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دانلود کتاب Handbook of Environmental Materials Management
دانلود کتاب راهنمای مدیریت مواد زیست محیطی
مشخصات کتاب
Handbook of Environmental Materials Management
ویرایش: 1
نویسندگان: Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
سری: Springer Reference
ISBN (شابک) : 9783319736440, 9783319736457
ناشر: Springer International Publishing
سال نشر: 2019
تعداد صفحات: 3209
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 62 مگابایت
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 36,000
کلمات کلیدی مربوط به کتاب راهنمای مدیریت مواد زیست محیطی: علم مواد، خصوصیات و ارزیابی مواد، مدیریت زیست محیطی، اقتصاد محیط زیست، مهندسی محیط زیست/بیوتکنولوژی، نانوتکنولوژی، بیومواد
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Handbook of Environmental Materials Management به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب راهنمای مدیریت مواد زیست محیطی نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب راهنمای مدیریت مواد زیست محیطی
این کار مرجع تکنیک های مدیریت زیست محیطی جهانی را برای مواد زیست محیطی با تمرکز بر عملکرد و مزایای اقتصادی آن ها تجزیه و تحلیل و ارزیابی می کند، راه حل های سازگار با محیط زیست را پیشنهاد می کند و سیاست هایی را تعیین می کند که محیط زیست را برای نسل های آینده حفظ کند. مدیریت مواد زیست محیطی را نه تنها به عنوان یک مشکل پیچیده انسانی، بلکه به عنوان یک مشکل گران قیمت که نیاز به مدیریت پایدار دارد، مورد توجه قرار می دهد. به طور همزمان، مزایای زیست محیطی و اقتصادی مربوط به سطوح بالای سرمایه گذاری و هزینه های عملیاتی مورد نیاز برای توسعه سیستم های جمع آوری و مدیریت مواد موثر در جامعه مدرن را در نظر می گیرد.
توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
This reference work analyzes and assesses global environmental management techniques for environmental materials with a focus on their performance and economic benefits, proposing eco-friendly solutions and designating policies that will sustain the environment for future generations. It addresses management of environmental materials as not only a complex anthropogenic problem, but also as an expensive problem that needs to be managed sustainably. Simultaneously, it considers the environmental and economic benefits involved in the high levels of investment and operation costs required to develop effective materials collection and management systems in modern society.
فهرست مطالب
Preface Contents About the Editor Contributors Part I: Major Environmental Issues and Problems 1 Assessment of Some Aspects of Provisioning Sewerage Systems: A Case Study of Urban Agglomerations in Ganga River Basin Introduction Cost Estimates of Sewerage Systems: Conventional Approach Collection of Information Final Cost Estimation Cost Estimates of Sewerage Systems: Other Approaches Sewerage Network Sewage Pumping Sewage Treatment Methodology Estimation of Capex and Opex of Sewerage Network Estimation of Capex and Opex for Sewage Pumping Estimation of Capex and Opex of Sewage Treatment Findings Sewerage Network Estimation of Sewer Length Estimation of Costs Cost of Sewage Pumping Cost of Sewage Treatment Cost Estimation of Complete Sewerage System Estimated Costs of Provisioning Sewerage Systems in Major Urban Agglomerations in Ganga River Basin Benefits of Provisioning Sewerage Systems Discussion Conclusion References 2 Economic Assessment of Provisioning a Comprehensive Solid Waste Management System: A Case Study of Urban Agglomerations in G... Introduction Cost Estimates of Solid Waste Management Systems: Conventional Approach Collection of Information Cost Estimation Cost Estimates of Solid Waste Management Systems: Other Approaches Waste Collection Waste Conveyance Waste Treatment Methodology Estimation of Capex and Opex of Waste Collection Estimation of Capex and Opex for Waste Conveyance Estimation of Capex and Opex of Solid Waste Processing Plant Findings Collection of Solid Waste Conveyance of Solid Waste Treatment of Solid Waste Comprehensive Solid Waste Management System Estimated Costs of Provisioning Solid Waste Management in Major Urban Agglomerations in Ganga River Basin Discussion Conclusion References 3 Decentralized Integrated Approach of Water and Wastewater Management in Rural West Bengal Introduction Overview and Scope of Surface Water Supply and Integrated Supply Conceptualization and Design Parameters of Water Supply Scheme Study Area Geography Assessment Rainfall Catchment Area Catchment Area and Reservoir Management Silt Trap Design Surface Water Treatment System Horizontal Roughing Filter (HRF) Slow Sand Filter (SSF) Activated Carbon Filter (ACF) Wastewater Treatment System Horizontal Reed Bed Filter (Ref. Fig. 6) Settlement or Holding Tank (Ref. Fig. 7) Design Criteria of Reed Bed (Horizontal) Filter System Design of Organic Removal Design Specification Reed Bed (Horizontal) Filter System Hydraulic Consideration in Design Design Parameter of Reed Bed (Horizontal) Filter System Results of Physicochemical Parameter Percentage (%) of Removal Efficiency of Physicochemical Parameter of Final Treated Effluent Result and Discussion Conclusion References 4 Major Issues on Beneficial Utilization of Solar Energy in India Introduction Solar Power Potential in India India´s Energy Policies and Its Achievement in Solar Power Technology for Solar Energy Harvesting Issues and Challenges of Solar Energy Grid Connection for Rural Electrification Land Scarcity Durability (Life Span) and Performance of Solar Panels Water Requirement for Solar Power Systems Cost Economics of Solar Cell Environmental Pollution and Health Hazard Issues Removal of Uncertainties for Potential Investor Conclusion Cross-References References 5 Major Environmental Issues and Problems of South Asia, Particularly Bangladesh Introduction Major Environmental Issues and Problems of South Asian Countries Climate Change Climatic Events Geophysical Setting Glacier Melt and Sea Level Rise Land Degradation Water Scarcity Ecosystems and Biodiversity Loss Pollution Import of Hazardous Wastes in South Asia Country Basis Environmental Issues, Causes, Vulnerable Areas, and Overall Impacts Afghanistan Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Bangladesh Climate Change Global Warming Geophysical Setting Demographic Pressure Unplanned Urbanization and Industrialization Unplanned Construction of Brick fields Sea Level Rise and Salinity Intrusion Natural Calamities in Bangladesh Flood and Flash Flood Cyclone Riverbank Erosion Lightning Drought, Desertification, and Water Scarcity Pollution Ecosystem Changes and Biodiversity Depletion Introduction of Exotic Species Deforestation Forest Fire Shrimp Cultivation and Salt Production Sedimentation or Siltation Excessive and Nonregulated Use of Agrochemicals Conclusion and Recommendations Cross-References References 6 Air Pollution Introduction Types of Air Pollutants Sources of Air Emissions Effects of Air Emissions Environmental Effects Global Warming Depletion of Ozone Layer Effects on the Ecosystem Acid Deposition Eutrophication Atmospheric Haze Material Damage Health Effects Cross-References References 7 Status of Particulate Matter Pollution in India: A Review Particulate Matter Pollution: Status in India Particulate Matter: Sources and Health Impacts Particulate Matter Pollution: Studies from India Discussion Control Measures Conclusion Cross-References References 8 Global Environmental Issues Introduction Water Issues Sources of Fresh Water Water Scarcity Water Pollution Air Pollution Climate Change Ozone Layer Depletion Acid Rain References 9 Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater and the Source Mineral Releasing Fluoride in Groundwater of Indo-Gangetic Alluvium, In... Introduction Geomorphology of Indo-Gangetic Alluvium Fluoride in Groundwater Monthly Variation of Fluoride with Depth- Sedimentological and Mineralogical Studies Mineralogical Composition of Sand Correlation Between the Fluoride Content in the Water and Vertical Variation in the Mineralogy Mineralogical Composition of Mud Mineralogical Composition of Silt Fraction Mineralogical Composition of the Clay Fraction Illite and Mica Minerals Smectites Chlorite Kaolinite Geochemistry of Sediments Major Elements Trace Elements Interelement Relationship Between Major Elements Interelement Relationship Between Trace Elements Interelemental Relationship Between Major and Trace Elements Chemical Maturity of the Sediments A-CN-K Diagram and Chemical Index of Alteration Relative Mobility of the Elements with Respect to Al2O3 Elemental Ratio for Major Elements Chemical Mobility of Elements with Respect to Weathering Distribution of Major Elements with Depth Weathering and Release of Fluoride in Groundwater Cross-References References 10 Identification of the Source Mineral Releasing Arsenic in the Groundwater of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, India The Problem Global Status of Arsenic Indian Status of Arsenic Health Impact Survey Location of the Study Area Geology Geomorphology Topography Collection of Water Samples Water Quality Arsenic Iron Sedimentology and Mineralogy Installation of Piezometers Grain Size Analysis Heavy Minerals Identification Mineralogical Composition of Clay Mineralogy of Heavy Minerals Analysis of Water Samples Through XRD Chemical Maturity of the Sediments A-CN-K Diagrams and Chemical Index of Alteration Variation of Arsenic with Depth Cross-References References 11 Industrial Solid Waste Management in a Developing Country Governorate and the Opportunities for the Application of Cleaner ... Introduction Background Methodology The Study Area Economic Situation in the Governorate SWM in the Study Area The Study Means Results and Discussion Characteristics of the Questionnaire Respondents SWM Practices on Locality Level ISW Collection and Transferring ISW Temporal Storage ISW Treatment, Processing, and Final Disposal Coordination Between Localities and Authorities Financial Aspects Labors in SWM Sector SWM Practices on Factory Level ISW Generation ISW Temporal Storage ISW Collection and Transferring Treatment, Processing, and Final Disposal Safety and Security of Factory Labors Cleaner Production Principles Application Industrial Solid Waste Management Performance Indicators Conclusions and Recommendations References 12 Indoor Air Pollution Around Industrial Areas and Its Effect: A Case Study in Delhi City Introduction Suspended Particulate Matter and Respiratory Illnesses Materials and Methods Selection of Study Areas Sampling Medical Examination of the Children (PFT/PEFR) Statistical Analysis Results and Discussion General Profile Distribution Patterns of Indoor Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) Respiratory Illness in Children Association of Asthma, Rhinitis, and URTI in Children with Indoor SPM Conclusion Cross-References References 13 Scenario of Landfilling in India: Problems, Challenges, and Recommendations Introduction Problems and Issues Related to Landfills Leachate: A Toxic Soup Toxic Substances Greenhouse Gases Others Breeding Ground of Pests Odor Problem Air Pollution Case Studies Challenges Recommendations to Solve Landfill Problems Build New Sanitary Landfill Waste to Energy Conclusion Cross-References References 14 Environmental Health Problems Due to Air Pollution Exposure: A Case Study of Respiratory and Associated Morbidities Among T... Introduction Literature Review Aurangabad Scenario Methodology Data Collection Technique Results Distribution of Age Group Use of Personal Protective Equipment Other Self-Reported Morbidities Among Traffic Police Personnel Peak Expiratory Flow Reading Discussion Sociodemographic Factors Work-Related Factors Number of Years of Service in the City Type of Shift Use of Personal Protective Equipments During Traffic Duty Routine Medical Checkups Peak Flow Restriction Other Associated Morbidities Conclusion Cross-References References 15 Microplastics as Contaminant in FreshWater Ecosystem: A Modern Environmental Issue Introduction Microplastics in Freshwater Ecosystems Sources of Microplastics Distribution and Occurrence of Microplastics Techniques for Detection and Characterization of Microplastics Sampling Types Sediment Sampling Water Sampling Sample Processing Methods Segregation of Organic Matter Identification and Characterization of Microplastics Environmental and Health Effects of Microplastics Impact of Microplastics on Freshwater Biota Microplastics Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms Effect on Energy Reserves and Growth Effect on Reproduction Bioavailability of Additives and Adsorbed Environmental Contaminants Trophic Transfer of Microplastics Legal Framework for Microplastics Future Considerations and Conclusion References 16 Impact of Material Chemistry on the Performance characteristics of a Coal Handling Plant