Handbook of petrochemicals production processes, Second Edition

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Licensing Contacts
Part 1 Intermediates
	Chapter 1.1. Badger Cumene Technology
		Introduction
		Cumene Uses and Industry
		Physical Properties
		Process Chemistry
		Catalyst Performance and Contaminants
		Process Description
		Performance
		Commercial Experience
	Chapter 1.2. Badger Ethylbenzene Technology
		Introduction
		Feedstocks for Ethylbenzene Production
		ExxonMobil EBMax Catalysts
		Process Chemistry and EBMax Catalyst Performance
		Process Description
		Process Design Optimization
		EBMax Designs Using Chemical-Grade Ethylene Feedstocks
		Ethylbenzene Product Quality
		Raw Materials, Utilities, and Catalyst Requirements
		EBMax Plant Design
		Reference
	Chapter 1.3. BP Para-Xylene Process
		Introduction
		Para-Xylene Recovery in an Aromatics Complex
		Development of Crystallization Process
		Comparison of Crystallization to Selective Adsorption
		Process Fundamentals
		Process Discussion
		Environmental Impact
		Case Study
		Bibliography
	Chapter 1.4. Isomalk-3 (n-Butane Isomerization)
		Introduction
		Process Flow Scheme
		Reverse Isomerization
		Reaction Mechanism
		Catalyst Regeneration
		Process Variables
		Isomalk-3 Catalyst Contaminants
		Makeup Gas Quality
		Nitrogen Quality
		Advantages of SI-3 Catalyst
		Isomalk-3 Reactors
		Hydrocarbon Feed and Makeup Gas Dryers
		Wastes and Emissions
		Commercial Experience
		Estimated Yields
		Utility Requirements
	Chapter 1.5. CrystPX℠: Modern Crystallization Technology for Para-Xylene Production
		Introduction
		CrystPX for High-Purity Para-Xylene Production
		Process Chemistry and Thermodynamics
		Detailed Process Description
		Product and By-Product Specifications
		Process Economics
		Commercial Experience
		Conclusion
	Chapter 1.6. EB-X: A Process for Ethylbenzene Separation and Xylenes Upgrade
		Introduction
		Process Chemistry (Separation Enhancing of Ethylbenzene from Para-Xylene by the Solvent Function)
		Process Description
		Feeds and Products
		Process Design
		Commercial Description
	Chapter 1.7. GT-BTX PluS®: Aromatics and Sulfur Extraction from FCC Gasoline
		Introduction
		General Process Description
		Commercial Experience
		Conclusion
	Chapter 1.8. GT-BTX® Aromatics Extraction Process
		Introduction
		General Process Description
		Process Perspective
		Process Description
		Key/Proprietary Equipment
		Product Specifications
		Wastes and Emissions
		Process Economics
	Chapter 1.9. GT-DWC® Applications
		Introduction
		General Information for GT-DWC
		GT-DWC for Naphtha Splitter Revamp
		Process Economics
		GT-DWC for LPG Recovery
		Feed and Product Specifications
		Commercial Experience
		Conclusion
	Chapter 1.10. GT-HDS℠ Process for C8/C9 Pygas Components
		General Process Description
		Process Chemistry and Thermodynamics
		Catalyst Chemistry
		Reactor Temperature
		Reactor Pressure
		Detailed Process Description
		Wastes and Emissions
		Commercial Description
	Chapter 1.11. GT-TolAlk℠: Toluene Methylation to Xylenes
		Introduction
		Process Chemistry
		Description of the Process Flow
		Process Performance
		Process Advantages
		Equipment Considerations
		Case Study
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	Chapter 1.12. Lummus/UOP Liquid-Phase EBone Process and Mixed-Phase CDTECH EB® Process
		Introduction
		Process Perspective
		Process Chemistry
		Process Description
		Economics
		Summary of Process Features
	Chapter 1.13. Lurgi Distapex Extractive Distillation Process
		Introduction
		Chemistry Overview
		Specifications
		Process Description
		Highlights and Benefits of the Technology
		Economics of the Technology
		Commercial Experience
	Chapter 1.14. MaxEne™ Process
		Introduction
		Description of the Honeywell UOP MaxEne Process
		MaxEne Process Configurations
