page 754
21.8.4 pH-value and solubility product......Page 756
21.9.1 Mixing temperature of two systems......Page 758
21.9.2 Reversible and irreversible processes......Page 759
21.10 Heat transfer......Page 760
21.10.2 Heat transfer......Page 761
21.10.3 Heat conduction......Page 763
21.10.4 Thermal resistance......Page 767
21.10.5 Heat transmission......Page 769
21.10.7 Deposition of radiation......Page 774
21.11.2 Continuity equation......Page 776
21.11.3 Heat conduction equation......Page 777
21.11.4 Fick’s law and diffusion equation......Page 778
21.11.5 Solution of the equation of heat conduction and diffusion......Page 779
Formula symbols used in thermodynamics......Page 781
22.1.1 Units and calibration points......Page 784
22.1.2 Melting and boiling points......Page 786
22.1.3 Curie and Néel temperatures......Page 795
22.2 Characteristics of real gases......Page 796
22.3.1 Viscosity......Page 797
22.3.2 Expansion, heat capacity and thermal conductivity......Page 798
22.4 Heat transmission......Page 804
22.5.1 Pressure measurement......Page 807
22.5.2 Volume measurements—conversion to standard temperature......Page 812
22.6 Generation of liquid low-temperature baths......Page 813
22.7 Dehydrators......Page 814
22.8.2 Relative humidity......Page 815
22.8.3 Vapor pressure of water......Page 816
22.9 Specific enthalpies......Page 818
Part V - Quantum physics......Page 823
23.1 Planck’s radiation law......Page 824
23.2 Photoelectric effect......Page 827
23.3 Compton effect......Page 829
24.1 Wave character of particles......Page 831
24.3 Wave function and observable......Page 833
24.4 Schrödinger equation......Page 841
24.4.1 Piecewise constant potentials......Page 843
24.4.2 Harmonic oscillator......Page 847
24.4.3 Pauli principle......Page 849
24.5.1 Spin......Page 850
24.5.2 Magnetic moments......Page 853
25.1 Fundamentals of spectroscopy......Page 856
25.2 Hydrogen atom......Page 859
25.2.1 Bohr’s postulates......Page 860
25.3 Stationary states and quantum numbers in the central field......Page 864
25.4 Many-electron atoms......Page 869
25.5 X-rays......Page 873
25.5.1 Applications of x-rays......Page 875
25.6 Molecular spectra......Page 876
25.7 Atoms in external fields......Page 879
25.8 Periodic Table of elements......Page 882
25.9.1 Spontaneous and induced emission......Page 884
26.1.1 Standard model......Page 887
26.1.2 Field quanta or gauge bosons......Page 891
26.1.3 Fermions and bosons......Page 893
26.2.1 Leptons......Page 895
26.2.2 Quarks......Page 896
26.2.3 Hadrons......Page 898
26.2.4 Accelerators and detectors......Page 902
26.3.1 Parity conservation and the weak interaction......Page 904
26.3.2 Charge conservation and pair production......Page 905
26.3.3 Charge conjugation and antiparticles......Page 906
26.3.5 Conservation laws......Page 907
26.3.6 Beyond the standard model......Page 908
27.1 Constituents of the atomic nucleus......Page 910
27.3.1 Phenomenologic nucleon-nucleon potentials......Page 915
27.3.2 Meson exchange potentials......Page 917
27.4.2 Nuclear matter......Page 918
27.4.3 Droplet model......Page 919
27.4.4 Shell model......Page 920
27.4.5 Collective model......Page 923
27.5.1 Reaction channels and cross-sections......Page 925
27.5.2 Conservation laws in nuclear reactions......Page 929
27.5.3 Elastic scattering......Page 931
27.5.4 Compound-nuclear reactions......Page 932
27.5.6 Direct reactions......Page 934
27.5.7 Heavy-ion reactions......Page 935
27.5.8 Nuclear fission......Page 938
27.6 Nuclear decay......Page 940