Introduction Centrifugal Pump Different Types of Pumps Primary Pump Secondary Pump Over-Dense Pump Dilute Pump Thickening Pump Froth Floatation Pump Vertical Sump Pump Effluent Pump Processes Comminution Beneficiation (Coarse Circuit) Beneficiation (Fines Circuit) Performance Site Details of Pumps Life Cycle of Warman Pump (Primary Pump) Graph of Head Versus Flow Rate for Two Distinct Pumps (171 and 172) Life Cycle of a Warman Pump (Secondary Pump) Graph of Head Versus Flow Rate for Secondary Pumps 167 and 168 Life Cycle of Warman Pump (Over-Dense Pump) Graph of Head Versus Flow Rate for Over-Dense Pump 165 Curves of Other Horizontal Pumps Other Horizontal Pumps Performance Curve Conclusion References Part II: Environmental Site Remediation 17 Technologies for Treatment of Colored Wastewater from Different Industries Water Pollution Sources of Colored Wastewater Characteristics of Wastewater Harmful Effects of Colored Wastewater Treatment Technologies Physical Methods Chemical Methods Biological Methods Advanced Methods Comparison Between Different Treatment Methods Conclusion Cross-References References 18 Application of Novel Microbial Consortia for Environmental Site Remediation and Hazardous Waste Management Toward Low- and ... Introduction Conventional Methods of Plastic Waste Management Landfills Thermal Depolymerization Incineration Pyrolysis Recycling Merits and Demerits of Conventional Methods for Plastic Waste Management Need for Novel Biotechnological Intervention Formulation of Novel Microbial Consortia Microbiology of Plastic-Degrading Bacteria Screening of Plastic-Degrading Microorganisms Enrichment Technique Zone of Clearance Method Microbiological Characterization Morphological Characteristics Cultural Characteristics Biochemical Tests Molecular Characterization 16S rDNA Gene Sequencing Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (RISA) Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Environmental Parameters Biodegradation Studies Weight Loss Method Gas Evolution Tests (Carbon Dioxide or Methane) Respiration Tests Plate Tests Enzyme Assays Soil Burial Method Advanced Technology Mechanism of Degradation of Polyethylene by Microbial Consortia Organisms Involved in Degradation Mechanism of Degradation Use of Surfactants for Enhanced Biodegradation of Polyethylene Natural Surfactants Synthetic Surfactants Biofilm Formation During Plastic Degradation Formation of Biofilm on Polyethylene Surface Analysis of Characteristics of Biofilm BATH Assay Biofilm Respiration Measurements Factors Affecting Biofilm Formation Major Biodegradation End Products and Techniques Used for End-Product Analysis Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Infrared Methane Gas In Situ Analyzer Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) STURM Test Recent Advances in Scale-Up of Plastic-Degrading Microbial Consortia Anaerobic Digester Scope of Enzyme Technology Scope of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Biodegradation Databases Biodegradation Network-Molecular Biology University of Minnesota Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database MetaCyc and BioCyc Computational Biology Resources for Pathway Prediction PathPred Biochemical Network Integrated Computational Explorer From Metabolite to Metabolite Metabolic Tinker MetaRouter Protein Structure Prediction Homology Modeling Fold Recognition Ab Initio Method Molecular Docking Analysis Molecular Dynamic Simulations Conclusion References 19 Micro-remediation of Metals: A New Frontier in Bioremediation Introduction Metals in the Environment Principles Behind Microbial Remediation Mycoremediation Cyanoremediation Biostimulation Biomineralization Biosorption Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Bioremediation Process Microbes Involved in Bioremediation Bioremediation by Microbes Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) Mediated Decontamination of Heavy Metals Metal-Microbe Interaction Microbes and Metal Resistance General Mechanism of Metal Resistance Exopolymer Binding Siderophore Complexation Biosurfactant Complexation Precipitation by Metal Reduction Metal-Dependent Mechanism of Metal Resistance Microbial Resistance to Oxyanions Resistance to Divalent Metal Ions Microbial Transformations of Metals Mechanisms of Metal Transformation by Microbes Biologically Catalyzed Immobilization Biologically Catalyzed Solubilization Aerobic Anaerobic Ligninolytic Fungi Such As White Rot Fungus Methylotrophs Microbial-Assisted Phytoremediation Designer Microbes Approach Rhizosphere Engineering Manipulation of Plant-Microbe Symbiosis Future Prospects: Microbial Remediation and Its Application Conclusion References 20 Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation: An Alternative Strategy for Bioremediation of Ground Water Contaminated Mixed Landfill ... Introduction Landfill Leachate-Contaminated Groundwater Intrusion of Seawater into Contaminated Groundwater Groundwater Management Strategies Bioremediation as a Technology for Contaminated Groundwater Remediation Principles of Bioremediation On-Site Bioremediation Bioaugmentation Determining Potential Microbes Biostimulation Factors to Consider References 21 Bacterial Cell-Mineral Interface, Its Impacts on Biofilm Formation and Bioremediation Introduction A Brief Description on the Minerals and Bacterial Cells Characterization Techniques XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) Infrared or IR Spectroscopy XPS (X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) Potentiometric Titration Effects of the Metal Oxides Surface Charge and Hydrophobicity on the Biofilm Formation Summary Cross-References References 22 Bioremediation of Mined Waste Land Introduction Environmental Impacts of Mining Strategies of Remediation Physical Chemical Biological Bioremediation: An Overview Principle of Bioremediation Factors Affecting Bioremediation Techniques in Bioremediation In Situ Bioremediation Intrinsic Bioremediation Engineered Bioremediation Techniques Bioventing Bioaugmentation Biosparging Phytoremediation Heavy Metal Sequestration Mycoremediation Cyanoremediation Biomolecules Case Study: Kashlog Mining Area, Darlaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India Soil Sampling Isolation of VAM and Cyanobacteria Conclusions References 23 Soil Pollution and Remediation Inorganic Pollutants Arsenic (As) Cadmium (Cd) Chromium (Cr) Copper (Cu) Mercury (Hg) Lead (Pb) Nickel Zinc Bioavailability of Heavy Metals Enrichment Factors (EFs) Contamination Factor (CF) Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) Potential Ecological Risk Load Index (PERI) Human Health Risk Assessment Organic Pollutants Intentionally POPs Agrochemicals Pesticides Industrial Chemicals Polychlorinated Biphenyls Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE) Unintentionally POPs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Dioxins and Furans Analytical Methods Remediation Soil Pollution Caused by the Disposal of Solid Waste to Unsanitary Landfills Sources of Soil Pollution Pollutants in Soil The Criteria for the Classification of Contaminated Soil The Criteria for the Remediation and the Remediation of Contaminated Sites The Process of Risk Management in the Context of the Remediation of Contaminated Sites Methods and Techniques of Performing Remediation Conclusion Cross-References References Part III: Hazardous Waste Management 24 Development of an Environmentally Sustainable Approach for Safe Disposal of Arsenic-Rich Sludge Introduction Treatment Methods for Arsenic-Rich Sludge Preparation of Arsenic-Rich Sludge by Employing Oxidation and Precipitation Processes Arsenic Concentration in Filtered Supernatant Water After Coprecipitation Preparation of Concrete (M15-1:2:4) with Arsenic-Rich Sludge Use of Arsenic-Rich Sludge in Brick Manufacturing Disposal of Arsenic-Rich Sludge in Anaerobic Bioreactor Results and Discussion Arsenic-Rich Sludge Used for Concrete Cubes Arsenic-Rich Sludge Used in Brick Preparation Arsenic-Rich Sludge Stabilization in Anaerobic Bioreactor Conclusion and Recommendations References 25 Household Hazardous Waste Quantification, Characterization, and Management in Developing Countries´ Cities: A Case Study Introduction Methodology Description of the Study Area Households´ Sample Size Identification Data Collection Method HHW Classification Results and Discussion Sample Distribution Solid Waste Management in Hebron City Risk Assessment of Household Hazardous Waste Demographic Factors´ Effect on HHW Management Hazardous Components of Hebron City Household Waste HHW Recorded Management Conditions Conclusion and Recommendations Cross-References References 26 Investigation of the Chemical Content of Two Specific Streams in Municipal Waste: The Case of Hazardous Household Waste and... Introduction Background Waste Streams Description Hazardous Household Waste Dental Waste Current Management Trends Hazardous Household Waste Stream Dental Waste Stream Material and Methods Determination of the Xenobiotic Compounds Development of Databases and Linkage to the Population Target Group Uncertainty Level Assessment for Both Fractions Health and Safety in Solid Waste Management Facilities Hazard Assessment Results Uncertainty Analysis Results Chemical Compound Properties in Determined Microenvironments Health and Safety Condition Influence due to Chemical Compounds Contained in Investigated Waste Fractions Hazardous Household Waste Dental Waste in the Municipal Fraction Hazard Assessment of Waste Fractions Hazardous Household Waste Dental Waste Fraction Conclusions Cross-References References 27 Management of Hazardous Paper Mill Wastes for Sustainable Agriculture Introduction Raw Materials Used in Indian Paper Industry Generation of Wastes in Paper Mill Quantity and Quality of Paper Mill Solid Wastes Harmful Impact of Paper Mill Wastes Reuse of Paper Mill Solid Wastes Mass Utilization of Paper Mill Waste Through Low-Cost Composting Technique Advantages of Vermicomposting for Sustainable Agriculture Social Benefits of Vermicomposting of Paper Mill Waste Conclusion Cross-References References 28 Management of Municipal Solid Waste in Morocco: The Size Effect in the Distribution of Combustible Components and Evaluatio... Introduction Waste Management in Morocco General Data on Waste Management in Morocco Accompanying Measures in the Waste Sector in Morocco Waste Recovery: SRF Production Development of SRF Production in Developed Countries Recovery Modes of SRF Production of SRF in Developing Countries Initiation to a Study of the Combustible Fractions Contained in the MSW of the City of Beni Mellal Presentation of the Study Area: The City of Beni Mellal, Morocco Materials and Methods Results Particle Size Separation Result Sorting Results of Fuels Fractions Sorting Results of First Group Sorting Results of the Second Group Sorting Results for the Third Group Composition of the Fuel Fraction with a Particle Size More than 80 mm Discussion of Results Conclusion Cross-References References 29 Hazardous Waste Management with Special Reference to Biological Treatment Introduction Characteristic Features of Hazardous Waste Classes of Hazardous Waste Treatment of Hazardous Wastes Physical Treatment Techniques Thermal Treatment of Hazardous Waste Chemical Treatment Methods Biological Treatment Methods Activated Sludge Microbes and Their Role in Activated Sludge Aerated Lagoon Microorganisms in Aerated Lagoon Trickling Filter Rotating Biological Contactors Stabilization Ponds Packed Bed Reactors Bioremediation Ex Situ Bioremediation Organisms Used in Bioremediation Bacteria Nitrifiers and Denitrifiers Fungi (Mycoremediation) Archaea Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Pollutants Remediating Metals Pesticide Degradation Environmental Applications Limitations of Treating Hazardous Wastes Using the Biological Treatment Method References Part IV: Management of Radioactive Wastes 30 Management of Radioactive Wastes Introduction Notions of Radioactivity The Laws of Radioactivity Radioactive Activity Radioactive Decay Radioactive Waste Classification of Radioactive Waste Radioactive Waste Management: Case of Morocco International Obligations Legally Binding Agreements Nonbinding Agreements Purpose of National Radioactive Waste Management Policy and Scope Policy Objectives Safety and Security Objectives Responsibility for RWM National Security Infrastructure Long-Term Management of RW Management of Register of Sources and National Inventory of Radioactive Materials and Waste National Obligations and Priorities Liabilities for RWM Waste Minimization Import/Export of RW Repatriation of DSRS Disposal as Final End-Point for Radioactive Waste Management General Principles of the Morocco Policy