Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing: Principles and Practices

Title page......Page 2
Table of Contents......Page 3
Copyright......Page 12
Disclaimer......Page 14
Dedication......Page 15
With Contribution by......Page 16
About the Authors......Page 17
Preface to the Fourth Edition......Page 19
Endorsements for the Fourth Edition......Page 21
Chapter 1. Natural Gas Fundamentals......Page 25
1.1. Introduction......Page 26
1.2. Natural Gas History......Page 27
1.3. Natural Gas Origin and Sources......Page 28
1.4. Natural Gas Composition and Classification......Page 31
1.5. Natural Gas Phase Behavior......Page 32
1.6. Natural Gas Properties......Page 34
1.7. Natural Gas Reserves......Page 45
1.8. Natural Gas Exploration and Production......Page 46
1.9. Natural Gas Gathering......Page 53
1.10. Natural Gas Transportation......Page 54
1.11. Natural Gas Processing......Page 61
1.12. Sales Gas Transmission......Page 62
1.13. Underground Gas Storage......Page 63
Chapter 2. Phase Behavior of Natural Gas Systems......Page 69
2.1. Introduction......Page 70
2.2. Fundamentals of Natural Gas Phase Behavior......Page 71
2.3. Natural Gases Phase Behavior Modeling With Cubic EoS......Page 91
2.4. Natural Gases Phase Behavior Modeling With SAFT-type EoS......Page 123
2.5. Natural Gases Phase Behavior Modeling With the GERG-2008 EoS......Page 131
2.6. Dew Point Pressures Prediction of Natural Gases......Page 134
2.7. Effect of the Heavy-End Characterization on the Hydrocarbon Dew Point Curve Calculation......Page 136
2.8. Conclusion......Page 141
Chapter 3. Raw Gas Transmission......Page 151
3.1. Introduction......Page 152
3.2. Multiphase Flow Terminology......Page 153
3.3. Multiphase Flow Regimes......Page 159
3.4. Determining Multiphase Flow Design Parameters......Page 167
3.5. Predicting Temperature Profile of a Multiphase Pipeline......Page 178
3.6. Velocity Criteria for Sizing Multiphase Pipelines......Page 182
3.7. Multiphase Pipeline Operations......Page 184
3.8. Multiphase Flow Assurance......Page 188
Chapter 4. Basic Concepts of Natural Gas Processing......Page 241
4.1. Introduction......Page 242
4.2. Natural Gas Processing Objectives......Page 243
4.3. Gas Processing Plant Configurations......Page 244
4.4. Finding the Best Gas Processing Route......Page 250
4.5. Support Systems......Page 251
4.6. Contractual Agreements......Page 253
Chapter 5. Phase Separation......Page 258
5.1. Introduction......Page 259
5.2. Gravity Separators......Page 260
5.3. Multistage Separation......Page 267
5.4. Centrifugal Separators......Page 268
5.5. Twister Supersonic Separator......Page 270
5.6. Slug Catchers......Page 272
5.7. High-Efficiency Liquid–Gas Coalescers......Page 274
5.8. High-Efficiency Liquid–Liquid Coalescers......Page 282
5.9. Practical Design of Separation Systems......Page 287
Chapter 6. Condensate Production......Page 294
6.1. Introduction......Page 295
6.2. Condensate Stabilization......Page 296
6.3. Condensate Hydrotreating......Page 300
6.4. Effluent Treatment......Page 301
6.5. Condensate Storage......Page 305
Chapter 7. Natural Gas Treating......Page 310
7.1. Introduction......Page 311
7.2. Gas Treating Specifications......Page 312
7.3. Gas Treating Processes......Page 313
7.4. Chemical Solvent Processes......Page 315
7.5. Physical Solvent Processes......Page 329
7.6. Mixed Physical and Chemical Solvent Processes......Page 341
7.7. Solid Bed Absorption Processes......Page 342
7.8. Solid Bed Adsorption Process......Page 346
7.9. Membrane......Page 348
7.10. Cryogenic Fractionation......Page 355
7.11. Microbiological Treatment Processes......Page 356
7.12. Selecting the Gas Treating Process......Page 357
Chapter 8. Sulfur Recovery and Handling......Page 362
8.1. Introduction......Page 363
8.2. Sulfur Properties......Page 364
8.3. Sulfur Recovery......Page 366
8.4. Tail Gas Cleanup......Page 379
