Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease

Front Matter....Pages i-lvii
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
The Concept of the “Size Set Point” and Implications for Organ Size During Growth....Pages 3-12
The Concept of Phenotypic Induction (‘Programming’) and Implications for Growth....Pages 13-25
Adult Height Prediction Models....Pages 27-57
Twin Studies on Anthropometrics: Exploring the Role of Genetic and Environmental Factors....Pages 59-72
Endocrine Control and Regulation of Growth Hormone: An Overview....Pages 73-92
Intrauterine Growth Standards....Pages 93-114
Legal and Ethical Issues in Infant Growth....Pages 115-129
Front Matter....Pages 131-131
Non-placental Causes of IUGR....Pages 133-146
Intra-uterine Growth Restriction in Developing Countries: Impact on Child Mental Development and Behavior....Pages 147-158
Risk Factors for Adverse Outcomes in Developed Countries: Role of Intrauterine Growth Restriction....Pages 159-175
Children Born with Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Neuropsychological Outcome....Pages 177-192
Children Born with Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Neurodevelopmental Outcome....Pages 193-208
Lipid Profile in Intrauterine Growth Restriction....Pages 209-220
Obesity in Pregnancy: Implications for Fetal and Postnatal Growth....Pages 221-233
Drug Exposure and Intrauterine Growth....Pages 235-261
Brain Lesions in Intrauterine Growth Restriction Assessed by Ultrasound Imaging: Focus on US Technique and Periventricular Lesions....Pages 263-274
Cardiovascular Changes in IUGR....Pages 275-297
The Placenta in Noninfectious Causes of Fetal Intrauterine Growth Retardation: A Focus on Clinical Features and Placental Pathology....Pages 299-324
Low Birth Weight, A Marker of Intrauterine Stress and Adult Disease....Pages 325-341
Low Birth Weight in the Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes: A Focus on Metabolic and Epigenetic Aspects....Pages 343-364
Front Matter....Pages 131-131
Postnatal Weight Increase and Growth Velocity of Preterm Very Low Birth Weight Infants: Perspectives on Absolute Velocity Charts....Pages 365-376
Zinc and Low Birth Weight and Subsequent Growth....Pages 377-385
Artificial Nutrition in Very Low Birth Weight Newborns and Impact on Growth: Practical Methods to Avoid and Treat Malnutrition in Stable and Unstable Neonates....Pages 387-420
Anaemia in Defects in Growth Exemplified by Very Low Birth Weight Infants....Pages 421-434
Cerebral Metabolism in the Very Low Birth Weight Infant....Pages 435-448
Front Matter....Pages 449-449
The Relationship Between Growth and Perinatal Factors in Preterm Infants....Pages 451-463
Monitoring the Growth of Preterm Infants During and After Their Stay in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units: A Focus on WHO Growth Curves After Discharge....Pages 465-479
Early and Aggressive Nutritional Strategy in the Very Low Birth Weight Premature Infants: Preventing Extrauterine Growth Restriction....Pages 481-497
Development of Oral Feeding Skills in the Preterm Infant....Pages 499-512
Iodine and the Effects on Growth in Premature Newborns: A Focus on the Role of Thyroid Hormones in Neurodevelopment and Growth....Pages 513-522
Development of Cerebral Cortex in Prematurely Born Infants: Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, and Maturation of Neurons and Myelination in the Archi- and Neocortex....Pages 523-541
Visual and Visuocognitive Development of Children Born Very Prematurely....Pages 543-565
Effect of Necrotizing Enterocolitis on Growth and Development in Preterm Neonates....Pages 567-583
Front Matter....Pages 585-585
The New WHO Growth Reference in the First 6 Months of Life and Breastfeeding....Pages 587-595