for Radioactive Waste Management Organizational Framework and Allocation of Responsibilities National Council for Nuclear Energy Establishing a New Unified and Independent Regulatory Body Defining Role of Operators and Organization Responsible for Centralized and Long-Term Radioactive Waste Management Waste Generators and Source Users: Waste Management Organization: Updating and Strengthening the Policy National Strategy for Radioactive Waste Management Disused Sealed Radioactive Sources Strategic National Framework for Radioactive Waste Management Monitoring Strategy Implementation Updating the Strategy National Model for Radioactive Waste Management Waste Generation Predisposal Management of Radioactive Waste Waste Management End Points Long-Term Waste Management Management of Disused Sealed Radioactive Sources Management of Spent Radioactive Ion Exchange Resins National Process for Implementing the Radioactive Waste Management Strategy Conclusion References 31 Actinide Speciation in Environment and Their Separation Using Functionalized Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites Introduction Background: Hydrolysis of Metal Ions Hydrolysis of Actinides Plutonium Complexities in Plutonium Aqueous Chemistry Hydrolysis and Polymerization of Tetravalent Plutonium Parameters Influencing the Formation of Plutonium Polymers/Colloids Probing the Formation and Structure of Pu(IV) Polymer Size and Morphology of Pu(IV) Colloid Hydrolysis and Solubility of Pu(IV) Methods Adopted to Remove Polymers Extraction of Pu(IV) Polymer/Colloid Depolymerization Proposed Methods for Depolymerizing Pu(IV) Polymer Uranyl Nitrate Effect Hydrolysis of Th(IV) Probing the Formation and Structure of Th(IV) Hydrolyzed Species Size and Morphology of Hydrolyzed Th(IV) Polymer/Colloid Hydrolysis and Solubility of Th(IV) Stability of Th(IV) Hydrolyzed Colloids Uranyl Effect on Polymerization of Th(IV) Molecular Weight of Th(IV) Hydrolyzed Polymer Uranium Hydrolysis and Polymerization of Uranium(IV) Probing the Formation and Structure of U(IV) Hydroxide/Oxide Size and Morphology of U(IV) Colloid Hydrolysis and Solubility of U(IV) Molecular Weight of Hydrolyzed U(IV) Polymer Hydrolysis of Uranium(VI) Nanomaterials for Separation of Actinides Carbon Nanostructures Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Ligand-Impregnated MWCNTs Graphene Oxide (GO) Magnetic Nanoparticles for Sorption Nanocomposites Magnetic Nanocomposites Mesoporous Materials for Sorption Mesoporous Membrane for Sorption Reverse Osmosis (RO) Nanofiltration (NF) Ultrafiltration (UF) Combined with Sorption/Precipitation/Complexation Nanopolymer/Dendrimer-Assisted Ultrafiltration Conclusion Cross-References References Part V: Management of Special Wastes: CO2, CH4, NOX, SO2, Carbon Particles, and Oil Spills 32 Prospects and Issues of Phosphorus Recovery as Struvite from Waste Streams Phosphorus: Role, Issues, and Possibilities P Recovery as Struvite: An Alternative P Fertilizer and Factors Affecting Struvite: As Nuisance and Issues Concerning Prevention Benefits Incurred from Struvite Recovery Potential Sources for Recovery of Struvite Commercial Processes Effects of Nonparticipating Ions on Crystallization Technology Enhancement Through Process Modification Methods of Struvite Recovery Chemical Precipitation Electrochemical Methods Ion Exchange Methods Microbial Biomineralization Methods Use of Different Pretreatments for Maximizing Struvite Recovery pH Modification Using Acid/Base Leaching Chelating Agent Treatment Microwave Heating Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) Use of Seed in Struvite Crystallization Alternative Magnesium Sources for Struvite Precipitation Application of Struvite as Soil Fertilizer Fertilizer Properties of Struvite Effect of Struvite Application on Crop Conclusions References 33 Global Status of Nitrate Contamination in Groundwater: Its Occurrence, Health Impacts, and Mitigation Measures Introduction Occurrence of Nitrate in Various Ecosystems Anthropogenic Sources Fertilizer Application Human and Animal Waste Industrial Uses of Nitrates Explosives Deforestation Geogenic Sources Lightning Storms Geological Origin Other Geogenic Factors Status of Nitrate Contamination in Groundwater Global Status Status in India Health Impacts Methemoglobinemia Cancer Thyroid Problems Impacts on Livestock Health and Aquatic Life Removal Technologies of Nitrate from Drinking Water Removal Through Carbon-Based Adsorbents Removal Through Natural Adsorbents Removal Through Sorbents Obtained from Agricultural Waste Removal Through Sorbents Obtained from Industrial Waste Conclusion References 34 Remediation of Industrial and Automobile Exhausts for Environmental Management Introduction The Aim and Objective of this Study Sources of Classification of Industrial and Automobile Exhausts and Disposal Toxicity of Exhausts and their Release to Environment Possibilities of Remediation and Deactivation of Exhausts Significant Scientific Endeavor in the Field of Air Pollution Control of Industrial and Automobile Exhausts and Industrial Was... Visionary Scientific Endeavor in the Field of Environmental Management Environmental and Energy Sustainability and the Vast Vision for the Future Future Research Trends and Future Recommendations Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 35 Management of Residues from Air Pollution Control Systems Introduction Air Pollution Control General Air Pollution Control Tasks and Residues Thereof De-dusting Desulfurization Separation of Hydrogen Chloride and Hydrogen Fluoride Reduction of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Reduction of Ammonia Emissions Reduction of the Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds Residues from Air Pollution Control in Major Industry Sectors Cement Industry Iron and Steel Industry Combustion and Incineration Plants Oil Refineries Enrichment of Volatile Elements in the Off-Gas Ways of Utilization of Air Pollution Control Residues Use as Products General Gypsum Sulfur Dioxide, Elemental Sulfur, and Sulfuric Acid Hydrochloric Acid Volatile Organic Compounds CKD as Binder Fly Ash as Pozzolan Fly Ash as Soil Ameliorant Direct Recycling Volatile Organic Compounds Dust Treatment of Residues for Recycling or Utilization Agglomeration of Dust Leaching Thermal Treatment Classification Use of Residues in Another Process Iron Ore Sinter Plant Cement Kiln Pyrometallurgical Zn Recovery Recovery of Alumina New Ways of Utilization Production of Potassium Chloride for Fertilizer Glass-Ceramics Ceramics Production of Zeolites Landfill General Backfilling in Mines Solidification APC Residues from Waste Incineration Plants By-Product from Semidry and Dry Sorption Processes for Acid Gases EAF Dust References Part VI: Environmental Analysis 36 Tailor-Made Molecular Traps for the Treatment of Environmental Samples Introduction MIP-Based Molecular Traps for Solid Phase Extraction of Pharmaceuticals from Environmental Samples Ion Imprinted Traps for Solid Phase Extraction of Metals from Environmental Samples MIP-Based Molecular Traps for Solid Phase Extraction of Dye Compounds from Environmental Samples Conclusions References 37 Removal of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds from Contaminated Water and Wastewater Using Biochar as Low-Cost Adsorbents, A... Introduction Removal of PhACs from Water and Wastewater by Filtration Membrane Removal of PhACs from Water and Wastewater by Adsorption Process Biosorption of PhACs by Microorganisms Conclusion Cross-References References 38 Microbial Risk Associated with Application of Biosolids in Agriculture Introduction Biosolid-Borne Bacteria Risk Assessment of Pathogenic Bacteria in Soil Fertilized with Biosolids Conclusion Cross-References References 39 Monitoring and Risk Analysis of PAHs in the Environment Introduction Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Molecular Structure and Physicochemical Properties of PAHs Exposure to PAHs Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of PAHs Sources of PAHs Distribution in the Environment (Air, Soil, Street Dust, Water, and Sediment) PAHs in the Atmosphere Gas to Particle Distribution of PAHs in the Atmosphere Air Water Gas Exchange of PAHs Atmospheric Pollutant Removal Processes Atmospheric Bulk Deposition of PAHs PAHs in Soil PAHs in Street Dust PAHs in Water and Sediment PAHs Analysis Ecotoxic Effects of PAHs Toxicity Analysis Ecosystem Risk References 40 Water Quality Assessment of an Unexplored Tropical Freshwater System in Thiruvananthapuram, India: A Multivariate Statistic... Freshwater Ecosystems: Importance Physical and Chemical Analysis in Water Quality Study Statistical Methods Used in Water Quality Assessment Methods Description of the Study Area and Sampling Hydrographical Parameters Statistical Analysis Results and Discussions Physical and Chemical Analysis of Water Multivariate Analysis of Physical and Chemical Parameters Principal Component Analysis (PCA) PCA for Year 1 PCA for Year 2 Cluster Analysis (CA) Conclusion Cross-References References 41 Nanomembranes for Environment Introduction Vision, Mission, and Aim of the Present Treatise Scope of the Study Introduction to the Application Area of Nanomembranes in Environmental Applications Wide World of Application of Nanomembranes Wastewater Treatment Chemical Industry Food Industry Biotechnology and Medical Applications Fabrication and Mechanism of Separation in Nanomembranes Science, Human Mankind, and the World of Environmental Sustainability Nanotechnology, Sustainability, and the Vision for the Future Scientific Research Pursuit in the Field of Nanomembranes Carbon Nanotube-Based Membranes for Environment Nano-biomembranes and Environmental Monitoring Nanocomposite Membranes for Environment Polymer Nanomembranes for Environment The Future of Nanomembranes Vision of Nanotechnology in the Treatment of Wastewater Water Pollution and Nanofiltration Desalination, Future of Water Science, and the Wide Progress of Nanomembranes Suitability of the Nanomembrane Technologies Nanofiltration Membranes Nanocatalysts and Magnetic Nanoparticles Vision Behind Sensing and Detection Increasing Potable Water Supplies Desalination of Seawater and the Vast Future of Science Safety of Industrial Effluent Benefits of Nanotechnology and the Scientific Vision and Scientific Comprehension Regulation of Nanotechnology Scientific Validation and Technology Transfer Nanotechnology Risk Assessment Technology Validation, Scientific Introspection, and Vision for the Future in Nanomembranes Environmental Sustainability, Application of Membrane Science, and the Wide World of Nanomembranes The Challenge and True Vision of Environmental Engineering Separation Processes Nontraditional Environmental Engineering Techniques and Membrane Science The Challenge and Vision of Scientific Validation Future Environmental Perspectives and Vision of Application of Nanomembranes Future Dimensions and Future Trends in the Application of Nanomembranes Summary and Conclusion References 42 Exergy and Life Cycle-Based Analysis Exergy Analysis History Basic Concepts Exergy Efficiencies Strengths and Limitations of Exergy Analysis LCA History LCA Phases Goal and Scope Definition Inventory Analysis Impact Assessment Interpretation Iterative Approach Strength and Application Limitations of LCA Exergy-Based Methods Exergetic Analysis Cumulative Exergy Consumption/Demand Exergoeconomic Analysis Thermoeconomics Extended Exergy Accounting Exergoenvironmental Analysis References 43 Magnetic and Nanostructural Properties of Cobalt–Zinc Ferrite for Environmental Sensors Introduction Experimental Set-Up Sample Preparation Methods Characterization Methods Catalytic Measurements Results and Discussion Thermal Analysis Crystallographic Analysis Specific Surface Area and Porosity Morphology and Microstructure Magnetic Properties Catalytic Testing and Ethanol Conversion Conclusions Cross-References References 44 New Trends in Environmental Analysis Introduction Recent Developments in Environmentally Preferable Sample Preparation Techniques Immunoaffinity Chromatography Molecular Imprinted Polymers Ionic Liquid Deep Eutectic Solvents Surface Active Agents Supercritical Water Bio-Derived Solvents New Adsorbent Materials Polymer-Based Monoliths Restricted-Access Material Sorbents Nanomaterials as Sorbent Materials Metallic Nanoparticles Mixed Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Carbon Nanomaterials Silicon-Based Nanomaterials Polymeric Nanomaterials Magnetic Nanoparticles Application of Nanomaterials as Sorbents for Environmental Analysis Cross-References References 45 Integrated Evaluation of Quantitative Factors Related to the Environmental Quality Scenario Introduction Atmospheric