8.5. Sulfur Degassing......Page 385
8.6. Sulfur Storage and Handling......Page 390
8.7. Sulfur Recovery Unit Design Considerations......Page 392
8.8. Sulfur Recovery Unit Operation Problems......Page 394
8.9. Selecting the Sulfur Recovery Process......Page 398
8.10. Sulfur Disposal by Acid Gas Injection......Page 400
Chapter 9. Natural Gas Dehydration and Mercaptans Removal......Page 407
9.1. Introduction......Page 408
9.2. Water Content Determination......Page 409
9.3. Glycol Dehydration......Page 412
9.4. Solid Bed Dehydration......Page 424
9.5. Other Gas Dehydration Processes......Page 445
9.6. Gas Dehydration Process Selection......Page 446
9.7. Mercaptans Removal......Page 447
Chapter 10. Mercury Removal......Page 458
10.1. Introduction......Page 459
10.2. Mercury in Natural Gas Stream......Page 460
10.3. Mercury-Related Issues......Page 462
10.4. Mercury Distribution in Gas Processing Plants......Page 464
10.5. Mercury Removal Techniques......Page 465
10.6. Mercury Removal From Natural Gas......Page 468
10.7. Disposal of Mercury-Contaminated Waste......Page 470
Chapter 11. Natural Gas Liquids Recovery......Page 476
11.1. Introduction......Page 477
11.2. Refrigeration Processes......Page 479
11.3. Liquid Recovery Processes......Page 483
11.4. Selection of the NGL Recovery Process......Page 503
11.5. NGL Recovery Technology Development......Page 504
11.6. NGL Recovery Unit Design Considerations......Page 505
11.7. NGL Recovery Unit Operating Problems......Page 506
11.8. NGL Fractionation......Page 507
11.9. Liquid Products Processing......Page 509
Chapter 12. Nitrogen Rejection and Helium Recovery......Page 519
12.1. Introduction......Page 520
12.2. Nitrogen Rejection Options......Page 521
12.3. Nitrogen Rejection Integration with NGL Recovery......Page 522
12.4. Cryogenic Nitrogen Rejection......Page 524
12.5. Nitrogen Rejection Unit Design Considerations......Page 533
12.6. Nitrogen Rejection Unit Operating Problems......Page 534
12.7. Helium Recovery......Page 536
Chapter 13. Unconventional Gas Processing......Page 540
13.1. Introduction......Page 541
13.2. Unconventional Gas......Page 542
13.3. Shale Gas Versus Conventional Gas......Page 544
13.4. Shale Gas Development......Page 545
13.5. Conventional NGL Recovery Processes......Page 547
13.6. Unconventional NGL Recovery Process......Page 550
13.7. High-Nitrogen Feed Gas......Page 554
13.8. Nitrogen- and Helium-Rich Gas......Page 558
13.9. Offshore Carbon Dioxide Removal Design Considerations......Page 564
Chapter 14. Natural Gas Compression......Page 572
14.1. Introduction......Page 573
14.2. Reciprocating Compressors......Page 574
14.3. Centrifugal Compressors......Page 577
14.4. Comparison Between Compressors......Page 580
14.5. Compressor Selection......Page 581
14.6. Thermodynamics of Gas Compression......Page 582
14.7. Compression Ratio......Page 592
14.8. Compressor Design......Page 594
14.9. Compressor Control......Page 597
14.10. Compressor Performance Maps......Page 604
14.11. Example for Operating a Compressor in a Pipeline System......Page 605
Chapter 15. Sales Gas Transmission......Page 614
15.1. Introduction......Page 615
15.2. Gas Flow Fundamentals......Page 616
15.3. Predicting Gas Temperature Profile......Page 623
15.4. Transient Flow in Gas Transmission Pipelines......Page 626
15.5. Compressor Stations......Page 627
15.6. Reduction and Metering Stations......Page 634
15.7. Design Considerations of Sales Gas Pipelines......Page 635
15.8. Pipeline Operations......Page 640
Chapter 16. Natural Gas Measurement......Page 646
16.1. Introduction......Page 647
16.2. Energy Measurement......Page 648
16.3. Volume Measurement......Page 651
16.4. Flow meter Management......Page 665
16.5. Heating Value Determination......Page 668
16.6. Wobbe Index......Page 670
16.7. Other Compositional Measurements......Page 671
16.8. Flow Computers......Page 672