Optimal Infant Feeding and Its Effects on Growth: An Indian Perspective....Pages 597-609
Postnatal Growth Failure and Z -Score....Pages 611-624
Defining the Expected Growth of the Preterm Infant....Pages 625-641
Postnatal Hippocampal Growth in Health and Prematurity: Modulation and Implications....Pages 643-661
The Postnatal Endocrine Surge and Its Effects on Subsequent Sexual Growth....Pages 663-680
Child Growth in Karamoja, Uganda: Effects of Armed Conflict, Subsistence Change, and Maternal Behavior....Pages 681-708
Front Matter....Pages 585-585
The Growth of Children in Institutions....Pages 709-720
Psychological Adjustment and Quality of Life in Impaired Growth....Pages 721-739
Postnatal Immune Dysfunction and Its Impact on Growth Parameters....Pages 741-755
Environmental Pollutants and Postnatal Growth....Pages 757-768
Blood Pressure and Postnatal Growth in Preschool Children: Korean Perspectives....Pages 769-782
Relationship Between Birth Weight and Cardiovascular Risk in Childhood....Pages 783-796
Idiopathic Short Stature....Pages 797-811
Height Velocity Curves in Normal and Abnormal Situations: Relationships Between Diseases – Achondroplasia, Cystic Fibrosis, Growth Hormone Deficiency and Hypothyroidism....Pages 813-827
Front Matter....Pages 829-829
Catch-Up Growth and Supine Length/Height in Very Low Birth Weight, Small for Gestational Age Preterm Infants....Pages 831-849
Testicular Catch-Up Growth....Pages 851-861
Cholestatic Syndromes in Childhood and Catch-Up Growth....Pages 863-879
Catch-Up of Bone Mineral Density in Osteoporosis-Pseudoglioma Syndrome....Pages 881-892
Catch-Up Growth and Corticosteroids: A Focus on Mechanisms and Clinical Conditions....Pages 893-904
Thyroid Function During Catch-Up Growth: A Focus on the Growth Plate....Pages 905-916
Pharmacogenomics of GH-Induced Catch-Up Growth in Prepubertal Short Children. The Role of the Exon 3-Deleted/Full-Length Growth Hormone Receptor Polymorphism....Pages 917-933
Catch-Up Growth: Role of GH–IGF-I Axis and Thyroxine....Pages 935-962
Catch-Up Growth in Patients with Congenital or Acquired Growth Hormone Deficiency After GH Replacement: Clinical Features and Hypothalamic–Pituitary Imaging....Pages 963-985
Serum Adiponectin Levels, Insulin Resistance, and Lipids in Catch-Up and No Catch-Up Growth....Pages 987-1005
Inhaled Corticosteroids and Catch-Up Growth in Children with Asthma....Pages 1007-1014
Weight Requirements for Catch-Up Growth in Adolescent Girls with Eating Disorders....Pages 1015-1027
Front Matter....Pages 829-829
Nutritional-Induced Longitudinal Catch-Up Growth: A Focus on the Growth Plate, Growth-Related Genes, Autophagy, mTOR, and microRNAs....Pages 1029-1043
Foot Catch-Up Growth in Prader–Willi Syndrome: A Model for Foot Growth Regulation in Normal Children....Pages 1045-1054
Front Matter....Pages 1055-1055
Genetic Regulation of Pubertal Timing: Implications for Growth....Pages 1057-1073
Issues in Sexual Growth: The Sebaceous Glands and Adrenocortical Growth and Development....Pages 1075-1086
Fat Storage in Women: From Puberty to the Menopause....Pages 1087-1101
Pubertal Growth and Sexual Maturation in Healthy Japanese Girls: Reference Values of Puberty After Cessation of Secular Trend and Relation Between Puberty and Growth....Pages 1103-1116
Disorders of Sexual Maturation....Pages 1117-1135
Impact of Disorders of Gonadal Function in Childhood and Adolescence on Growth Patterns and Outcomes....Pages 1137-1162
Phthalates and Sexual Maturation and Growth: A Focus on Effects of Phthalates Exposure....Pages 1163-1180
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists and Sexual Growth in Precocious, Early, and Normal Puberty....Pages 1181-1198
