Handbook Of Multiphase Flow Assurance

Cover......Page 1
HANDBOOK OF
MULTIPHASE
FLOW
ASSURANCE
......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
1
Introduction......Page 7
Multiphase production problems: Blockages and restrictions......Page 8
Savings from using flow assurance......Page 9
Examples of flow assurance problems......Page 11
How flow assurance and production chemistry work together......Page 16
When is flow assurance applied......Page 20
Why flow assurance failures happen......Page 21
Flow assurance background......Page 23
Basis of design......Page 27
Introduction to flow assurance risk analysis......Page 28
Cost of subsea hardware related to flow assurance......Page 30
Offshore production......Page 34
Systematic approach to solving flow assurance problems......Page 35
Outlook for flow assurance......Page 36
References......Page 37
2
Initial diagnosis and solution of flow assurance production problems in operations......Page 40
Laboratory analysis......Page 45
Typical blockage remediation plan......Page 47
Phase behavior......Page 48
Special considerations for mercury samples......Page 49
Hydrocarbon fluid sample quality checks......Page 50
Water sample quality checks......Page 55
Fluid properties and measurements......Page 56
Fluid characterization......Page 57
Lumping for different fluids......Page 61
Solid-liquid equilibrium......Page 62
Additional laboratory studies......Page 64
PVT tuning......Page 65
Fluid physical properties......Page 66
Non-Newtonian behavior......Page 68
Emulsion characteristics......Page 69
References......Page 70
Further reading......Page 71
4
Hydraulic and thermal analysis......Page 72
Hydraulic restrictions boundaries and management......Page 73
Hydraulic analysis deliverables......Page 74
Overall design......Page 75
Typical pressure drop......Page 76
Hydraulics technologies......Page 78
Multiphase flow pressure drop—Vertical vs horizontal......Page 79
Designing out severe slugging......Page 84
Multiphase flow liquid holdup—Vertical vs horizontal......Page 85
Heat transfer......Page 86
Correlations......Page 89
Dimensionless numbers......Page 90
Software......Page 91
Multiphase production problems......Page 92
Operation online monitoring for well liquids loading and forming blockages/restrictions......Page 93
Hydraulic management......Page 94
Water injection management......Page 95
Machine learning and artificial intelligence in flow network optimization......Page 96
References......Page 97
Further reading......Page 98
5
Flow restrictions and blockages in operations......Page 99
Frequency of blockage remediations......Page 101
Duration of hydrate and other flowline remediation......Page 102
Hydrate versus other flowline remediation time......Page 103
Introduction......Page 105
Gas hydrate formation......Page 106
Hydrate propensity, subcooling, supercooling and overpressurization......Page 108
Thermodynamic features......Page 110
Problems related to hydrate formation......Page 112
Calculating location of hydrate blockage in a pipe......Page 113
Prevention of hydrate formation......Page 114
Chemical inhibition......Page 115
Hydrate dissociation......Page 121
Hydrate blockage remediation......Page 122
Comparative economics of hydrate prevention methods......Page 125
Environmental impacts of hydrate remediation......Page 126
Effect of hydrates on corrosion......Page 127
Gas hydrate in wells and in nature......Page 129
Hydrate management......Page 131
Biological techniques......Page 132
Modeling of gas hydrates......Page 133
Case studies and process safety......Page 135
Commissioning/dewatering of pipelines to avoid hydrates......Page 143
Introduction......Page 144
Reservoir and wellbore plugging......Page 145
Prediction of asphaltene risk......Page 146
Gas condensate......Page 147
Asphaltene precipitation and deposition in wells and pipelines......Page 148
Monitoring and remote sensing of asphaltenes......Page 149
Modeling of asphaltenes......Page 150
Prevention of asphaltenes......Page 151
Bacterial growth management......Page 152
Diamondoids......Page 153
Water in gas and oil lines......Page 154
Steam (condensed water in oil sands steam injection lines)......Page 155
Liquid accumulation in horizontal and vertical wells......Page 156
Sand transport......Page 157
Minimum transport velocity......Page 158
Erosional velocity limits......Page 159
Introduction......Page 160
Composition......Page 163
Wellbore and reservoir plugging......Page 164
Effect of PVT conditions......Page 165
Tubular plugging......Page 167
Prevention techniques......Page 168
Remediation techniques......Page 171
Measurement techniques......Page 172
Modeling......Page 175
Comprehensive modeling......Page 177
Waxy gels......Page 178
Introduction......Page 180
Treatment of sour production......Page 181
Sulfate......Page 182
Prediction......Page 183
Remedial actions......Page 184
Interaction of flow assurance issues with and effects on produced fluids and flow......Page 185
Seven suggestions from operations in deepwater and onshore......Page 187
References......Page 188
Further reading......Page 192
Sampling fluids......Page 194
Quality: 4Cs of production chemicals......Page 195
Test procedures......Page 196
Product fluid quality......Page 197