		Case Study
		MaxEne Process Specifications
		Commercial Experience
		References
	Chapter 1.15. UOP Parex™ Process
		Introduction
		Parex Versus Crystallization
		Process Performance
		Feedstock Considerations
		Description of the Process Flow
		Equipment Considerations
		Case Study
		Commercial Experience
		Bibliography
Part 2 Olefins
	Chapter 2.1. Lurgi Megamethanol™ Technology
		History
		Lurgi Megamethanol Technology
		Process Description
	Chapter 2.2. Axens On-Purpose 1-Butene and 1-Hexene Production Technologies
		Introduction
		On-Purpose Dimerization and Trimerization Chemistry
		Economics
		Conclusion
	Chapter 2.3. BASF Selective and Full Hydrogenation Technology SELOP®
		Introduction
		History
		Process Description and Reactor Designs
		Process Safety and Hot Spot Prevention
		Characteristics of SELOP Hydrogenation Performance
		Catalysts for Hydrogenation Technologies
	Chapter 2.4. Lummus Ethylene Process
		Introduction
		Development and Commercial History
		Commercial Operations
		Process Chemistry
		Pyrolysis Reactions
		Ethylene Process Flow Schematic
		Refinery and Ethylene Plant Integration
		Recent Technology Advances
		Economic Aspects
	Chapter 2.5. Olefins Conversion Technology
		Introduction
		Process Chemistry
		Process Description
		Process Advantages
		OCT Commercial Applications
		Flexible Reverse OCT
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2.6. Lummus Methanol to Olefins Recovery and Olefin Interconversion
		Introduction
		Development and Commercial History
		Process Chemistry
		Process Description
		Process Economics
		Summary of Process Features
		Bibliography
	Chapter 2.7. INDMAX FCC: Advanced Fluid Catalytic Cracking Technology for Producing Petrochemicals
		Introduction
		INDMAX FCC Process Description
		Bibliography
	Chapter 2.8. UOP Oleflex Process for Light Olefin Production
		Introduction
		Process Description
		Process Chemistry and Contaminants
		Oleflex Process Configurations and Conditions
		Commercial Experience
	Chapter 2.9. UOP PACOL™ Dehydrogenation Process
		Introduction
		Process Description
		Pacol Process Improvements
		Yield Structure
		Commercial Experience
		Process Economics
		Bibliography
Part 3 Diolefins
	Chapter 3.1. BASF Butadiene Extraction Technology Bernd Heida
		Introduction
		Process Description
		Process Flexibility
		Environment and Safety Aspects
	Chapter 3.2. C5 Separation with GT-C5℠ and GT-Isoprene℠
		Part 1: GT-C5—Process for Production of Piperylene Concentrates and Dicyclopentadiene
		Part 2: GT-Isoprene
		Overall Product Yields and Recovery
		Utilities
		Investment Cost
		Commercial Experience
	Chapter 3.3. Light Olefins/Diolefins Production via Lummus’s CATOFIN®/CATADIENE® Processes
		Introduction
		Process Chemistry
		Process Description
		Process Economics
		Feedstock Consumption
		Utility Consumption
		Product Quality and By-Products
		Catalyst and Chemicals
		Environmental Emissions
		Summary of Technology Features
		References
	Chapter 3.4. BASF Butadiene Extraction Technology (Licensed by Lummus Technology)
		Introduction
		Process Perspective
		Process Description
		Technology Advances
		Process Performance
		Environmental Considerations
		Summary of Process Features
	Chapter 3.5. TPC/UOP OXO-D™ Process
		Introduction
		Process Chemistry/Catalysts
		Feeds
		Process Flow
		Economics
		References
	Chapter 3.6. BASF Butadiene Extraction Process Licensed by Air Liquide
		Introduction
		Process Description
		Design Options
		Economics of the Technology
		Commercial Experience
Part 4 Alcohols and Monomers
	Chapter 4.1. Badger Bisphenol A Technology
		Introduction
		Uses of BPA
		BPA Industry
		Properties
		Bisphenol A Manufacturing
		Process Chemistry
		Process Description of Badger BPA Process
		Product Specification and Commercial Acceptance
	Chapter 4.2. The DAVY Butanediol (BDO) Process from Johnson Matthey