Pollutants Particulate Matter Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Metals Biomonitoring Characteristics of the Bioindicators Used to Evaluate the Environmental Scenario Biomonitoring with Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea Biomonitoring with Ryegrass Monitoring of Atmospheric Pollutants Particulate Matter Sampling Research Results: Quantitative Factors Conclusion Cross-References References 46 Characterizing the Cell Surface Properties of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacterial Strains, a Case Study Introduction Experimental Section and Sphingomonas spp., Sph2 Case Study Sph2 Growth Condition, and Preparation for Infrared Spectroscopy of Its Cell Surface Potentiometric Titration of Sph2 Modelling Surface Protonation of Sph2 Based on the Titration Data Zeta Potential Measurements Sph2 Biofilm Formation on Hematite Results and Discussions Infrared Spectroscopy of Sph2 Cell Wall Sph2 Surface Potential in Different Ionic Strengths Sph2 Potentiometric Titration and the Data Optimization Using ProtoFit Sph2 Biofilm Formation on the Hematite Surface Under Different Ionic Strengths Conclusions Cross-References Appendix Preparing the Hematite Surface for Cell Adhesion Studies (Synthesis, Coating, and Characterization) Bacterial Strains, Growth Conditions, and Sample Preparation Biofilm Formation Studies Glycosphingolipids References 47 Preparation, Characterization, and Heavy Metal Ion Adsorption Property of APTES-Modified Kaolin: Comparative Study with Ori... Definitions Introduction Kaolin and Modified Kaolin Kaolin in the Environment Structural Features The Main Important Characteristics of Kaolin X-Ray Diffraction XPS Spectroscopy Microscopy Thermal Analysis Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Functionalization of Kaolin with 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) Heavy Metals Removal by Adsorption Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Conclusion References 48 Concept Note on Method Development for Speciation and Measurement of Arsenic (As) in Its Valence States (As (III) and As (V... Introduction Experimental Approaches Sampling Sample Pretreatment Speciation of As (III) and As (V) Work Plan Sampling Theoretical Samples Environmental Samples Treatments Theoretical Arsenic Speciation Empirical Total Arsenic Arsenic Speciation in Environmental Samples References 49 Determination of Select Heavy Metals in Air Samples from Aurangabad City Introduction Study Location Materials and Methods Chemical Analysis Meteorological Observations Results and Discussion Conclusion Cross-References References 50 Recent Advances in Membrane Extraction Techniques for Environmental Samples Analysis Introduction Hollow Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction (HF-LPME) Electromembrane Extraction Emulsion Liquid Membrane Preparation of Emulsion Liquid Membranes Applications of the Emulsion Liquid Membrane Procedure Metal Extraction Extraction of Organic Compounds Polymer Inclusion Membrane Applications of Polymer Inclusion Membrane Procedure Metal Extraction Organic Compound Extraction References 51 Environmental Toxicology and Air Pollution: A Comparative Analysis of Different Methods and Studies Introduction Environmental Health Air Pollutants Impacts of Air Pollutants Environmental Monitoring: Air Pollution Methodologies Related to Environmental Toxicology Active and Passive Biomonitoring Comparative Analysis of Different Studies and Parameters: Environmental Toxicology and Atmospheric Pollution Final Considerations Cross-References References 52 The Effects of Atmospheric Pollution in Respiratory Health Introduction Methods Results Conclusion Cross-References References Part VII: Environmental Treatment Technologies 53 Advanced Treatment Technologies Introduction Pesticide Classification Organochlorine Pesticides (OC) Organophosphate Pesticides (OP) Substituted Urea Compounds Carbamate Pesticides Biopesticides Miscellenous Pesticides Environmental Concern of Pesticides Need to Degrade/Removal of Pesticides from Water Degradation Techniques of Pesticides Degradation of Pesticides Using Conventional Adsorbents Degradation of Pesticides Using Nano-adsorbents Degradation of OC Pesticides Degradation of OP Pesticides Degradation of SU Pesticides Degradation of Carbamate Pesticides Degradation of Miscellaneous Pesticides Utilization of Green Synthesized Nanomaterials in Remediation of Environment Conclusions and Future Scope References 54 Treatment of Domestic Gray Water by Multicomponent Filters Introduction Grey water Characteristics Grey water Treatment by Filtration Systems Ceramic Size and Surface of Media Conclusion Cross-References References 55 Development In-House: A Trap Method for Pretreatment of Fat, Oil, and Grease in Kitchen Wastewater Introduction Kitchen Wastewater Fat, Oil, and Grease (FOG) from Kitchen Wastewater Effects of Kitchen Wastewater Technology of FOG Trap Pretreatment Gravity Separators Electrocoagulation Bioaugmentation Model and Manufacture of FOG Trap Available in Market Previous Studies Conducted on the Kitchen FOG Wastewater Treatment Challenge and Development of Interceptor for FOG in Malaysia Conclusion Cross-References References 56 Environmental Treatment Technologies: Adsorption Introduction Principles of Adsorption: Concepts and Applications Historical Aspects of Adsorption Theory of Adsorption Rate of Adsorption Adsorption Versus Other Separation Technologies Biological Treatment Methods Steam Stripping Method Enzymatic Oxidation Method Reverse Osmosis Method Solvent Extraction Catalytic Oxidation Method Non-Conventional Adsorbents for Water and Wastewater Treatment Zeolite Siliceous Materials Biosorbents Soil as Adsorbent Agriculture and Industrial Residue/By-Products Carbons Prepared from Residues/Wastes Industrial Solid Waste (By-Products/Waste Materials) Agro-Residue as Adsorbent Correlation and Estimation of Performance of Adsorption Systems Isotherm Modeling Bi-Parameter Model Langmuir Isotherm Model Freundlich Isotherm Model Modified Langmuir-1 Modified Langmuir-2 Dubinin-Radushkevich Isotherm Temkin Model Three-Parameter Models Langmuir-Freundlich Isotherm Fritz-Schlunder Equation Radke-Prausnitz Models Toth Model Jossens Model Redlich-Peterson Model Sip Model Four-Parameter Models Fritz-Schlunder Model Baudu Five-Parameter Model Fritz-Schlunder Model Estimation of Best-Fitting Isotherm Model Error Functions Statistical Functions Kinetic Study Adsorption Kinetics Pseudo-First-Order Kinetics Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetics Elovich Equation Thermodynamic Studies Fundamentals of Thermodynamics Column Study Fixed-Bed Adsorption Column Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) Biodegradation Cross-References References 57 Making Artificial Beachrock Through Bio-cementation: A Novel Technology to Inhibition of Coastal Erosion Introduction Beachrock World Distribution of Beachrock Properties of Beachrock Age of Beachrock Formation Origin of Beachrock Artificial Beachrock Formation of Artificial Beachrock Bio-cementation Bio-cementation Technique Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) The Role of Urease Activity in Carbonate Precipitation Urease Mechanism of Urease Reaction Cementation Process Through Bacterial Action Applications of Carbonate Precipitation Through Bacteria Contaminants Removals from Groundwater and Wastewater Protection and Restoration of Monuments and Creation of Biological Grouts Plugging the Pores of the Rock Sand Cementation Through Bacterial Carbonate Precipitation Inhibition of Coastal Erosion Through Artificial Beachrock Conclusion References 58 Potential of Biogas Technology in Achieving the Sustainable Developmental Goals: A Review Through Case Study in Rural South... Introduction Objectives Case Study Area Presentation Materials and Methods Use of Existing Case Studies Questionnaire Questionnaire Design Results Conclusions References 59 A Review on Treatment of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in Water and Wastewater Introduction Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) Toxicity and Evaluation of Risks Associated to PPCPs Treatment of PPCPs Present in the Water and Wastewater Conclusions Cross-References References 60 Constructed Wetland: A Green Approach to Handle Wastewater Introduction Types of Constructed Wetlands and Their Suitability Types of Wetland Plants Transformation Mechanisms of Major Nutrients and Metals in Wetlands Nitrogen Transformations Phosphorus Cycling Nutrient Uptake by Wetland Vegetation Sulfur Cycling Pathogen Reduction Water Temperature Standard Wetland Systems for Treatment of Specific Wastewater Types Dairy Wastewater Landfill Leachate Oil and Grease-Rich Wastewater Pulp and Paper Wastewater Acid Mine Drainage Winery Wastewater Limitations of Wetland Systems Operation and Maintenance of Constructed Wetlands Operation and Maintenance of FWS Wetlands Control of the Water Level Winter Operations Algae Control Odor Control Mosquito Control Vegetation Management Management of Animals and People Operation and Maintenance of VSB Wetlands Control of the Water Level Odor Control Winter Operations Bed Clogging Undesirable Plant Species Cost of Wetland Treatment Systems Conclusions References 61 How to Improve Selectivity of a Material for Adsorptive Separation Applications Introduction Adsorption Technique and Adsorbent Materials Role of Adsorbent in Different Technologies Industrial Wastewater Treatment Using Low-Cost Materials as Adsorbent Adsorption Selectivity Post-modification of Adsorbents to Improve Selectivity Chemically Modified Natural Adsorbents Activated Carbon Improvement in Adsorption Selectivity of Natural Zeolite Metal Cation-Modified Zeolites Oxide-Modified Zeolites Polymer-Modified Zeolite Modification in Natural Clay Polymer-Clay Composites Clay Modified with Phosphate Chitosan-Coated Clay Organic Modification of Layered Clay Thermally Activated Clay Chemically Modified Chitosan as Biomaterial Chitosan Modified with Sugar Chitosan-Dendrimer Hybrid Cyclodextrin-Linked Chitosan Chitosan Bound with Crown Ether Chemically Grafted Chitosan Enzymatic Modification of Chitosan Agricultural Waste Adsorbents Modification Through Acid and Alkali Solutions Amine-Functionalized Agricultural Waste Zinc Chloride-Modified Agrowaste Material Soil/Silica Adsorbents Modified Soil Ligand-Modified Silica Gel Metal-Organic Framework Metal Doping in MOF Structures Functional Groups over MOFs Future Prospects of Modification Techniques Cross-References References 62 Advanced Pretreatment Strategies for Bioenergy Production from Biomass and Biowaste Introduction The Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomaterial Limiting Factors for Biodegradation Bioenergy Production by Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion Pretreatment Strategies Physical Pretreatment Mechanical Pretreatment Comminution (Mechanical Ball Mills) High-Pressure Homogenizer Electrohydrolysis (Pulsed-Electric Field) Ultrasonic Thermal Pretreatment Liquid Hot Water Autoclave (Steam Pretreatment) Microwave Oven Chemical Pretreatment Acid Pretreatment Alkaline Pretreatment Oxidative Pretreatment Ammonia Fiber and CO2 Explosion Pretreatment Ozonolysis Pretreatment Organosolv Pretreatment Biological Pretreatment Microbial-Consortium Pretreatment Fungal Pretreatment Enzymatic Pretreatment Conclusion Cross-References References 63 Green Infrastructure: Cost-Effective Nature-Based Solutions for Safeguarding the Environment and Protecting Human Health an... Introduction Types of Green Infrastructure (GI) Materials Used in Green Infrastructure (GI) Green Roofs Swales Grassed Swales Biofiltration Systems Bioswales Wetlands Rain Gardens Permeable Pavement Systems Porous Paving Interlocking Block Pavers Grassed Surfaces Benefits of Green Infrastructure (GI) Conclusions and Recommendations Cross-References References 64 The Modified Bardenpho Process Introduction The Importance of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Eutrophication Health Issues for Human Methemoglobinemia Carcinogenicity Chemical Oxygen Demand Increase Types of Biological Nutrient Removal Systems Biological Nitrogen Removal Processes Biological Phosphorus Removal Processes Biological Combined Nitrogen/Phosphorus Removal Processes Advantages of Biological Nutrient Removal The History of the Modified Bardenpho Process Biological Phosphorus Removal Source of Phosphorus in Wastewater Importance of Phosphorus Removal Chemical Removal of Phosphorus: Advantages and Disadvantages Biological Phosphorus Removal Process Effects of Environmental Conditions on Phosphorus Removal Importance of Acetate in Biological Phosphorus Removal Biological Nitrogen Removal Source