Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles for the Oil, Gas, Chemical, and Related Facilities

Front Cover
 Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles for Oil, Gas, Chemical, and Related Facilities
 Copyright Page
 Dedication
 Contents
 About the Author
 Preface
 1 Historical Background, Legal Influences, Management Responsibility, and Safety Culture
 1.1 Historical Background
 1.2 Legal Influences
 1.2.1 Occupational Safety and Health Administration
 1.2.2 Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
 1.2.3 DOT/PIPA Guidelines
 1.2.4 BSEE, Safety and Environmental Management Systems
 1.2.5 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health 1.2.6 Security Vulnerability Assessment Regulation1.2.7 US Presidential Executive Orders (13605 and 13650)
 1.3 Hazards and Their Prevention
 1.4 Systems Approach
 1.5 Fire Protection Engineering Role/Design Team
 1.5.1 Risk Management and Insurance
 1.6 Senior Management's Responsibility and Accountability
 1.6.1 Achieving a World-Class Organizational Safety Culture
 1.7 Operational Excellence
 1.7.1 Typical OE Elements
 1.8 Recent Process Safety Management Initiatives Being Established in the United States
 Further Reading
 2 Overview of Oil, Gas, and Petrochemical Facilities 2.1 Exploration2.2 Production
 2.2.1 Shale Oil Facilities
 2.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery
 2.4 Secondary Recovery
 2.5 Tertiary Recovery
 2.6 Transportation
 2.7 Refining
 2.7.1 Basic Distillation
 2.7.2 Thermal Cracking
 2.7.3 Alkylation and Catalytic Cracking
 2.7.4 Purification
 2.8 Typical Refinery Process Flow
 2.8.1 Production Percentages
 2.9 Marketing
 2.10 Chemical Processes
 Further Reading
 3 Philosophy of Protection Principles
 3.1 Legal Obligations
 3.1.1 Occupational Safety and Health Administration
 3.1.2 Environmental Protection Agency
 3.2 Insurance Recommendations 3.3 Company and Industry Standards3.3.1 General Philosophy
 3.4 Worst Case Condition
 3.4.1 Ambient Conditions
 3.5 Independent Layers of Protection
 3.6 Design Principles
 3.7 Accountability and Auditability
 Further Reading
 4 Physical Properties of Hydrocarbons and Petrochemicals
 4.1 General Description of Hydrocarbons
 4.1.1 Alkene Series
 4.1.2 Alkyne Series
 4.1.3 Cyclic Hydrocarbons
 4.2 Characteristics of Hydrocarbons
 4.2.1 Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) and Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)
 4.3 Flash Point (FP)
 4.4 Autoignition Temperature (AIT)
 4.5 Vapor Density Ratio 4.6 Vapor Pressure4.7 Specific Gravity
 4.8 Flammable
 4.9 Combustible
 4.10 Heat of Combustion
 4.10.1 Description of Some Common Hydrocarbons
 4.10.1.1 Natural Gas
 4.10.1.2 Crude Oil
 4.10.1.3 Methane
 4.10.1.4 Liquefied Natural Gas
 4.10.1.5 Ethane
 4.10.1.6 Propane
 4.10.1.7 Butane
 4.10.1.8 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
 4.10.1.9 Gasoline
 4.10.1.10 Condensate
 4.10.1.11 Gas and Fuel Oils
 4.10.1.12 Kerosene
 4.10.1.13 Diesel
 4.10.1.14 Fuel Oils 4, 5, and 6
 4.10.1.15 Lubricating Oils and Greases
 4.10.1.16 Asphalt
 4.10.1.17 Wax