Peripheral Precocious Puberty: Interventions to Improve Growth....Pages 1199-1212
Brain Development During Adolescence....Pages 1213-1229
Bone Growth in Rural Chinese Males and Females Aged 6–17 Years: A Prospective Twin Study....Pages 1231-1245
Growth Aspects of HIV-Infected Adolescents in South America....Pages 1247-1253
Front Matter....Pages 1255-1255
Very Small Embryonic-Like Stem Cells (VSELs) and Importance in Growth....Pages 1257-1271
The Role of Human Postnatal Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Importance in Growth, Spinal Cord Injury and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders....Pages 1273-1287
The Role of Satellite Cells and Stem Cells in Muscle Regeneration....Pages 1289-1304
Growth of the Normal Human Heart....Pages 1305-1316
Peak Bone Mass and Peak Bone Strength....Pages 1317-1329
The Epiphyseal Growth Plate: The Engine That Drives Bone Elongation....Pages 1331-1349
Front Matter....Pages 1255-1255
Postnatal Maturation and Growth of the Neonatal Oesophagus: Implications for Neonatal and Infants’ Feeding Problems....Pages 1351-1360
Front Matter....Pages 1361-1361
Language Development in Normal Children and in Disease – An Interactional Approach to Typical Language Development and Children with Language Impairment....Pages 1363-1378
Development of Visual Sensorimotor Systems and Their Cognitive Mediation in Autism....Pages 1379-1393
Impaired Sensorineural Hearing Development in Infectious Disease: Congenital and Pediatric Infections....Pages 1395-1415
Growth Factors in Olfaction....Pages 1417-1436
Hearing Growth Defects in Turner Syndrome....Pages 1437-1444
Front Matter....Pages 1445-1445
Infant Feeding in 20 Developing Countries with Focus on Infant Undernutrition in Cambodia....Pages 1447-1469
Insulin-Like Growth Factor System in Different Ethnic Groups and Relationship with Growth and Health....Pages 1471-1490
Childhood Obesity in Developing Countries: Facets of Abnormal Growth....Pages 1491-1524
Pubertal Growth and Adult Height According to Age at Pubertal Growth Spurt Onset: Data from a Spanish Study Including 540 Subjects (281 Boys and 259 Girls)....Pages 1525-1544
Postnatal Growth in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: The Malaysian Perspective....Pages 1545-1560
Trends in the Prevalence of Low Birth Weight in Japan....Pages 1561-1571
Growth, Stunting, and Micronutrient Supplementation: Perspectives from the South-East Asia Multi-country Trial of Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Infants (SEAMTIZI)....Pages 1573-1583
Effects of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress on Pregnancy and Infant Growth: Korean Perspectives....Pages 1585-1598
Food-Based Complementary Feeding and Its Impact on Growth: Southeast Asian Perspectives....Pages 1599-1610
Growth and Bone Mineral Accretion During Puberty in Chinese Girls: A Focus on Calcium Retention and the Role of Calcium....Pages 1611-1619
Growth and Childhood Obesity: Perspective of Pacific Island Children in New Zealand....Pages 1621-1633
Short Stature in Iran....Pages 1635-1646
Growth of Infants Born to HIV-Infected Women: South Africa Perspectives....Pages 1647-1658
The Oportunidades Program and Child Growth: Mexico Perspectives....Pages 1659-1671
Front Matter....Pages 1673-1673
Growth Charts for Children with Cerebral Palsy: Weight and Stature Percentiles by Age, Gender, and Level of Disability....Pages 1675-1709
Impaired Bone Growth and Mineral Density in Children with Cerebral Palsy: Can It Be Corrected?....Pages 1711-1721
Vulnerability of Adolescent Brain Growth to Cannabis....Pages 1723-1735
Growth Monitoring on Psychotropic Medication....Pages 1737-1754
Growth in Asthmatic Children....Pages 1755-1762