of Nitrogen in Wastewater Importance of Nitrogen Removal Chemical Removal of Nitrogen: Advantages and Disadvantages Biological Nitrogen Removal Process Nitrification-Denitrification Nitrification Effects of Environmental Conditions on Nitrification Process Denitrification Effects of Environmental Conditions on the Denitrification Process Types of Biological Processes Suspended Growth Processes Attached Growth Processes Performance of the Modified Bardenpho Process Reactors in the Modified Bardenpho Process Anaerobic Reactor First Anoxic Reactor First Aerobic Reactor Second Anoxic Reactor Second Aerobic Reactor Comparison of the Modified Bardenpho Process with Other BNR Systems Modified Bardenpho Process Design Nutrient Removal Establishment COD and Nutrient Ratio Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) Sludge Retention Time (SRT) Recycling Ratio (R) Temperature, pH, and Bubble Size Modified Bardenpho Process Applications COD, BOD, TSS, Nutrient, and Heavy Metal Removal Viruses Removal in Modified Bardenpho Process Estimation of Greenhous Gas Emissions of Modified Bardenpho Process References 65 Diagnostic and Treatment by Different Techniques of Leachates from Municipal Solid Waste in Morocco Using Experimental Desi... Introduction Materials and Methods The Study Areas Mohammedia City Kenitra City Ouled Berjal Dumps Sampling and Recovery of Leachates The Dump Trucks In Situ Sampling: Case of the Kenitra City Landfill Chemical Products Ferric Chloride FeCl3 40% SIWW Steel Industry Wastewater Rich in FeCl3 Maghreb Steel Origin of SIWW Features of SIWW Polyaluminum Chloride Aln Cl 17% Cactus Juice Preparation of Cactus Juice Himoloc DR3000 Flocculent Equipment and Materials Jar Test pH Adjustment Coagulation Flocculation and Settling Ventilation Device Anaerobic Treatment Device Combined with Aerobic Treatment Measurement of Global Parameters Experimental Design Results Characterization of Raw Leachate Characterization of Settled Leachate Application of Composite Plans for the Treatment of Leachate of MSW Effect on the COD Removal Effect on BOD5 Removal Effect on the Turbidity Removal Effect on the Color Removal Biological Treatment of Leachate from MSW Anaerobic Treatment Combined with Aerobic Treatment Aerobic Treatment by Continuous and Discontinuous Aeration Conclusion Cross-References References 66 Application of Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Transformation Pro... Introduction Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry for Intermediate Products Detection Advanced Oxidation Processes for EDCs Degradation Photolysis for EDCs Degradation Photocatalysis for EDCs Degradation Sonolysis for EDCs Degradation Iron Catalyzed H2O2 Production for EDCs Degradation Conclusion and Future Trends Cross-References References 67 Olive Mill Wastewater: Treatment and Valorization Technologies Introduction OMW Characterization Physicochemical Characteristics Biological Characteristics OMW Toxicity OMW Treatment Physicochemical Methods Thermal Processes Chemical Processes Membrane Processes Biological Methods Anaerobic Treatment Aerobic Treatment Oxidation and Advanced Oxidation Processes Ozonation Wet Air Oxidation Fenton Advanced Oxidation Combined Processes OMW Valorization Land Application Biogas Production Composting Extraction of Valuable Products Other Uses Situation in Morocco Conclusion Cross-References References 68 Studies on Water Quality of Mokokchung District, Nagaland, India, and Removal of Trace Elements Using Activated Carbon Prep... Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Temperature pH Electrical Conductivity (EC) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Total Alkalinity (TA) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Total Hardness (TH) Cations Anions Study of Trace Elements Iron Lead Manganese Arsenic Zinc Mercury (Hg) Conclusion An Overview of Activated Carbon Introduction Materials and Methods Preparation of Activated Carbon Preparation of Activated Carbon by Indigenous Method Preparation of Lead (II) Solution Adsorption Studies of Lead on Activated Carbons by Batch Method Results and Discussion Effect of Initial Concentration Adsorption Isotherm Chi-Square Analysis Effect of Contact Time Adsorption Kinetics Effect of pH Conclusions Cross-References References 69 Advancement of Photocatalytic Water Treatment Technology for Environmental Control Introduction Advancements in Photocatalysts Synthesis of Various Bismuth Compounds Synthesis of BiOX (X = F, Cl, Br, I) Synthesis of BiFeO3 Synthesis of BiPO4 Photocatalyst Modification and Doping Supported Photocatalysts Multivariate Analysis Energy Consumption and Economic Analysis Electrical Energy Determination Total Operating Cost Photocatalytic Disinfection in Water Water Quality Turbidity Oil and Grease Trace Contaminants Conclusion and Future Prospects Cross-References References 70 Techniques for Remediation of Paper and Pulp Mill Effluents: Processes and Constraints Introduction Characteristics of Paper and Pulp Mill Effluent Treatments of Paper and Pulp Mill Effluent Biological Treatment of Paper and Pulp Mill Effluent Role of Bacteria Role of Fungi Role of Microbial Enzymes Technologies for Enhancing the Biological Treatment Processes Bioreactors Cells/Enzyme Immobilization Nano-biotechnology Constrains and Future Thrust in Biological Treatment System Conclusion Cross-References References 71 Biofilm-Based Systems for Industrial Wastewater Treatment Introduction Wastewater Characteristics Biofilm Fundamentals Potentiality of Biofilm in Wastewater Treatment Biofilm Application in Wastewater Treatment Supports in Biofilm-Based Processes Bioreactors Aerobic/Anaerobic Treatment Types of Biofilm-Based Bioreactors Membrane Biofilm Reactors Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactors Fluidized-Bed Biofilm Reactors Trickling Filter Microbial Fuel Cells Conclusion Cross-References References 72 Role of Bioremediation as a Low-Cost Adsorbent for Excessive Fluoride Removal in Groundwater Introduction Fluoride in Drinking Water Sources of Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater Health Impact Due to Fluoride Contamination Fluoride in Plants Fluorides in Cattles Fluoride Removal Techniques (Defluoridation) Precipitation of Fluoride Coprecipitation of Fluoride Electrochemical Technique Coagulation Ion Exchange Method Reverse Osmosis Comparison of Different Defluoridation Technologies Used Adsorption Treatment Techniques Low-Cost Adsorbents for Fluoride Removal Cross-References References 73 Biotechnological Approach for Mitigation Studies of Effluents of Automobile Industries Introduction Literature Review Results and Discussion Conclusion Cross-References References 74 New Techniques for Treatment and Recovery of Valuable Products from Olive Mill Wastewater Introduction COD, Coloration, and Polyphenols Removal from Olive Mill Wastewater by Electrocoagulation: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies Effect of Experimental Parameters Kinetic Study Variable Order Kinetic Approach (VOK) A New Protocol for Isolation and Purification of Fatty Acids and Other Components from Olive Mill Wastewater Method Details Sampling Separation Extraction of Oleic and Linoleic Acid from the Oily Phase Transesterification Crystallization with Urea Purification of Final Phases Production of Soap and Glycerin Extraction of Polyphenols from the Aqueous Phase Conclusion Cross-References References 75 Role of Earthworms in Managing Soil Contamination Introduction Types of Earthworms Ecological Categories of Earthworms Earthworms and Pollution Control Role of Earthworms for Healthy Soil Suitable Earthworm Species for Vermicomposting Influence of Earthworm Activities on Soil Properties Role of Earthworms in Soil Erosion Control Vermicompost Nutrient Availability from Vermicompost Enzymatic Activities in Earthworm´s Cast and Vermicompost Plant Growth Hormones and Regulators in Vermicompost Use of Vermicompost for Crop Production Vermiwash Use of Earthworms in Vermiwash Production: A Liquid Manure First Method Second Method Third Method Fourth Method Effect of Vermiwash on Yield and Quality of Crops Use of Earthworms in Land Improvement and Reclamation Direct Release of Worms As Soil Blocks As Turf Pieces As Vermicomposting Conclusion Cross-References References 76 The Application of Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) for the Removal of Organic Matter, Nutrients, and Heavy Metals from Landfill ... Introduction MBR and Its Application in BOD5, COD Removal MBR and Its Application in Nutrient (Phosphorous and Nitrogen) Removal MBR and Its Application in Heavy Metal Removal AnMBR or Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor The Effect of pH and Recycling on Efficiency of MBR Systems References Part VIII: Environmental Management of Biomaterials 77 Sustainable Biomedical Waste Management Introduction The Vision of This Treatise Literature Review Sustainability Science and the March of Engineering and Technology Environmental Sustainability, Industrial Wastewater Treatment, and the March of Science Vision of Biomedical Engineering and Waste Management Sources of Classification of Biomedical Waste Biomedical Waste Treatment and Disposal Science of Solid Waste Management Eliminate Toxicity at Source Visionary Scientific Endeavor in the Field of Sustainable Waste Management Recent Scientific Research Pursuit in Biomedical Waste Management Recent Scientific Endeavor in the Science of Sustainability Green Materials for Environment Green Technology, Wastewater Treatment, and Solid Waste Management Future Research Trends and Future Frontiers of Waste Management The Challenge and the Vision of Sustainability and Solid Waste Management Conclusion and Future Scientific Perspective References 78 Agrowaste Materials as Composites for Biomedical Engineering Introduction Natural Fibers Natural (Plant) Fibers Properties and Characteristics of Natural (Plant) Fibers Natural Fibers as Biocomposites Biomaterials Biocompatibility Biodegradability and Bioresorbability Degradation Rate, Pore Size, and Surface Morphology Mechanical Integrity Plant-Based Fibers Nanoparticle-Reinforced Biocomposites Conclusion Cross-References References Part IX: Environmental Modeling (Mathematical Modeling and Environmental Problems) 79 A New Method to Estimate the Instantaneous NOx Emissions from Road Traffic Introduction Materials and Methods Emission Methodology Reduction of Calculation Time Dispersion Methodology Test Case Study Basic Solution Model Errors Correction of the Line Source Section Errors Correction of the Line Source Ends Error Application of the Model: Case Study of Agadir City Meteorological Parameters Road Traffic Data Results and Discussion Conclusion References 80 Water Balance Models in Environmental Modeling Introduction Environmental Water Hydrological Regime and Water Balance Water Balance Models and Their Classifications Interrelationship Between Energy Balance and Water Balance Water Balance Components Selected Model WetSpass Water Balance Components Interception Surface Runoff Evapotranspiration Recharge and Base-Flow Applications References 81 Modeling the Feasibility of Employing Solar Energy for Water Distillation Introduction Water Distillation Solar Irradiation Solar-Distillation Cost Analysis Problem Formulation General Assumptions Specific Assumptions Mathematical Models and Equations Results and Discussion Effect of Solar Radiation on Water Temperature Effect of Radiation Time on Water Temperature Effect of Position (Horizontal-Axis, z) on Water Temperature Maximum Water Temperature Solar Radiation Versus Radiation Time Conclusion References 82 Applications of Soft Computing Methods in Environmental Engineering Introduction Description of Soft Computing Methods Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Fuzzy Logic (FL) Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) Support Vector Machines (SVM) Implementation of Soft Computing Methods in Environmental Engineering ANN-Based Applications for Water and Wastewater Treatment ANN-Based Applications for Air Quality/Pollution Control/Forecasting FL-Based Applications for Water and Wastewater Treatment FL-Based Applications for Air Quality/Pollution Control/Forecasting ANFIS-Based Applications for Water and Wastewater Treatment ANFIS-Based Applications for Air Quality/Pollution Control/Forecasting SVM-Based Applications for Water and Wastewater Treatment SVM-Based Applications for Air Quality/Pollution Control/Forecasting Illustrative Soft Computing Examples for Environmental Engineers Example 1 Solution of Example 1 Example 2 Solution of Example 2 Conclusion References 83 Modelization of Trihalomethanes Formation in Drinking Water Distribution