		Introduction
		Key Features
		General Process Description
		Detailed Process Description
		Product Specifications
		Wastes and Emissions
		Process Economics
	Chapter 4.3. The DAVY Methanol Process from Johnson Matthey
		Introduction
		Key Features
		General Process Description
		Detailed Process Description
		Combined Reforming (SMR + ATR)
		GHR + ATR
		Coal Gasification Syngas
		Product and By-Product Specifications
		Wastes and Emissions
		Process Economics
	Chapter 4.4. G2PG: Glycerin to Propylene Glycol (1,2-Propanediol)— Extending Oleochemistry into Petrochemistry
		Introduction
		Chemistry, Reaction Conditions, Catalyst
		Block Diagram
		Hydrogenation Steps/Reactor Designs
		Distillation Steps
		Specific Consumption Figures
	Chapter 4.5. GT-ProG℠: Glycerin to Propylene Glycol Process
		Introduction
		Process Description
		Process Chemistry
		Process Variables
		Feeds and Products
		Commercial Experience
		Economics
	Chapter 4.6. Propylene from any Carbon-Based Feedstock—The Lurgi MTP™ Technology from Air Liquide
		Introduction
		Process Overview
		Detailed Process Description
		Reference Plants
		Process Economics of an Integrated MTP Plant
		References
	Chapter 4.7. UOP Phenol 3G Process
		Introduction
		Cumene Production
		Phenol Production
		Phenol 3G Cumene Peroxidation Route to Phenol Production
		Overall Process Description/Chemistry
		Process Flow and Recent Technology Advances
		Phenol Process Safety
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4.8. Versalis/Lummus Cumene and Phenol Technology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Cumene Technology
		Process Description
		Raw Material and Energy Consumption
		Waste Effluents
		Process Advantages
		Phenol Technology
		Process Description
		Raw Material and Energy Consumption
		Waste Effluents
		Safety Considerations
		Process Advantages
Part 5 Acid, Ester, and Aromatic Monomers
	Chapter 5.1. Badger Styrene Technology
		Introduction
		Styrene Industry
		Uses of Styrene Monomer
		Properties
		Styrene Manufacturing
		Process Chemistry
		Process Description
		Product Specification
		Operating Economics
		Direct Heating Technology
	Chapter 5.2. GT-Styrene®: Recovering Styrene by Extractive Distillation
		General Process Description
		Process Chemistry and Thermodynamics
		Catalyst Chemistry
		Reactor Temperature
		Reactor Pressure
		Vapor-Liquid Equilibria
		Detailed Process Description
		Product and By-Product Specifications
		Wastes and Emissions
		Commercial Description
	Chapter 5.3. Lummus/UOP “Classic” Styrene Technology and Lummus/UOP SMART℠ Styrene Technology
		Introduction
		Process Perspective
		Process Chemistry
		Process Description
		Economics
		Summary of Process Features
	Chapter 5.4. Lurgi/Nippon Kayaku Acrylic Acid Process
		Introduction
		Chemistry Overview and Product Specification
		Process Description
		Highlights and Benefits of the Technology
		Economics of the Technology
		Commercial Experience
	Chapter 5.5. SYNTHOMER/Lurgi Acrylate Processes
		Introduction
		Chemistry Overview and Product Specification
		Process Description
		Highlights and Benefits of the Technology
		Economics of the Technology
		Commercial Experience
	Chapter 5.6. Versalis Dimethyl Carbonate and Diphenyl Carbonate Production Technologies Licensed by Lummus Technology
		Introduction
		Process Chemistry
		Process Description
		Feedstock Specifications and Consumption
		Product Quality
		Utility Consumption
		Summary of Technology Features
		Reference
Part 6 Vinyl Chloride Monomers
	Chapter 6.1. The DAVY Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) Process from Johnson Matthey
		Introduction
		Key Features
		General Process Description
		Process Chemistry and Thermodynamics
		Process Perspective
		Detailed Process Description
		Feed Preparation
		Main Reactor Section