Emulsions, foam, topsides separation, water treatment management......Page 198
Properties of naphthenates......Page 200
Viscous oil management......Page 201
Dra......Page 202
Chemical data......Page 203
References......Page 206
Flowline design process......Page 207
Artificial lifting......Page 208
Cold flow and emulsion......Page 209
Emulsion rheology......Page 210
Further reading......Page 211
Phenomena description......Page 212
Stability limits......Page 213
Shut-in and start-up......Page 214
Calculation of slug impact force on Tees and Elbows......Page 215
Calculation of pressure surge on sudden flow shut-in......Page 216
Further reading......Page 217
Introduction......Page 218
Corrosion monitoring methods......Page 219
Integrated models......Page 220
References......Page 221
10
Research methods in flow assurance......Page 222
Importance of studying gas hydrates......Page 223
Hydrates as an environmental buffer for holding CH 4, CO 2......Page 224
Industrial applications for gas hydrates......Page 225
Hydrates as a source of hydrocarbon fuel......Page 227
Properties and structures of gas hydrates......Page 229
Hydrate formation with inhibitors......Page 234
Kinetics of hydrate formation......Page 235
Phase transitions in gas hydrates......Page 236
Data in the literature for methane hydrate......Page 237
Experimental equipment and procedure for methane hydrate......Page 238
Results and discussion for methane hydrate data......Page 239
Data in the literature for Xe hydrates......Page 242
Experimental procedure......Page 243
Results......Page 244
Results and discussion for xenon hydrate data......Page 245
Evaluation of experimental results......Page 250
Evaluation of the biomolecular computer studies......Page 251
Comparison of chemical performance on a solid surface......Page 252
Results of the computer simulation......Page 253
Method of research......Page 254
Data analysis......Page 257
Discussion of polymers docking......Page 258
Conclusions for docking study......Page 262
Introduction......Page 263
Procedure of water models verification......Page 267
Analysis of the water structure for different models......Page 268
Determination of the water hydrogen bonding structure......Page 269
Derivation of hydrogen bond connectivity......Page 271
Results of hydrogen bonded water network study......Page 274
Effect of VC-713 Inhibitor......Page 275
Effect of PVP inhibitor......Page 276
Effect of PVCA Inhibitor......Page 278
Overview of inhibitor simulation......Page 279
Summary of computer modeling......Page 280
Experimental and computer study of the effect of kinetic inhibitors on clathrate hydrates......Page 281
Crystallographic information about hydrates......Page 285
Hydrate crystal growth......Page 287
Inhibition of hydrate formation......Page 288
Structures of liquid water and hydrate......Page 291
Thermodynamic properties......Page 293
Stability of gas hydrates......Page 294
Early modeling of hydrate growth......Page 295
Inhibition of hydrate growth......Page 297
Research objectives......Page 298
Morphology of hydrate crystals......Page 300
THF  +  water  +  inhibitors solution without salt......Page 305
Effect of NaCl salt on THF hydrates......Page 309
Organization of this section......Page 313
Studies of monomers adsorption on hydrate with Cerius2......Page 314
Using the hand-written software for studying interaction of water and monomers......Page 321
Testing the simulation code......Page 322
Using the simulation code......Page 323
Adsorption of monomers on discrete hydrate surface......Page 325
Comparison and contrast with experimental results......Page 328
Adsorption of inhibitor polymers on hydrate......Page 330
Validation of the methane adsorption model......Page 335
Simulation of methane adsorption......Page 336
Using the computer to design inhibitors......Page 337
Summary of simulations......Page 339
Summary based on experiments with THF hydrate growth......Page 340
Summary from the adsorption simulation results......Page 341
Flow loop tests......Page 342
Paraffin cross-polarized microscope CPM......Page 343
Program for generating radial distribution function in water......Page 344
Program for h bonded rings count in water......Page 347
Monte Carlo program for polymer adsorption on hydrate......Page 368
References......Page 437
Further reading......Page 442
Free modeling tool for chemical injection distribution system......Page 444
Free modeling tool for scale stability......Page 445
Free hydrate plug remediation software......Page 448
Free gas, gas condensate and LNG thermodynamic property calculator......Page 449
12
Flow assurance modeling......Page 451
Historic frequency of blockages based on remediation......Page 453
Impact on overall planning......Page 454
PVT gas properties......Page 455
Regulatory requirements and environmental law which may affect flow assurance......Page 460
Advanced flow assurance fluid properties......Page 463
Flow correlations......Page 464
Units and conversions......Page 465
Standard temperature and pressure......Page 467
C......Page 468
F......Page 469
G......Page 470
H......Page 471
I......Page 472
M......Page 473
P......Page 474
S......Page 476
W......Page 477
X......Page 478
Back Cover......Page 479