27.6.1 Decay law......Page 941
27.6.2 α-decay......Page 944
27.6.3 β-decay......Page 946
27.6.4 γ -decay......Page 949
27.7 Nuclear reactor......Page 950
27.7.1 Types of reactors......Page 952
27.8 Nuclear fusion......Page 953
27.9.1 Ionizing particles......Page 956
27.9.2 γ -radiation......Page 959
27.10 Dosimetry......Page 961
27.10.1 Methods of dosage measurements......Page 965
27.10.2 Environmental radioactivity......Page 967
27.2 Basic quantities of the atomic nucleus......Page 913
28.1.1 Basic concepts of solid-state physics......Page 969
28.1.2 Structure of crystals......Page 970
28.1.3 Bravais lattices......Page 972
28.1.4 Methods for structure investigation......Page 976
28.1.5 Bond relations in crystals......Page 978
28.2.1 Point defects......Page 981
28.2.2 One-dimensional defects......Page 983
28.2.3 Two-dimensional lattice defects......Page 984
28.2.4 Amorphous solids......Page 985
28.3.1 Macromolecular solids......Page 986
28.3.2 Compound materials......Page 989
28.3.3 Alloys......Page 990
28.3.4 Liquid crystals......Page 992
28.4.1 Elastic waves......Page 993
28.4.2 Phonons and specific heat capacity......Page 997
28.4.3 Einstein model......Page 998
28.4.4 Debye model......Page 999
28.4.5 Heat conduction......Page 1001
28.5 Electrons in solids......Page 1002
28.5.1 Free-electron gas......Page 1003
28.5.2 Band model......Page 1009
28.6 Semiconductors......Page 1013
28.6.1 Extrinsic conduction......Page 1016
28.6.2 Semiconductor diode......Page 1018
28.6.3 Transistor......Page 1025
28.6.4 Unipolar (field effect) transistors......Page 1032
28.6.5 Thyristor......Page 1034
28.6.6 Integrated circuits (IC)......Page 1036
28.6.7 Operational amplifiers......Page 1039
28.7 Superconductivity......Page 1044
28.7.1 Fundamental properties of superconductivity......Page 1045
28.7.2 High-temperature superconductors......Page 1049
28.8 Magnetic properties......Page 1051
28.8.1 Ferromagnetism......Page 1054
28.8.2 Antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism......Page 1056
28.9 Dielectric properties......Page 1057
28.9.2 Ferroelectrics......Page 1061
28.10 Optical properties of crystals......Page 1062
28.10.1 Excitons and their properties......Page 1063
28.10.2 Photoconductivity......Page 1064
28.10.4 Optoelectronic properties......Page 1065
Formula symbols used in quantum physics......Page 1067
29.1 Ionization potentials......Page 1072
29.2 Atomic and ionic radii of elements......Page 1079
29.3 Electron emission......Page 1083
29.4 X-rays......Page 1087
29.5 Nuclear reactions......Page 1088
29.6 Interaction of radiation with matter......Page 1089
29.7 Hall effect......Page 1090
29.8 Superconductors......Page 1092
29.9.1 Thermal, magnetic and electric properties of semiconductors......Page 1094
Part VI - Appendix......Page 1096
30.1.1 Quantities and SI units......Page 1097
30.2.1 Types of errors......Page 1100
30.2.2 Mean values of runs......Page 1102
30.2.3 Variance......Page 1104
30.2.4 Correlation......Page 1105
30.2.6 Rate distributions......Page 1106
30.2.7 Reliability......Page 1111
31.1.1 Vectors......Page 1114
31.1.2 Multiplication by a scalar......Page 1115
31.1.4 Multiplication of vectors......Page 1116
32.1.1 Differentiation rules......Page 1119
32.2 Integral calculus......Page 1120
32.2.1 Integration rules......Page 1121
32.3 Derivatives and integrals of elementary functions......Page 1122
33 Tables on the SI......Page 1123
Index......Page 1129
Natural constants in SI units......Page 1180
Thermodynamic formulas......Page 1181
Periodic table......Page 1183