Handbook of Graphene Materials Volume 7: Physics, Chemistry, and Biology

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 15
1 Biological, Biomedical, and Medical Applications of Graphene and Graphene-Based Materials (G-bMs)......Page 17
 1.1 Introduction......Page 18
 1.3 Importance of Graphene......Page 20
 1.4 Biological Applications of Graphene and G-bMs......Page 21
  1.4.1 Biosensing and Bioimaging......Page 24
  1.4.2 Biotargeting......Page 29
  1.4.3 Biomarking and Biorecognition......Page 32
 1.5 Medical and Biomedical Applications of Graphene and G-bMs......Page 34
  1.5.1 Drug Delivery Applications of Graphene and G-bMs......Page 40
  1.5.2 Antibacterial Applications of Graphene and G-bMs......Page 44
 1.6 Challenges and Future Trend......Page 50
 References......Page 51
 2.1 Introduction......Page 59
  2.2.1 Preparation of GO Nanosheets......Page 62
  2.2.2 Structural Characteristics of GO Nanosheets......Page 63
 2.3 Preparation of Cement Composites with GO Nanosheets......Page 65
  2.4.1 Effects of GO Nanosheet Dosages on the Microstructure and Performances of Cement Composites......Page 66
  2.4.2 Effect of GO Nanosheets with Different Oxygen Contents on the Microstructure and Performances of Cement Composites......Page 68
  2.4.3 Effect of Hydration Times on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cement Composites......Page 70
  2.4.4 Effect of GO Nanosheet Size on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cement Composites......Page 71
  2.4.5 Effect of GO Nanosheets on the Pore Structure of Hardened Cement Paste......Page 76
 2.5 Preparation of Cement Composites with Large-Scale Ordered Microstructures by Doping Few-Sheet GO Nanosheets and Investigation of Their Structure and Performance......Page 77
  2.5.1 Preparation of Few-Sheet GO Nanosheets by Forming CCS/GO Intercalation Composites......Page 78
  2.5.2 Preparation of Large-Scale and Large-Volume Ordered Structural Cement Composites......Page 79
  2.5.3 Mechanical Properties and Durability Parameters of Cement Composites......Page 81
 2.6 Effect of GO Nanosheets on the Crystal Structure of Cement Hydration Crystals......Page 84
  2.7.1 Regulation Mechanism of GO Nanosheets on Cement Hydration Products......Page 85
  2.7.3 Experiment Base of the Forming Mechanism of Regular Cement Composites......Page 88
 2.8 Conclusion and Future Trends......Page 90
 References......Page 91
 3.1 Introduction......Page 95
 3.2 Biomedical Properties of Graphene......Page 98
 3.5 Laboratory Preparation of Graphene......Page 101
 3.6 Graphene-Based Materials and Its Risk Index......Page 103
  3.7.1 Tissue Engineering......Page 105
  3.7.2 Modified Graphene Material in Gene Delivery......Page 106
 3.8 Combination of Graphene in Polymer-Based Composites for Improved Bioactivities......Page 107
 3.9 Application of Graphene in Metal-Matrix Formation for Biomedical Applications......Page 108
 Acknowledgments......Page 109
 References......Page 110
4 Graphene-Based Synaptic Devices for Neuromorphic Applications......Page 115
  4.1.1 Demand for Devices for Neuromorphic Applications......Page 116
  4.1.2 Basics of Biological Synapse......Page 118
  4.1.3 Basic Work Principle of Synaptic Devices......Page 119
   4.1.3.1 RRAM Used as Synaptic Device......Page 120
   4.1.3.2 Transistor Used as Synaptic Device......Page 121
 4.2 Introduction of Graphene......Page 122
  4.3.1 Reasons for Choosing Graphene as the Inserted Layer in RRAM......Page 123
  4.3.3 Device Fabrication......Page 124
   4.3.4.1 Monitoring Oxygen Movement by Raman Spectrum......Page 125
   4.4.1.1 Flexible Electrode......Page 129
   4.4.1.3 Gate Tunability......Page 130
   4.4.2.1 Advantages of Fin Structure......Page 131
   4.4.2.2 LSG—The Approach to Form Fin-Like Structure......Page 132
   4.4.2.4 Electrical Properties......Page 133
   4.4.2.5 Mechanism of the Device......Page 134
   4.4.3.2 Device Fabrication Process......Page 136
   4.4.3.3 Electrical Properties......Page 137
   4.4.3.4 Mechanism of This Device......Page 138
 4.5 From RRAM to Synaptic Device......Page 139
   4.5.1.1 Inhibitory Synaptic Device: The Way to Mimic the “Learning” Process......Page 140
   4.5.1.3 Electrical Properties and Mechanism......Page 141
   4.5.2.1 Modulatable Plasticity......Page 145
   4.5.2.2 Device Structure and Fabrication......Page 146
   4.5.2.3 Hysteresis and Its Origin......Page 147
   4.5.2.5 Electrical Properties......Page 148
 4.6 Prospect......Page 152
 References......Page 155
