Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy......Page 3
Contents......Page 9
Foreword......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
Acronyms, Constants and Symbols......Page 19
1.1.2 Laser OES......Page 21
1.2 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)......Page 22
1.3 LIBS History 1960–1980......Page 26
1.4 LIBS History 1980–1990......Page 29
1.5 LIBS History 1990–2000......Page 31
1.6 Active Areas of Investigation, 2000–2002......Page 35
References......Page 36
2.1 LIBS Plasma Fundamentals......Page 43
2.1.1 Spectral Lines and Line Profiles......Page 45
2.1.2 Determining Electron Densities from Spectral Line Widths......Page 47
2.1.3 Plasma Opacity......Page 50
2.1.4 Temperature and Thermodynamic Equilibrium......Page 51
2.2.1 Breakdown in Gases......Page 56
2.2.3 Breakdown In and On Solids, Aerosols and Liquids......Page 59
2.2.4 Post-Breakdown Phenomena on Solid Surfaces......Page 61
2.3 Laser Ablation......Page 63
2.4 Double or Multiple Pulse LIBS......Page 67
2.5 Summary......Page 69
References......Page 70
3.1 Basic LIBS Apparatus......Page 73
3.2.1 Laser Fundamentals......Page 74
3.2.2 Types of Lasers......Page 75
3.2.3 Properties of Laser Light Important for LIBS......Page 78
3.2.4 Generation of Additional Wavelengths......Page 80
3.2.5 Double Pulse Operation......Page 81
3.3.1 Focusing and Light Collection......Page 82
3.3.2 Lenses......Page 83
3.3.3 Fiber Optic Cables......Page 85
3.4.1 Introduction......Page 89
3.4.2 Spectral Resolution Devices......Page 90
3.5 Detectors......Page 103
3.6.1 Wavelength Calibration......Page 108
3.6.2 Spectral Response Calibration......Page 110
3.7 Timing Considerations......Page 113
3.8 Methods of LIBS Deployment......Page 114
References......Page 116
4.2 Basics of LIBS Measurements......Page 119
4.3 Precision......Page 125
4.4.1 Calibration Curves......Page 127
4.4.2 Calibration Standards......Page 133
4.6 Accuracy......Page 135
References......Page 136
5.2 Identifying Elements......Page 139
5.3 Material Identification......Page 142
5.4 Process Monitoring......Page 145
5.4.1 Experimental......Page 146
5.4.2 Results......Page 147
5.5 Material Sorting/Distinguishing......Page 153
5.5.2 Type of Analysis......Page 154
5.5.3 Sorting Materials of Close Composition......Page 156
5.6 Site Screening Using LIBS......Page 157
References......Page 161
6.2 Effects of Sampling Geometry......Page 163
6.3 Other Sampling Considerations......Page 167
6.4 Particle Size and Incomplete Vaporization......Page 171
6.5 Use of Internal Standardization......Page 172
6.6 Chemical Matrix Effects......Page 173
6.7.1 Objective......Page 175
6.7.2 Experimental......Page 176
6.7.3 Results......Page 178
6.7.4 Discussion of Results......Page 183
6.8 Reported Figures-of-Merit for LIBS Measurements......Page 184
References......Page 188
7.1 Introduction......Page 191
7.2.1 Apparatus......Page 193
7.2.2 Focusing the Laser Pulse......Page 194
7.2.3 Collecting the Plasma Light......Page 198
7.2.4 Results Using Conventional LIBS......Page 199
7.3.1 Conventional Remote LIBS Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses......Page 202
7.3.2 Remote Analysis by Femtosecond Pulse Produced Filamentation......Page 204
7.3.3 Teramobile......Page 205
7.3.4 Remote LIBS Using Femtosecond Pulses......Page 206
7.4.1 Fiber Optics for Light Collection......Page 207
7.4.2 Fibers for Laser Pulse Delivery......Page 209
7.4.3 Applications of Fiber Optics......Page 212
References......Page 215
8.2 Fundamentals......Page 217
8.3 Calibration-Free LIBS (CF-LIBS)......Page 221
8.4 Laser and Spectrometer Advances......Page 223
8.5 Surface Analysis......Page 225
8.6 Double Pulse Studies and Applications......Page 228
8.7 Steel Applications......Page 230
8.8 LIBS for Biological Materials......Page 231
8.9 Nuclear Reactor Applications......Page 232
8.10 LIBS for Space Applications......Page 234
References......Page 243
9.2 Expanding the Understanding and Capability of the LIBS Process......Page 247
9.3 Widening the Universe of LIBS Applications......Page 249
9.4.2 Routine LIBS use in Industrial Applications......Page 250
9.4.3 Availability of Components and Systems......Page 251
9.5 Conclusion......Page 252
References......Page 253
Appendix A Safety Considerations in LIBS......Page 255
A.2 Laser Safety......Page 257
A.3 Generation of Aerosols......Page 258
References......Page 259
Appendix B Recommended Methods for Commencing LIBS Research on a Variety of Samples......Page 261
References......Page 263
C.1 Detection Limits from the Literature......Page 265
C.2 Uniform Detection Limits......Page 283
References......Page 285
Appendix D Major LIBS References......Page 291
Index......Page 295
Plates......Page 304