Growth of Children with Cleft-Lip Palate from Birth to 10 Years of Age....Pages 1763-1778
Growth of Infants with Isolated Robin Sequence....Pages 1779-1788
Orthognathic Surgery Considerations in the Young Patient and Effects on Facial Growth....Pages 1789-1808
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Pathologies in Growing Patients: Effects on Facial Growth and Surgical Treatment....Pages 1809-1827
Growth in Osteogenesis Imperfecta....Pages 1829-1840
Growth Following Pediatric Heart Transplantation....Pages 1841-1851
Microtia and Sensory Defects in Growth....Pages 1853-1865
Early-Onset Preeclampsia and HELLP Syndrome: An Overview....Pages 1867-1891
Infectious Diseases and Growth: Chinese Perspectives....Pages 1893-1910
Growth of Infants with IgE-Mediated Cow’s Milk Allergy....Pages 1911-1920
Aromatase Inhibitors and Growth Disorders....Pages 1921-1932
Growth in Celiac Disease: Impact on Physical and Compartmental Growth....Pages 1933-1947
Statural Growth in HIV-Infected Children....Pages 1949-1957
Growth in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis....Pages 1959-1975
Growth Velocity and Interleukin 6 Concentrations: Applications to Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis....Pages 1977-1987
Front Matter....Pages 1673-1673
Growth of Children in Conflict....Pages 1989-2001
Growth Failure in International Adoptees....Pages 2003-2021
Maternal Depression and Child Growth in Developing Countries: A Focus on the Postnatal Period....Pages 2023-2046
Acromegaly and Changes in Growth Parameters: A Focus on Cardiovascular, Metabolic, Respiratory Abnormalities, Malignancies, and Bone Alterations....Pages 2047-2066
Growth in Hemochromatosis....Pages 2067-2088
Front Matter....Pages 2089-2089
Impairment of Body Growth in Mucopolysaccharidoses....Pages 2091-2117
Growth in Classical Galactosemia....Pages 2119-2128
Growth in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy....Pages 2129-2153
Growth and Development in Children and Adolescents with Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY)....Pages 2155-2173
Growth in Prader–Willi Syndrome: Anthropometric Patterns and Analysis....Pages 2175-2199
Growth Defects in Noonan Syndrome....Pages 2201-2215
Longitudinal Growth in X-linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets....Pages 2217-2229
Growth in Individuals with Down Syndrome....Pages 2231-2245
Thalassemia Major and Its Impact on Growth: Clinical Manifestations and Management of the Growing Thalassemic Child....Pages 2247-2263
Growth in Distal Arthrogryposes....Pages 2265-2280
Growth and Growth-Promoting Therapy in Turner Syndrome....Pages 2281-2298
 Short Stature Homeobox-Containing ( SHOX ) Gene Deficiency: Genetics and Growth Response to Growth Hormone Treatment in Comparison with Turner Syndrome....Pages 2299-2318
Zinc Transporter Mutations and Human Growth....Pages 2319-2336
Growth in Common Inherited Disorders – Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Disease and Phenylketonuria....Pages 2337-2348
Growth in Thanatophoric Dysplasia....Pages 2349-2363
Front Matter....Pages 2089-2089
Microarrays, Postnatal Analysis, and Implications for Growth Monitoring....Pages 2365-2378
The Potential of Gene Therapy as a Treatment Strategy for Intra-uterine Growth Restriction....Pages 2379-2392
Front Matter....Pages 2393-2393
Habitual Physical Activity and Bone Growth and Development in Children and Adolescents: A Public Health Perspective....Pages 2395-2411
Impact Exercise for Optimal Bone Health in Growing Children: An Evidence-Based Approach to Exercise Prescription....Pages 2413-2426
The Interaction of Exercise, Stress, and Inflammation on Growth....Pages 2427-2453
How Physical Activity Affects the Growth–Nutrient–Bone Relationship....Pages 2455-2471