 5.1 Introduction......Page 159
   5.2.1.1 Graphene Oxide (GO)......Page 162
   5.2.1.2 Reduced GO (rGO)......Page 163
   5.2.1.3 Graphene Nanomaterials......Page 164
  5.2.3 Implants......Page 165
   5.2.3.1 Orthopedic Implants......Page 166
   5.2.3.2 Dental Implants......Page 168
   5.2.3.3 Drug Delivery Implants......Page 170
   5.2.3.4 Biosensor Implants......Page 171
  5.2.4 Biodegradation and Elimination......Page 173
 5.3 Conclusion......Page 174
 Acknowledgments......Page 175
 References......Page 176
 6.1 Introduction......Page 193
 6.2 Background of Fiber Laser......Page 194
 6.3 Mode-Locked Fiber Laser......Page 196
  6.3.1 Saturable Absorber......Page 198
 6.4 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides......Page 200
  6.4.2 Molybdenum Disulfide......Page 201
 6.5 Fabrication and Characterization of SA......Page 202
 6.6 Fiber Laser Configuration......Page 204
 6.7 Performance of Ultrashort Laser with WS2 SA......Page 205
 6.8 Performance of Ultrashort Laser with MoS2 SA......Page 208
 References......Page 211
7 Graphene-Modified Asphalt......Page 215
 7.1 Introduction......Page 216
  7.2.1 GMA and the Interfacial Model of Graphene and Asphalt......Page 217
   7.2.2.1 Thermal Expansion Coefficient Calculation......Page 221
   7.2.2.2 Thermal Conductivity Calculation......Page 222
   7.2.2.4 Elastic Constants and Modulus Calculation......Page 223
   7.2.2.5 Glass Transition Temperature and Thermal Properties......Page 225
   7.2.3.1 Interface Mechanical Behavior......Page 228
   7.2.3.4 Interface Failure Modes......Page 232
  7.2.4 Self-Healing Properties of GMA and Mortar......Page 233
   7.2.4.2 Healing Index......Page 234
   7.2.4.3 Self-Healing Properties......Page 236
 7.3 Conclusion......Page 237
 References......Page 238
 8.1 Introduction......Page 241
 8.2 Graphene-Based Biomaterials......Page 242
  8.3.1 Route of Transportation of Drug Across the BBB......Page 243
   8.3.1.2 Transcellular Transport Route in Brain-Diseased State......Page 244
   8.3.1.3 Mode of Transport Across the Brain......Page 245
  8.4.1 Graphene-Based Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Brain Cancer......Page 246
  8.4.2 Graphene-Based Systems for Diagnostic Application and Drug Delivery for the Treatment of AD......Page 249
  8.4.4 Graphene-Based Materials for Neural Regeneration......Page 252
  8.4.5 Graphene-Based Materials for the Treatment of Stroke......Page 253
  8.4.7 Graphene-Based Materials for the Treatment of Epilepsy......Page 254
 8.5 Conclusion......Page 255
 References......Page 256
 9.1 Introduction......Page 263
  9.2.1 Antibacterial Activities......Page 264
  9.2.2 Antifungal Activities......Page 265
  9.2.3 Antiviral Activities......Page 267
 9.3 Toxicological Effect of GBMs......Page 268
 References......Page 276
 10.1 Structure of Graphene Quantum Dots......Page 283
  10.2.1 Bottom–Up Synthetic Approaches......Page 285
  10.2.2 Top–Down Synthetic Approaches......Page 287
 10.3 Morphological and Optical Properties......Page 289
 10.4 Applications......Page 290
 10.5 Biological Properties of GQDs......Page 291
  10.5.1 Cytotoxicity......Page 292
   10.5.2.1 Photoluminescencent GQD Biosensors......Page 294
   10.5.2.2 Electrochemical GQD Biosensors......Page 297
   10.5.2.3 Electrochemiluminescence Biosensor Based on GQD......Page 298
  10.5.3 GQD as an Agent in Bioimaging......Page 299
  10.5.4 GQD as an Agent in Photodynamic Therapy......Page 300
  10.5.5 GQD as a Vehicle for Drug Delivery......Page 302
   10.5.5.1 GQD in the Delivery of Classical PDT Agents......Page 303
   10.5.5.2 GQD in the Delivery of Other Biologically Active Agents......Page 304
  10.5.6 GQD as an Agent in Antibacterial Therapy......Page 305
 References......Page 306
 11.1 Introduction......Page 317
  11.2.1 Organic Functionalization of Graphene Sheets......Page 320
   11.2.1.1 Covalent Functionalization......Page 321
 11.3 Inorganic Functionalization of Graphene Sheets......Page 322
 11.4 Insight Into Interactions between Graphene Nanomaterials and Enzymes for Improved Immobilization Efficacy and Catalytic Efficiency......Page 323
  11.4.1 Immobilization of Enzymes on Graphene-Based Materials......Page 326
 11.5 Graphene as a Matrix for Enzyme Immobilization and Its Applications......Page 329
  11.5.1 Enzyme Biofuel Cells Based on Graphene......Page 331
 11.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects......Page 332
 References......Page 333
Index......Page 341
EULA......Page 344