Chapter 17. Gas Processing Plant Operations......Page 677
17.1. Introduction......Page 678
17.2. Commissioning and Start-Up......Page 679
17.3. Control Room Management......Page 683
17.4. Maintenance......Page 694
17.5. Troubleshooting......Page 698
17.6. Turnarounds......Page 703
Chapter 18. Utility and Offsite Systems in Gas Processing Plants......Page 707
18.1. Introduction......Page 708
18.2. Water......Page 709
18.3. Air......Page 720
18.4. Fuel Gas......Page 724
18.5. Nitrogen System......Page 726
18.6. Electrical Systems......Page 727
18.7. Process Heating......Page 733
18.8. Process Cooling......Page 736
18.9. Flare Systems......Page 744
18.10. Storage Facilities......Page 747
18.11. Wastewater Treatment......Page 749
18.12. Drains......Page 750
18.13. Waste Disposal......Page 751
18.14. Firewater System......Page 752
18.15. Fire and Gas System......Page 753
Chapter 19. Process Modeling and Simulation of Gas Processing Plants......Page 758
19.1. Introduction......Page 759
19.2. Thermodynamics......Page 760
19.3. Steady-State Versus Dynamic Models......Page 761
19.4. Simulation Objectives Versus Modeling Effort......Page 762
19.5. Process Simulation Approaches......Page 765
19.6. Best Practices for Steady-State Modeling......Page 767
19.7. Case Studies......Page 771
19.8. Best Practices for Dynamic Simulation......Page 778
19.9. Case Studies......Page 785
Chapter 20. Gas Processing Plant Automation......Page 797
20.1. Introduction......Page 798
20.2. Early Methods of Gas Plant Automation......Page 799
20.3. Microprocessor-Based Automation......Page 800
20.4. Instrumentation......Page 802
20.5. Analyzers......Page 807
20.6. Control of Equipment and Process Systems......Page 809
20.7. Automation Applications......Page 815
20.8. Condensate Stabilizer Case Study......Page 822
Chapter 21. Real-Time Optimization of Gas Processing Plants......Page 828
21.1. Introduction......Page 829
21.2. Real-Time Optimization......Page 830
21.3. Real-Time Optimization Project Considerations......Page 845
21.4. Example of Real-Time Optimization......Page 847
Chapter 22. Energy and Exergy Analyses of Natural Gas Processing Plants......Page 858
22.1. Introduction......Page 859
22.2. Fundamentals of Energy Analyses......Page 860
22.3. The Different Energy Contributions......Page 868
22.4. The Net Equivalent Methane Approach: The Actual Energy Performances in Natural Gas Processing Plants......Page 878
22.5. Exergy Analysis: The Quality of Energy in Natural Gas Processing Plants......Page 882
Chapter 23. Maximizing Profitability of Gas Plant Assets......Page 947
23.1. Introduction......Page 948
23.2. The Performance Strategy of the Integrated Gas Plant......Page 950
23.3. Strategies for Organizational Behavior and Information......Page 951
23.4. Organizational Behavior Model......Page 952
23.5. The Successful Information Strategy......Page 960
23.6. The Impact of Living with Information Technology......Page 961
23.7. Vision of the Modern Plant Operation......Page 963
23.8. Operations Strategy......Page 965
23.9. Model-Based Asset Management......Page 966
23.10. Optimization......Page 967
23.11. Industrial Relevance......Page 970
23.12. The Technology Integration Challenge......Page 971
23.13. Scientific Approach......Page 972
23.14. Other Miscellaneous Initiatives......Page 973
23.15. Conclusion......Page 974
Chapter 24. Gas Plant Project Management......Page 979
24.1. Introduction......Page 980
24.2. Project Management Overview......Page 981
24.3. Industry Perspective......Page 982
24.4. The Project Management Process......Page 983
24.5. Project Controls......Page 990
24.6. Quality Assurance......Page 999
24.7. Commissioning and Start-up......Page 1000
24.8. Operate and Evaluate......Page 1002
24.9. Project Close-out......Page 1003
24.10. Conclusion......Page 1004
Appendix 1......Page 1007
Appendix 2......Page 1010
Appendix 3......Page 1012
Index......Page 1017