Growth Hormone Response to Exercise: Implications for Body Growth....Pages 2473-2490
Front Matter....Pages 2491-2491
Maternal Nutritional Status Dictates Neonatal Outcome....Pages 2493-2506
Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition of the Low Birth Weight Infant....Pages 2507-2521
Maternal Seafood Consumption and Fetal Growth: A Review of the Literature....Pages 2523-2538
Vitamin D, Exercise and Body Composition in Young Children and Adolescents....Pages 2539-2558
Dietary Exposures to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Fetal Growth....Pages 2559-2578
n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Foetal Growth....Pages 2579-2595
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Growth in Healthy Children and Some Rare Diseases....Pages 2597-2618
Folate and Fetal Growth....Pages 2619-2628
Early Life Nutrition and Nutrients’ Intake in Preschool Years in Relation to Growth and Obesity: Growth, Exercise and Nutrition Epidemiological Study In Preschoolers (GENESIS Study)....Pages 2629-2648
Front Matter....Pages 2649-2649
Endocrinology of Male and Female Puberty: An Overview....Pages 2651-2669
Growth in Autoimmune Thyroiditis: Clinical Features, Controversies, and Outcomes in the Pediatric Population....Pages 2671-2685
Pseudohypoparathyroidism and Growth....Pages 2687-2698
Lifetime Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency: Impact on Growth, Metabolism, Body Composition, and Survival Capacity....Pages 2699-2710
Front Matter....Pages 2649-2649
Growth and the Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor (IGF1R)....Pages 2711-2722
Recombinant Insulin-like Growth Factor I in Growth Therapy....Pages 2723-2741
Genetic Disorders of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-GH/IGF-I Axis....Pages 2743-2762
Growth and GH–IGF in Chronic Kidney Disease....Pages 2763-2772
Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds and Pubertal Development: The Effects of Environmental Compounds on the Timing of Puberty in Humans....Pages 2773-2787
C-Type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP) and Postnatal Linear Growth....Pages 2789-2809
Eph/Ephrin Signaling in Postnatal Epithelial Growth....Pages 2811-2823
The Role of Osteocrin and Its Interaction with the Natriuretic System in Bone Growth....Pages 2825-2837
The Importance of the Adiponectin and Leptin Relationship in In Utero and Infant Growth....Pages 2839-2856
Roles of EGF Family of Growth Factors in Growth: Overview of Their Roles in Postnatal Growth and Development....Pages 2857-2870
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) and Bone: Implications for Human Growth....Pages 2871-2888
Front Matter....Pages 2889-2889
Pilot Testing of WHO Child Growth Standards: India Perspectives....Pages 2891-2902
The WHO Growth Curves and US Infants....Pages 2903-2911
Growth Standards for Turkish Children Under 5 Years of Age....Pages 2913-2921
Growth from 24 Weeks to 24 Months in Preterm Infants: Experience from a Swedish Population....Pages 2923-2935
Bone Growth Estimation Using Radiology (Greulich–Pyle and Tanner–Whitehouse Methods)....Pages 2937-2953
Monitoring Bone Growth Using DXA and pQCT....Pages 2955-2968
Fetal Growth Disturbances and Doppler....Pages 2969-2980
Head Circumference Measurement and Growth: Application to Neurodevelopment....Pages 2981-2997
Growth Velocity Curves: What They Are and How to Use Them....Pages 2999-3011
Front Matter....Pages 2889-2889
Limitation of Growth Chart Curves in Terms of Individual Growth Biology....Pages 3013-3027
Evidence-Based Guidelines for Growth Monitoring....Pages 3029-3044
Infant Growth Modelling and Assessment of Growth....Pages 3045-3056
Back Matter....Pages 3057-3164