Handbook of Non-Invasive Drug Delivery Systems. Non-Invasive and Minimally-Invasive Drug Delivery Systems for Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products

cover......Page 1
Copyright......Page 2
PREFACE......Page 3
EDITOR BIOGRAPHY......Page 5
CONTRIBUTORS\r......Page 6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......Page 13
Structure of the Skin......Page 14
Topical drug delivery......Page 16
Transdermal patch systems......Page 17
Percutaneous absorption pathways......Page 18
Supersaturation of drug......Page 19
Prodrug approach......Page 20
Complexation......Page 21
Liposomes......Page 22
Microemulsions......Page 26
Organogels......Page 27
Solid lipid nanoparticles......Page 28
Chemical permeation enhancers......Page 29
Water as a drug permeability enhancer......Page 30
Sulfoxides and similar solvents......Page 32
Pyrrolidones......Page 33
Fatty acids......Page 34
Alcohols, fatty alcohols, and glycol......Page 35
Urea......Page 37
Terpenes, terpenoids, and essential oils......Page 38
Conclusions......Page 39
References......Page 40
Introduction......Page 50
MNP composition and structures......Page 52
Physicochemical characterization......Page 55
Antimicrobial properties......Page 57
Estrasorb™ - commercial validation of MNP technology......Page 58
Raloxifene MNP product......Page 60
Nicotine MNP product......Page 64
Topical drug delivery applications of MNP technology......Page 66
Conclusion......Page 67
References......Page 69
Further reading......Page 71
Emulsions......Page 72
Microemulsions......Page 74
Phase behavior......Page 76
Rheology......Page 77
Particle size and dispersion......Page 78
Zeta potential......Page 79
Pulsed-field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance......Page 80
Interfacial tension measurements......Page 81
Stability evaluation......Page 82
Drug transport from an emulsion to the skin......Page 84
Solubility and thermodynamic activity......Page 85
Drug release from emulsions......Page 87
Drug partition from an emulsion to the skin......Page 88
Drug diffusion across the stratum corneum......Page 89
Dose applied and dosing frequency......Page 90
Investigation of topical and transdermal delivery in human subjects......Page 91
Formulation strategies for emulsion-based products......Page 93
Consideration of thermodynamic activity......Page 94
Selection of excipients......Page 96
Stabilization of emulsions......Page 98
Advances in Using Microemulsions as Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery systems......Page 99
References......Page 104
Introduction......Page 108
Advantages and limitations of iontophoresis......Page 110
Iontophoretic delivery principles and system components......Page 111
Drug transport in iontophoresis......Page 113
Pathways for iontophoretic transport and factors affecting the same......Page 115
Properties of the iontophoretic system: pH, current......Page 116
Combination strategies to improve transdermal iontophoretic drug delivery......Page 118
Iontophoresis with chemical enhancers......Page 119
Iontophoresis with microneedles......Page 120
Iontophoresis with sonophoresis......Page 121
Ion-exchange materials......Page 122
Reverse iontophoresis......Page 123
Applications of iontophoresis......Page 124
Current and future development......Page 126
References......Page 127
Introduction......Page 132
What is ultrasound?......Page 133
Cavitation......Page 134
Historical background......Page 135
Sonophoresis for enhanced drug delivery......Page 136
Mechanisms......Page 138
Effective delivery of macromolecules......Page 140
‘‘Reverse sonophoresis’’ for transdermal diagnostics......Page 141
Advances in transducer fabrication......Page 142
Current challenges and trends......Page 143
References......Page 144
Introduction......Page 147
Microneedle geometry......Page 148
Solid microneedles......Page 149
Hollow microneedles......Page 151
Types of approach......Page 152
Dip and scrape technique......Page 154
Coating strategies......Page 155
Microneedle geometry and force of penetration......Page 160
Microneedle technology in drug delivery......Page 163
Commercialization of microneedle technology......Page 169
Conclusion......Page 172
References......Page 173
Introduction......Page 177
The Anatomy of the Eye......Page 179
Delivery Systems for the Anterior Segment......Page 181
Viscous solutions......Page 182
Gels......Page 183
Bioadhesive polymers......Page 185
Nanosuspensions......Page 187
Inserts......Page 188
Liposomes......Page 189
Others......Page 190
Retinal Drug Delivery Systems......Page 191
Non-erodible implants......Page 192
Erodible implants......Page 193
Periocular drug delivery......Page 194
References......Page 198
Introduction......Page 205
Physiology of the nose......Page 210
Drug delivery formulation......Page 211
PLGA......Page 213
Chitosan......Page 215
Other polymers......Page 217
References......Page 218
Non-invasive drug delivery......Page 221
The human respiratory system......Page 223
Physical properties of drug aerosol particles......Page 224
Pulmonary Drug Deposition Mechanisms......Page 226
Pulmonary Drug Delivery Methods......Page 230
Metered-dose inhalers......Page 231
Valve-holding chamber or spacer......Page 232
Chlorofluorocarbon to hydrofluoroalkane propellants......Page 235
Dry powder inhalers......Page 237
Nebulizers......Page 239
Comparable and contrasting features of MDIs, DPIs, and nebulizers......Page 241
Analytical Methods......Page 243
Non-invasive scintigraphic techniques......Page 244
Cascade impactor......Page 245
Electrical low-pressure impactor......Page 247
Aerodynamic particle sizer......Page 249
Electronic single-particle aerodynamic relaxation time analyzer......Page 250
Challenges and Advantages......Page 251
Conclusions......Page 253
REFERENCES......Page 254
Introduction......Page 259
References......Page 265
Stability considerations......Page 266
Background......Page 267
Background......Page 268
Stability considerations......Page 269
Background......Page 270
Stability considerations......Page 271
References......Page 272
Stability considerations......Page 273
Background......Page 274
Stability considerations......Page 275
Background......Page 276
Stability considerations......Page 277
Background (CDER, 1998, 2002; CHMP, 2006)......Page 278
Background......Page 279
Background......Page 280
Stability considerations......Page 281
Background......Page 282
Background......Page 283
References......Page 285
Background......Page 286
Background......Page 287
Stability considerations......Page 288
Stability considerations......Page 289
Background......Page 290
Stability considerations......Page 291
Background......Page 292
References......Page 294
Background......Page 295
Stability considerations......Page 296
Stability considerations......Page 297
Stability considerations......Page 298
References......Page 299
INDEX......Page 303