Systems in France Introduction Materials and Methods Study Sites Variation Range of the Studied Parameters Modelization Results Simplified Model Complete Model Conclusion References Part X: Environmental Nanotechnology: Management of Nano-waste (Nanomaterials) 84 Nano-wastes and the Environment: Potential Challenges and Opportunities of Nano-waste Management Paradigm for Greener Nanot... Introduction Nanomaterials: Definition and Current Markets Nano-engineering Techniques Nano-waste: Definition of Terms Toxicity Concept of Nano-waste to the Environment Modeling NM-Risk Profile Relevant to Their End-of-Life (EOL) Cycle and Fate Behavior into the Environment Classification of Nano-waste Risk Hazards Analytical Tools for Nano-waste Detection and Monitoring Challenge in Nano-waste Managing Protocols Ongoing Treatment Opportunities of Nano-waste Products Potential Opportunities for the Recovery and Reuse of Nano-waste Technologies Nano-specific Regulations and Legislation Versus Voluntary Environmental Programs Nanotechnology Vision for the Next Decade: Green ``Benign´´ Innovation for Sustainable Development Summary, Recommendation, and Future Remark Cross-References References 85 Homeopathic Nanomedicines and Their Effect on the Environment Introduction Degradation of Herbicidal Chemicals by Homeopathic Medicines Remediation of Azo Dye by Using Nanomedicine Cuprum metallicum: An Eco-friendly Approach Increase in Growth and Germination Rate in Plants Use of Environment-Friendly Homeopathic Medicine Enhancement of Photo- and Thermovoltage Generation Use of Environmentally Benign Nanomedicine Potentized Zincum oxydatum Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy Study of the Particles Photovoltage Generation Study Thermovoltage Generation: Heat-Induced Voltage Generation Enhancement of Electrical Properties of Capacitors by Homeopathic Nanomedicines Therapeutic and Wound-Healing Effects of Homeopathic Medicine Homeonanomedicine for Its Environmentally Benign Therapeutic Application Advantages of Homeopathic Medicines over Antibiotics Conclusion References 86 Environmental Nanotechnology Introduction Sources of Nanomaterials/Nanowaste Stationary and Mobile Sources Stationary Sources Mobile Sources Atmospheric Conversion Industrial Setting Distribution of Nanomaterials in Waste Streams Toxicity Metallic Nanoparticles Copper Oxide Zinc Oxide Iron Oxide Titanium Oxide Nonmetallic Nanoparticles Silica Carbon-Based Nanoparticles Risk Assessment Techniques and Approaches Hazard/Risk Identification Exposure Assessment Environmental Exposure Assessment Degradation Dispersion Stability Solubility Bioaccumulation Human Exposure Assessment Occupational Exposure Consumer Exposure Exposure via the Environment Hazard Assessment Environmental Hazard Assessment Aquatic Environment Fish Aquatic Invertebrates Algae and Aquatic Plants Sediment Organisms Terrestrial Environment Invertebrates and Microorganisms Plants Human Health Hazard Assessment Toxicity Dust Explosion Defining No-Effect Concentrations Environment: INECs Human Health: INELs Exposure Risk Characterization Environment Human Health Conclusion Cross-References References 87 Engineered Nanomaterials in the Environment, Their Potential Fate and Behavior and Emerging Techniques to Measure Them Introduction What Are Nanomaterials? Graphene Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO) Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2) Silver Nanoparticles (Ag) Diffusive Gradient in Thin-Films (DGT) as a Promising Technique to Measure the Available Concentrations of Nanoparticles in th... Summary Cross-References References 88 Environmental Nanotechnology and Education for Sustainability: Recent Progress and Perspective Introduction Basic Concepts of Nanotechnology and Overview of Recent Progress Nanotechnology and Its Related Concepts Physics of Quantum Dots Environmental Application of Nanotechnology and Risks Environmental Exploitation of Nanotechnology Environmental Risks of Nanotechnology Green Nanoscience Challenges Environmental Education of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Education Challenges Environmental Education for Sustainable Development Cross References References 89 Nanotechnology Interaction with Environment Introduction Issues and Challenges of Nanowastes Management Quantification of Nanowaste Volumes Ecotoxicity of Nanomaterials References 90 Nanowaste Classification, Management, and Legislative Framework Introduction Nanowaste Classification Engineered Nanowaste Management Management of Nanomaterial Safety in Research Environment Legislative Framework References 91 Current Status and Perspectives in Nanowaste Management Importance of Nanotechnology and Its Applications Advantages Problems with Nanotechnology: Nanowaste Nanosilver Titanium Dioxide Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Current Status and Challenges Nanowaste Classification Step 1: Quantification of Nanowaste Amounts By-Products from ENM Manufacturing EOL Nanoproducts Step 2: Evaluation of Matrix Properties and Nanowaste Treatment Processes Step 3: Evaluation of the Nanostructure´s Physicochemical Properties Step 4: Evaluation of Transformation Processes and Release of ENMs into the Environment Step 5: Assessment of Potential Exposure Treatments Recycling of Nano-SnO2 from Electroplating Sludge Selective Gold Recovery by α-CD Decontamination of Nanowaste by Jellyfish Mucus Future Perspectives Cross-References References Part XI: Fate and Transport of Pollutants-LCA 92 Transport and Fate of Mercury (Hg) in the Environment: Need for Continuous Monitoring Introduction Abundance and Type of Mercury Sources of Mercury Natural Sources Anthropogenic Sources Fate and Transport of Mercury Long Range Transport of Mercury Deposition of Mercury Fate of Organic Mercury Bioaccumulation of Mercury and Human Exposure to Mercury Measurement of Mercury Ambient Air Sediments, Soils, and Water Bodies Biological Samples Monitoring and Effectiveness Evaluation Cross-References References 93 Life-Cycle Assessment of Construction Materials: Analysis of Environmental Impacts and Recommendations of Eco-efficient Man... Introduction Foundations of Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) Main Phases of Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) Goal and Scope Inventory Analysis Life-Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) Interpretation Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Construction Materials Case Studies Production of Clinker with Fossil and Municipal Solid Waste-Derived Fuel Methodology Results and Discussion Conclusion Comparative Assessment of Asphalt and Concrete Pavements Methodology Results and Discussion Conclusion Selection of Materials for the CASA UNAM System Methodology Results and Discussion Conclusion Conclusions and Recommendations Cross-References References 94 Dispersion, Photochemical Transformation, and Bioaccumulation of Pollutants in the Vicinity of Highway Introduction Characteristics of On-Road Pollutants Emission Pollutants Dispersion Near Highway Pollutants Concentrations Within Highway Bioaccumulation of Pollutants in Roadside Vegetation Conclusions References Part XII: Environmental Risk Assessment 95 Metabolic Toxicity and Alteration of Cellular Bioenergetics by Hexavalent Chromium Introduction Basics of Cellular Bioenergetics Solar Energy: The Source of Energy for Living Creature Characterization of Energy Transformation of Cellular Energy: Role of Metabolism Chromium: A Transition Metal of Health Concern Detection The Metal Chromium Metallic Properties Magnetic Properties Production, Use, and Human Exposure Absorption, Distribution, and Metabolism General Health Effects of Chromium Chromium as an Oxidative Stress-Producing Molecule Chromium: A Potential Metabolic Disruptor Role of Hexavalent Chromium in Carbohydrate Metabolism Hexavalent Chromium as Modulator of Glycolytic, Gluconeogenic, and TCA Cycle Enzymes Effect of Hexavalent Chromium on Protein Metabolism Effect of Cr(VI) on Tissue and Serum Protein Content and Free Amino Acid Nitrogen Level Effect of Cr(VI) on Proteolytic Enzyme Activities Effect of Cr(VI) on Transaminase Enzyme Activities Effect of Cr(VI) on Serum Lipid Profile and Fat Metabolism Summary References 96 Recent Advances in Toxicology of Gold Nanoparticles Introduction Life Cycle of Nanoparticles Mode of Entry of Nanoparticles and their Physicochemical Properties Size of Au-NPs Charge on Au-NPs Shape of Au-NPs Protein Corona and its Role in Internalization Capping and Functionalization of Au-NPs Cytotoxicity of Au-NPs Effect of Au-NPs on Skin Cells Effect of Au-NPs on Hepatocytes Effect of Au-NPs on Renal Cells Effect of Au-NPs on Intestinal Cells Effect of Au-NPs on Endothelial Cells Effect of Au-NPs on Skeletal Muscle Cells Effect of Au-NPs on Fibroblast Cells Genotoxicity Conclusion References 97 Performance Evaluation of Global Environmental Impact Assessment Methods Through a Comparative Analysis of Legislative and ... Introduction Origins of EIA Is There a Universal Definition of EIA? What is the Purpose of EIA in a Country? How to Evaluate Effectiveness of EIA in Decision-Making? Comparative Framework for EIA Evaluation Legal Mandate and Competent Authority Screening of Projects and Exemptions from EIA Scoping Process and Preparation of EIA Report Public Participation and Democratic Processes Postclearance Procedures: Monitoring, Appeal, and Noncompliance Conclusion Screening: Integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with Environmental Review Process Scoping in EIA: Assessing Causalities While Evaluating Risks Public Participation in Decision Making Transparency in Overall Governance References 98 Environmental Impact of Steel Industry Introduction Process Description Primary and Secondary Steel Making Iron Production Metallurgical Coke Production Sinter and Pellet Production Ironmaking Steelmaking Raw Material Utilization in the ``Circular Economy´´ Framework Sources and Emissions from the Steel Industry Reduction of Emissions in Steel Making Furnaces Energy Transition Save Natural Resources by Using Steel Slags Products References 99 Spatial Variation in the Grain Size Characteristics of Sediments in Ramganga River, Ganga Basin, India Introduction Materials and Methods Study Area Geology of the Study Area Results and Discussion Grain Size Specifications of Suspended Sediment Grain Size Specifications of Bank Sediment Conclusions References 100 Integrated Assessment of Environmental Factors: Risks to Human Health Introduction Atmospheric Pollutants Indicators of Pollution Related to Respiratory Diseases and Symptoms Methods for Estimating Pollutants or Exposure Range Incidence of Meteorology Air Quality and Legislation Tools Passive Sampler Active Sampler Automatic Analyzer Studies Carried Out: Occupational Risk Cross-References References Part XIII: Environmental Policy, Laws, and Economics 101 Implications of International Environmental Laws: A Close Enquiry at the International Levels to Protect the Environment Introduction Methodology Historical Background Sources of International Environmental Treaties Role of International Organizations Contributions of UNO Security Council Trusteeship Council Economic and Social Council International Court of Justice United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Development Programme International Labor Organization Food and Agriculture Organization International Maritime Organization World Meteorological Organization International Civil Aviation Organization World Health Organization International Atomic Energy Agency The World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade The United Nations Human Rights Court The Regional and Subregional Organizations The European Commission European Court of Justice The Europe and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development European Institutions and Conventions Water Pollution Control and Freshwater Utilization Protection of Marine Environment Land Utilization and Soils Nature Conservation and Nature Reserves Improvement of Environmental Conditions in Areas of Human Settlement Fundamental Research, Monitoring, Forecasting, and Assessment of Environmental Changes Legal and Administrative Measures Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development The Organizations of African Unity Organizations of American States Asia Zone Contribution of Organizations International Union for Protection of Nature and UNESCO International Union for Conservation of Nature United Nations Conference on the Conservation and Utilization of Resources The Western Hemisphere Convention, 1940 African Nature Convention, 1968 Intervention Convention, 1969 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development