		VCM Compression
		Distillation
		Recycle Reactor Section
		Product and By-Product Specifications
		Wastes and Emissions
		Process Economics
		Reference
Part 7 Polymers
	Chapter 7.1. Borstar LLDPE, MDPE, and HDPE Technology
		Introduction
		Features of Borstar PE Process Technology
		Process Description
		Advanced Process Control
		Capacities and Locations of Borstar PE Plants
		Borstar PE Products
		High Alpha Olefin Terpolymer Film
		Pipe
		Steel Pipe Coating
		Environment
		Process Economics
	Chapter 7.2. Borstar Polypropylene Technology
		Introduction
		Features of Borstar PP Process Technology
		Process Description
		Advanced Process Control
		Capacities and Locations of Borstar PP Plants
		Products
		Heterophasic Copolymers and rTPOs
		Homopolymers
		Random Copolymers
		Environment
		Liquid Effluents
		Process Economics
	Chapter 7.3. McDermott’s Lummus Novolen® Technology Gas-Phase Polypropylene Process
		Introduction
		Licensed Plants
		Technology Delivery
		Process Description
		Catalyst
		Products and Applications
		Process Economics
		Safety
	Chapter 7.4. NOVA Chemicals SCLAIRTECH™ LLDPE/HDPE Swing Technology
		Introduction
		Chemistry and Catalysis
		Process Overview
		Advantages of the SCLAIRTECH Technology Platform
		Economics
		Product Capability
		Commercial Installations
		Summary
		Acknowledgments
	Chapter 7.5. TechnipFMC/Total Polystyrene Technology
		Introduction
		Process Chemistry
		Process Description
		Key Features
		Projects and Licensees
		Feedstock Specifications
		Licensed Product Grades
		Plant Performance
	Chapter 7.6. TechnipFMC/SABIC Mass and Emulsion ABS Technology
		Introduction
		Polymerization
		Emulsion Process Description
		Typical Emissions Summary
		Mass Process Description
		Feed Specifications
		Products and Applications
		Process Economics
		Experience and Licensees
	Chapter 7.7. UNIPOL® Polypropylene Process Technology
		General UNIPOL PP Process Description
		Process Chemistry
		Process Perspective
		Products and By-Products
		UNIPOL PP Product Attributes Summary
		Wastes and Emissions
		Process Economics
	Chapter 7.8. UOP Sinco Solid-State Polymerization Process
		Introduction
		Melt-Phase Polymerization
		SSP Process Chemistry
		Crystallization of PET
		Sticking Tendency of PET
		Detailed Process Description
		Reactions of the Catalytic Nitrogen Purification System
		Oxidation of PET
		Process Variables
		Feed Properties
		Product Properties
		Product Yield
		Wastes and Emissions
		Utilities
		Equipment Considerations
		Commercial Experience
		Bibliography
	Chapter 7.9. Sabic High-Pressure Process for LDPE—CTR™ Technology
		Historical Background
		Process Chemistry
		Detailed Process Description and Thermodynamics
		Product Specifications
		Process Perspective
		Process Economics
		References
Part 8 Methylamines, Formaldehyde, and Dimethyl Ether
	Chapter 8.1. The DAVY Dimethyl Ether (DME) Process from Johnson Matthey
		Introduction
		General Process Description
		Product and By-Product Specifications
		Wastes and Emissions
		Process Economics
	Chapter 8.2. The DAVY Methylamines Process from Johnson Matthey Atul Shah
		Introduction
		Key Features
		General Process Description
		Process Chemistry and Thermodynamics
		Process Perspective
		Detailed Process Description
		Product and By-Product Specifications
		Wastes and Emissions
		Process Economics
		References
	Chapter 8.3. The FORMOX Formaldehyde Process from Johnson Matthey Andreas Magnusson
		Introduction
		General Process Description
		Reaction
		Performance, Product, and By-Product Specification for the FORMOX Process
		Formalin
		UFC85
		Raw Materials
		Absorption
		Waste and Emissions
		UFC
		An Integrated UFC Process
		Operation Criteria and Plant Capacities
		Process Economics
Glossary and Abbreviations
Index
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