African Nature Convention The London Convention, 1972 MARPOL, 73/78 Paris Convention, 1974 International Law Commission The UN Commission on Sustainable Development Lac Lanoux Arbitral Tribunal The Report of the Legal Experts Group Organizations Established by the Environmental Treaties Nongovernmental Contributors Scientific Community Environmental Organizations Legal Group Corporate Sector Individuals The Media Environmental Protection and Human Rights Precautionary Principles Polluter Pays Principle ECE Regulation Concerning Gaseous Pollutant Emissions from Motor Vehicles The 1979 ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution and Its Protocols LRTAP Convention, 1979 UNCLOS, 1982 The Ministerial Declaration of the International Conference, 1984 Monitoring and Evaluation Protocol, 1984 The Vienna Convention, 1985 The Nairobi SPA Protocol, 1985 Sulfur Protocol, 1985 NOx Protocol, 1988 EC Large Combustion Directive, 1988 Canada-US Air Quality Agreement Aircraft Emissions-International Civil Aviation Convention The Salvage Convention, 1989 The Declaration of Hague, 1989 Volatile Organic Compounds Protocol, 1991 OSPAR Marine Pollution Convention, 1992 Role of International Covenants to Protect the Environment Universal Declaration of Human Rights International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Declaration Concerning the Aims and Purposes of the International Labor Organization European Social Charter Social Policy (Basic Aims and Standards) Convention International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) Conclusion References 102 The Role of Local Government Laws in Bangladesh for Promoting Environmental Justice in the Union Parishads of Bangladesh: ... Introduction Background Methodology Law and Policy Regarding Environment Local Government (Union Parishads) Ordinance, 1983 The Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act, 1995 The Environment Policy, 1992 Global Environmental Treaties Role of Government Officials Relations Between the Office of the Union Parishad and that of the Deputy Commissioner Relations Between the Office of the Union Parishad and that of the Assistant Director, Local Government Division under the Dep... Relations Between the Office of the Union Parishad and that of the Upazila Nirbahi Officer District and Upazila Development Committee LGED (Local Government Engineering Department) Upazila Offices Other Than the UNO Union Parishad´s Chairman Members of the Union Parishad Secretary of the Union Parishad The Village Court The Village Police Selection of Projects Implementation Project Implementation Committee Budgetary Allocations Project Management Other Related Matters The Role of Ruling Party Opposition Party The Role of MP The Local Political Leaders The Nongovernment Organizations Perception of the Common People Corruptions Poverty Population Lack of Enforcement of Legal Mechanism Village Vegetations/Green Programs Plantation Case Studies Recommendations Combating Corruptions Law Enforcement Mechanism Ombudsman Ecological Imbalances Extra Manual for the Female Members Green Vegetable and Plantations Training Environment and Development Community Hospital Conclusion References 103 Research Prioritization in Aerosol Geo-Engineering Introduction Aerosol Geo-Engineering and Analysis of the Current Situation Towards a Cost-Benefit Scheme Conclusion References 104 Environmental Law and Policy in the Russian Federation: An Overview Introduction System of Regulation of the Environmental Law and Policy in the Russian Federation: General Overview Primary Regulation in the Environmental Law and Policy in the Russian Federation Secondary Regulation of Environmental Safety in the Russian Federation: General Overview Environmental Governance of the Russian Federation Federal Level of the Environmental Governance The Regional Level of the Environmental Governance The Rights and Duties of Citizens, Public, and Other Noncommercial Associations in the Field of Environmental Protection References 105 Critical Assessment of Existing Environmental Legislation and Policies in India, Its Benefits, Limitation, and Enforcement Introduction Recent Legislative Measures The Environment Protection Act, 1986 Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997 Water (Protection and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Forest and Wildlife Acts, 1972 The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 (Jayakumar 1987) National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 Conclusion Cross-References References Part XIV: Pollution Prevention, Sustainability, and Green World 106 A Safety Promotion Approach for Handling of Chemicals in the Working Environmental Management Introduction Why Is Safe Handling of Chemicals Given Much Importance? Safety Promotion Approach for Handling of Chemicals Identification of Chemical Hazard Classification of Chemicals Physical Hazards Health Hazards Environmental Hazards Dangerous Chemicals and Its Precautionary Measures for Handling Carcinogen Flammables and Combustibles Corrosives Reactive Chemicals Explosives Primary Explosives Low Explosives High Explosives Peroxide Formers Hazard Pictograms Exposure of Chemicals to Human Beings Risk Assessment Accident Cost Accident Consequence Analysis Frequency Rate (F.R) Severity Rate (S.R) Direct Cost Indirect Cost Cleanup Procedures Spill Liquids Spill Solids Hazard Control Techniques General Precautions Firsthand Information Safety Measures Personnel Protective Equipment Safety Promotions for Handling of Chemicals Elements of Safety Promotions Safety Promotion Methods Conclusion Cross-References Appendix I Terminologies References 107 The Importance and Potential of Duckweeds as a Model and Crop Plant for Biomass-Based Applications and Beyond Introduction Duckweed Genomics Duckweed Transcriptomics Potential and Perspective of Duckweed-Based Applications References 108 Enhancing Resilience of Vulnerable Coastal Areas and Communities: Mangrove Rehabilitation/Restoration Works in the Gambia Introduction Background Overview of Wetland Restoration A Brief History of Restoration Basic Concepts and Principles of Restoration Definition of Concepts and Terms Why Restore a Wetland Ecosystem? Ramsar Convention Principles and Guidelines for Wetland Restoration Principles for Wetland Restoration Existing Methods for Wetland Restoration Situation of Wetland Restoration/Rehabilitation in Africa The Mangrove Restoration Issues What Are Mangroves? Importance of Mangroves Basic Factors in Mangrove Regeneration Reproductive Approaches and Mangrove Restoration Limits on Mangrove Dispersal and Distribution Overview and Status of Mangrove Restoration in the Gambia Overview Cost of Restoration Techniques of Mangrove Planting Preliminaries Mangrove Planting Pro and Cons of the Direct Planting Seeding or Planting Mangrove Method Site Preparation Species, Seeds/Propagule Collection Need for Mangrove Nurseries Seed Preparation and Outplanting Aftercare Operations Steps in Planting Mangrove: What You Need to Know About Rhizophora spp. Mangrove Health Monitoring and Evaluation Concept of Monitoring and Evaluation: Why Monitoring? Usefulness of Monitoring Monitoring Levels Monitoring Techniques Ecological Monitoring Monitoring Equipment Picture Monitoring Socioeconomic Monitoring Cost and Expenditure Monitoring Data Management, Analysis, and Presentation Recording Data Storage Data Analysis and Integration Sharing and Disseminating Information Conclusion and Way Forward in Mangrove Restoration in the Gambia Cross-References Appendix 1 Principles of Restoration (Prepared from USEPA 2000; Ajonina and Tata 2006) References Useful Websites Consulted 109 Assessment of the Biogas Potential in the Vhembe District of Limpopo: A Case Study of Waste-to-Energy Conversion Technology Introduction Objectives Case Study Area Presentation Materials and Methods Use of Existing Case Studies Questionnaire Questionnaire Design Potential Determination Quantifying Reduced Cooking Time Quantifying Reduced Firewood Collection Time Results and Discussion Total Gas Yield per Feedstock at the Cooperative (Case Study) Energy Use Profile Energy Forms Used for Cooking and Heating Conclusions References 110 Biosynthesis and Assemblage of Extracellular Cellulose by Bacteria Introduction Molecular, Microscopic, and Macroscopic Structure of Cellulose Environmental Significance of Cellulose Production Biochemical Pathway and Enzymes Involved in the Production of BC Organization of Cellulose Synthesizing Sites on Cell Membrane and Assembly of Ordered Cellulose Microfibrils Structure and Composition of Cellulose Synthase Complex BcsA and BcsB Complex BscC and BscK Subunits BcsD Subunit BcsZ and BglX Subunits BcsE, BscG, BcsH, and BcsQ Subunits Mechanism of Glycosyltransferase (Polymerization) Reaction by BscA Subunit Regulation of Cellulose Synthase Activity Genes and Operons Involved in Bacterial Cellulose Production Diversity of bcs Operons Among Bacteria Process Parameters Influencing BC Productivity Effect of Carbon Sources on BC Production Sources of Nitrogen for BC Production Types of Media and Their Influence on BC Production Effect of Ethanol on BC Production Effect of pH, Temperature, and Dissolved Oxygen Concentration on BC Yield Bioreactors for BC Production Genetic Modifications to Enhance BC Productivity Commercial Applications of Bacterial Cellulose Applications of BC in Food Industries Biomedical Applications of BC and BC Composites Electronic Applications of BC Composites Applications of BC Nanoparticle Composites for Remediation of Environmental Pollutants Applications of BC-Metal Nanoparticle Composites in Fuel Cells Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook Cross-References References 111 Wastewater Management to Environmental Materials Management Introduction Water Demand, Wastewater, and the World Rising World Water-Demand Wastewater An Overview Wastewater and Its Impact on Water Quality and Health Agricultural Discharge and Runoff Domestic Wastewater, Storm-Water, and Urban Drainage Industrial Wastewater Global Water Consumption and Wastewater Generation Wastewater Treatment Process Wastewater Treatment Scenario Prospective Uses of Wastewater Wastewater Usage: World Scenario Waste Water Management: The Need of an Integrated Approach Environmental Materials Management (EMM) Approach Reuse of Treated/Untreated Wastewater Recycling/Recovery of Resources Efficient Use of Water Industry Agriculture Acceptability Towards Reuse of Water Regulated Abstraction of Water Water Subsidy Modern Technology Conserving Biodiversity Climate Change Institutional Integrity Multidimensional Approach Community Participation: All Inclusive Job Opportunities Training and Capacity Building Conclusion References 112 The Evolution of the Paradigm of Pollution Prevention and Sustainability Introduction Concept of Paradigms What a Paradigm Is Determining Paradigms Visualizing Paradigms Probing Paradigms Setting-Up the Paradigm of PPS The Basis of the Paradigm of PPS Pre-paradigm and 0th Paradigm Water Pollution Air Pollution Solid Waste Pollution Toxic and Hazardous Wastes Deforestation Energy Usage and Crises Global Warming and Climate Change Water Shortage, Drought, Desertification 1st Paradigm: Pollution Control and Regulation (End-of-Pipe Treatment) Waste Treatment Processes Physical Methods Chemical Methods Biological Treatment Methods Toxic and Hazardous Waste Treatment Solid Waste Control and Disposal Solid Waste Disposal 2nd Paradigm: Practice of Pollution Prevention and Sustainability Period A- 2nd Paradigm: Pollution Prevention/Cleaner Production Instituting a Pollution Prevention Plan in a Plant Cleaner Production The ISO 9000 Environmental Management System Period B- 2nd Paradigm: Sustainability Interpretations of Sustainability Period C- 2nd Paradigm, Integration of Pollution Prevention, and Sustainability The Systems Approach or Systems Thinking Measurement Tools, Metrics, and Measurement of Sustainability Innovation and Sustainability 3rd Paradigm: Efforts Toward a Green World The Situation Today The First Road to the Green World The Second Road to the Green World Back to the Natural World as Practiced by Indigenous People The Harmonious Life of the Amazonian Indians Sustainable Engineering Marvel Conclusion References 113 Bioremediation of Hormones from Waste Water Introduction Hormones in the Environment Natural and Anthropogenic Sources and Deposits Impact of Hormones on Environment Fate of Hormones Conventional Wastewater Treatment Processes Preliminary Treatment Primary Treatment Secondary Treatment Activated Sludge Trickling Filters Tertiary Treatment Disinfection Main Categories for Processing Hormones Biological Process Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) Principle Function Principles of Bioremediation Factors of Bioremediation Anaerobic Treatment Anaerobic Fixed Film Reactor (AFFR) Aerobic Treatment Microbial Enzymes in Bioremediation Microbial Oxidoreductases Microbial Oxygenases Monooxygenases Microbial Dioxygenases Microbial Laccase Microbial Peroxidases Microbial Hydrolytic Enzymes Microbial Proteases Metabolic Pathways Followed for Degradation of Hormone Using Microbial Enzymes Future Prospects References 114 An Introduction to Sustainable Materials Management Introduction Why Is a Sustainable Approach Towards Materials Management a Necessity? Section 1: Waste Management: A Starting Point for Sustainable Management of Resources Definition: What Is Called ``Waste´´? Waste Classification, Composition, and Amounts Historical Drivers of Waste Management Practices Strategic Targets for Waste Management: How Beneficial? Section 2: Sustainable Material Management Strategies Drivers of Sustainable Strategies Towards Waste and Resource Management Definition: What Does ``Sustainable Materials Management´´ Mean? International Bodies´ Roles in SMM Development Material Flow Analysis: Understanding the Material Basis of the Economy Evaluating Resource Efficiency Lead Indicator: Resource Productivity Dashboard Indicators: Materials Thematic Indicators Policy Principles of the OECD´s Sustainable Materials Management Practice Challenges Facing the Sustainable Approach for Materials Management Case Studies of Implementing a Sustainable Approach for Materials Management: Towards a Circular Economy Case Study 1: Vehicle Manufacturing Industry Case Study 2: Rethinking the Business Model for Household Cleaning Products Case Study 3: Lease Model for Recirculating Clothing Case Study 4: Seeking Opportunities for Restoring Value to Waste Streams Conclusion References 115 Air Pollution Prevention Technologies Introduction Control Technologies Control of Particulate Matters Fabric Filters Electrostatic Precipitators Gravitational Settling Chambers Cyclones Scrubbers Control of Nitrogen Oxides Emissions Combustion Control Selective Catalytic Reactors Control of Sulfur Oxides Emissions Change of Low Sulfur Fuel Flue Gas Desulfurization Control of Volatile Organic Compounds Adsorption Absorption Thermal Oxidation Catalytic Oxidation Biofiltration Cross-References References 116 Camelina sativa: An Emerging Biofuel Crop Introduction Morphological Features, Cultivation, and Yield Morphological Features of Camelina Camelina Plant and Cultivational Practices Crop Pest, Insect, Disease, and Weed Management Crop Yield Cultivation Aspects in Indian Context Bioactive Constituents in Camelina Glucosinolates Phenolic Compounds Tocopherols Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA), Mono Unsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA), and Saturated Fatty Acids Polysaccharides (Hydrocolloids) Lignans Major Applications of Camelina As Feed Stock for Biofuels Biodiesel Jet Fuel Glycerol Biolubricants Animal Feed Terrestrial Animals Aquatic Animals Birds Human Feed In Form of Edible Oil Camelina Meal as Patties Camelina Oil in Fortified Yogurt Form Bakery Products and Juices Medicinal Therapeutic Applications Health Promoting Supplements Burns and Inflammations Coronary Heart Diseases Neurological Abnormalities Cholesterol Reduction Ulcers Cancers and Tumors Industrial Use Bioadhesive Bio Alkyd Resin Cosmetics and Soaps Film, Fibers, and Thermoplastics Bio-Gum Bioplastic Cuticular Waxes and Suberins Organic Fertilizer Pesticide or Insecticide and Antifungal Activities Shelf Life Enhancer Phytoremediation Reasons for Low Acceptability by the Growers Potential for Future References 117 Sustainability of Waste Glass Powder and Clay Brick Powder as Cement Substitute in Green Concrete Introduction Materials Methods: Mixture Proportioning Experimental Tests Test Results and Discussion Pozzolanic Effect of Clay Brick Powder Properties of Clay Brick Powder Blended Cement: Setting Time Properties of Fresh Concrete: Slump Properties of Hardened Concrete: Compressive Strength Splitting Tensile Strength Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Conclusions Cross-References References 118 Dynamic Agro-economic Modeling for Sustainable Water Resources Management in Arid and Semi-arid Areas Introduction Water Resources Management in the Tadla Region Choice of the Study Area Water Management and Development Plans Crops Water Allocation in the Agricultural Production System Irrigation Water Pricing Hydro-Agricultural Subsidies Modeling Contribution to Evaluate Farms Performances in Terms of Technical and Economic Efficiency and Water Valuation Technical and Economic Efficiency of Tadla Farms Farms Efficiency According to the Mode of Access to Irrigation Water Farm Efficiency and Irrigation Water Valuation Agro-Economic Modeling Framework: Evolution of Water Management Indicators Vision and Approach Variation in the Shadow Price of Water Water Shadow Price in a Normal Year The Shadow Price of Irrigation Water in the Situation of an Increase in its Selling Price Evolution of the Shadow Price of Irrigation Water Under Climate Change Evolution of Agricultural Profit Current Situation The Case of an Increase in the Selling Price of Irrigation Water Change in Agricultural Profit Under Climate Change Change in Agricultural Land Use The Case of an Increase in the Selling Price of Irrigation Water Evolution of Agricultural Land Use Under Climate Change Conclusions References 119 Photovoltaic Systems and Equipments for the Rural and Urban World Introduction PV System Structure PV System Operation MPPT Control Principle of the Functioning MPPT Control Algorithm Solar Charge Controller State of Charge Estimation Regulator Operation Management and Supervision Software System Description Functioning Principle Remote Management and Monitoring System Control Remote Control Using SMS Remote Control Using Internet Results and Discussions Test Bench MPPT Control Functioning Search Time and Power Losses PV System Functioning during a Whole Day Management and Supervision System Operation MPPT Regulator Functioning Optimal Operation of MSS Remote Control of the PV System Conclusion Cross-References References 120 Seed Germination and Propagation for Regeneration of Some Medicinal Plants Growing Wild in Semiarid Region of Algeria Introduction Lamiaceae Family Botanical Description Interest of Lamiaceae Family Rosmarinus officinalis Habitat and Geographic Distribution Medicinal Properties Thymus algeriensis Habitat and Geographic Distribution Medicinal Properties Marrubium vulgare Habitat and Geographic Distribution Medicinal Properties Salvia officinalis Habitat and Geographic Distribution Medicinal Properties Essential Oils Biosynthesis of Essential Oils Production and Accumulation of Essential Oils in the Plant Location of Essential Oils in the Plant Physiological Role of Essential Oils Biological Activity of Essential Oils Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils Plant Regeneration Seed Germination Physiological Processes of Germination Factors Influencing Seed Germination Vegetative Multiplication In Vitro Culture Propagation of Plants Micropropagation Interest of Micropropagation Interest of In Vitro Culture Growth Regulators Auxin Physiological Roles of Auxins Cytokinins Physiological Roles of Cytokinins Gibberellins Physiological Roles of Gibberellins Culture Medium Study of Four Medicinal Plants from Algerian Semiarid Region Conclusions and Perspectives References 121 Impact of Climate Change and Land Use Change Scenarios on Water Resources in Tha Chin River Basin: A Case Study of Suphan ... Introduction Method Result and Discussion Mean Monthly Maximum Temperature Mean Monthly Minimum Temperature Mean Annual Precipitation Land Use Projection in 2050 Land Suitability Map for Paddy Rice Cultivation Discussion Conclusion Cross-References References 122 An Evaluation of Usage of Methyl Esters of Jatropha and Fish Oil for Environmental Protection Introduction Use of Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel for Compression Ignition (CI) Engines Properties of Methyl Esters Production of Biodiesel Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester (JOME) Fish Oil Methyl Ester (FOME) Experimental Setup Experimental Procedure Unburnt Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide Emissions Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions Soot Emissions Summary Effect of 20% JOME and 20% FOME Blends with Exhaust Gas Recirculation Conclusion Recommendations Cross-References References 123 Modern Environmental Materials, Pollution Prevention, Sustainability, and Green World Introduction Mineral Additions Limestone Additions [NF P 18-508] Silica Fume [NF P 18-502] Fly Ash [NF EN 450-1] Natural Pozzolan [ASTM C 618] Blast Furnace Slag [NF P 18-506] Action of Mineral Additions on Cementitious Materials Granular Effect Physical-Chemical and Microstructural Effect Chemical Effect Chemical (Organic) Admixtures as Superplasticizers in the Formulation of Cementitious Materials Effect of Superplasticizer on Rheology Effect of Method of Introduction Effect of Superplasticizer Dosage Effect of Type of Superplasticizer Effect of Molecular Weight of the Superplasticizer Properties of a Cementitious Material in the Presence of Superplasticizers Combined Effect Superplasticizers and Mineral Additions on Properties of Cementitious Material Conclusion References 124 Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Waste Glass Introduction Literature Studies Materials Used in the Study Soil Characteristics Waste Glass Results and Discussions Grain Size Distribution Atterberg Limits Compaction Parameters Swelling California Bearing Ratio Conclusions Cross-References References 125 Air Quality Status and Management in Tier II and III Indian Cities: A Case Study of Aurangabad City, Maharashtra Introduction Air Quality Trends Air Quality in Maharashtra Initiatives Undertaken Development of a Clean Air Management Plan for Aurangabad City About Aurangabad Air Quality Industry Transport Public Transport Public Transport Clean Fuel Waste Management Collection, Storage, and Transportation Collection System Processing and Disposal of Msw Institutional Arrangements Waste Burning Smart City Initiatives Recommendations and Way Forward Cross-References References 126 Modern Air Pollution Prevention Strategies in the Urban Environment: A Case Study of Delhi City General Information Geography and Climate Urbanization and Population Economy and Industry Industry Power Capacity Addition Program Power Distribution Renewable Energy Transportation Sources of Air Pollution Air Quality Monitoring, Forecasting, and Reporting Systems Air Quality Forecasting Air Quality Reporting Health Study Policies and Measures on Air Pollution and Climate Change Laws and Regulations Carbon Sequestration by Plants Effect of Ozone on Plants Plant Protectants EDU as a Plant Protectant Future Prospects Cross-References References 127 Environmental Management and Sustainable Development: A Vision for the Future Introduction The Vision of This Study Arsenic Groundwater Contamination and the Status of Environmental Engineering Science Scientific Doctrine of Sustainable Development Scientific Doctrine and Vision of Environmental Management Recent Scientific Endeavor in Arsenic and Heavy Metal Groundwater Remediation Techniques Recent Scientific Endeavor in Environmental Sustainability Recent Scientific Prudence and Ingenuity in Energy Sustainability The World of Challenges in Environmental Sustainability Arsenic Groundwater Remediation and the Future of Global Environmental Engineering Scenario Global Climate Change and Environmental Engineering Science Future Recommendations of the Study and Future Flow of Scientific Thoughts Conclusion, Summary, and Future Perspectives References Important Websites for Reference 128 Modern Social Media in Environmental Management and Sustainability Introduction Background Environment and Its Awareness Positive and Negative Impacts of Social Awareness Social Media: The Real Meaning Types of Social Media Why Social Media? How to Go Social? Social Media Reach in India: An Overview Use of Social Media in Different Sectors Keeping a Social Media Campaign Alive Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: A National Mission History of Cleanliness Drive in India Mission on Social Media YouTube Facebook LinkedIn Twitter Tumblr Flickr Pinterest SlideShare Mobile App Social Media Trend Mission Under CSR Campaign Outcome Campaign Sustainability Impact of Social Media in Making the Campaign a Success Conclusion References Index
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