Handbook Of Energy Audit

Title
Contents
1. Global and Indian Energy Scenarios
	1.1 Energy Conservation
	1.2 Energy Audit
	1.3 Energy Scenario of India
		1.3.1 Coal
		1.3.2 Oil and natural gas
		1.3.3 Electricity
		1.3.4 Hydro energy
		1.3.5 Nuclear energy
	1.4 Present Nonrenewable Energy Scenario
		1.4.1 Wind energy
		1.4.2 Biomass power generation
		1.4.3 Small hydropower plant
		1.4.4 Solar power
		1.4.5 Off-grid renewable power
		1.4.6 Decentralized system
	1.5 Present Energy Consumption
		1.5.1 Gross domestic product (GDP)
		1.5.2 Energy intensity
		1.5.3 Current energy production and pricing
	1.6 Energy Security
	1.7 Energy Strategy for the Future
		1.7.1 National electricity policy, 2005
		1.7.2 Tariff policy, 2006
		1.7.4 The electricity act, 2003
	1.8 Clean Development Mechanism
		1.8.1 Objectives of the clean development mechanism
		1.8.2 Applications of the clean development mechanism
	Descriptive Questions
	Short-answer Questions
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	Glossary of Energy Terms
2. Types of Energy Audits and Energy-Audit Methodology 22–
	2.2 Company/Building Where Energy Audit is Performed
	2.3 Energy-Audit Methodology
		Phase I Audit Preparation
		Step 2: Scope of audit
		Step 3: Selection of audit team
		Step 4: Audit plan
		Step 5: Audit checklist
		Step 6: Initial walkthrough audit
		Step 7: Collecting energy bills and data
		Step 8: Conducting preliminary analysis
		Phase II Execution
		Step 1: Data inventory and measurement
		Step 2: Analyzing energy-use patterns
		Step 3: Benchmarking and comparative analysis
		Step 4: Identifying energy-saving potential
		Phase III Reporting
		Step 1: Preparing audit report with recommendations
		Step 2: Preparing the action plan
		Step 3: Implementing the action plan
	2.4 Financial Analysis
		2.4.1 Simple payback
		2.4.2 Return on investment
		2.4.3 Net present value and internal rate of return
		2.4.4 Lifecycle cost method
	2.5 Sensitivity Analysis
	2.6 Project-Financing Options
		2.6.3 Equity and bonds
	2.7 Energy Monitoring and Targeting
		2.7.1 Regression analysis
		2.7.2 Cumulative sum (CUSUM)
		2.7.3 Targeting
		Descriptive Questions
		Short-answer Questions
		Multiple-Choice Questions
3. Survey Instrumentation
	3.1 Electrical Measurement
		3.1.1 Multimeter
		3.1.2 Power-factor meter
		3.1.3 Power analyzer
	3.2 Thermal Measurement
		3.2.1 Temperature measurement
		Air-leakage measurement
		3.2.2 Pressure measurement
		3.2.3 Flow measurement
		3.2.4 Velocity measurement
		Orsat apparatus
		Fyrite gas analyzer
		Portable combustion analyzer
	3.3 Light Measurement
	3.4 Speed Measurement
	3.5 Data Logger and Data-Acquisition System
		Data acquisition
	3.6 Thermal Basics
	Descriptive Questions
	Short-answer Questions
	Multiple-Choice Questions
4. Energy Audit of Boilers
	4.1.1 Fire-tube boiler
		4.1.2 Packaged boiler
		4.1.3 Water-tube boiler
		4.1.5 Pulverized coal boiler
		4.1.6 Fluidized-bed boiler (FBC)
	4.2 Parts of a Boiler
		4.3.1 Direct method
		4.3.2 Indirect method
		4.4.1 How to measure excess air
		4.4.2 Excess air control
	4.5 Energy-Saving Methods
		4.5.1 Keeping the boiler surface clean from soot deposition
		4.5.2 Waste-heat utilization
		4.5.4 Effective boiler loading
		4.5.5 Exhaust-gas recirculation
		4.5.7 Make-up water and feedwater management
	Methods to monitor scale formation
	Water-treatment methods
		4.5.9 Heat loss in de-aeration
	Checklist
	Thumb Rules
	Descriptive Questions
	Short-answer Questions
	Multiple-Choice Questions
5. Energy Audit of Furnaces
	5.1 Parts of a Furnace
		Heating system
		Refractory
		Loading unloading system
		Heat exchanger
		Instrumentation and control
		Batch furnace
		Continuous furnace
		Flow-through
		Conveyer belt
		Rotary kilns
		Walking beam
		Vertical shaft
	5.3 Energy-Saving Measures in Furnaces
		5.3.1 Heat generation
		5.3.2 Air preheating
		5.3.3 Oxygen enrichment
		5.3.4 Heat transfer
		5.3.5 Heat loss through outer surface and openings
		5.3.6 Heat recovery
		5.3.7 Use of advanced technology
		Energy saving in an arc furnace
		5.3.9 Changing power source from AC to DC
		5.3.10 Use of continuous casting machine
		5.3.11 Use of a high-frequency melting furnace
		Use of pulverized coal instead of coking coal
		Installation of top-gas-recovery turbine
		Dry quenching of coke
	Case Study
		Objective
		Technical detail
		Outcome
	Checklist
	Descriptive Questions
	Short-answer Questions
	Multiple-Choice Questions
6. Energy Audit of a Power Plant
	6.1 Indian Power-Plant Scenario
	6.2 How is Energy Audit of Power Plants Helpful?
	6.3 Types of Power Plants
		6.3.1 Thermal power plant
		6.3.2 Combined-cycle power plant
	6.4 Energy Audit of Power Plant
		6.4.1 Use of supercritical pressure boilers
		Discussion
		6.4.2 Improving condenser performance by condenser-tube cleaning
		Discussion
		6.4.3 Waste-heat recovery
		Discussion
		Waste-heat-driven steam turbine
		Waste-heat recovery in LNG fuelled HRSG system
		6.4.4 Improvement in performance of air preheater
		Discussion
		6.4.5 Sootblowing optimization
		Discussion
		Discussion
		6.4.7 Reduction in auxiliary power consumption
		Discussion
		Boiler feedwater system
		Fans and draft systems
		Coal-handling plant
		Coal milling/grinding system
		Cooling-water system
		Water treatment plant and water pumping
		Compressed air system
		6.4.8 Gas-turbine inlet air cooling
		Discussion
	Descriptive Questions
	Short-answer Questions
	Multiple-Choice Questions
7. Energy Audit of Steam-Distribution Systems
	7.1 Why is Steam Used as a Heating Fluid?
	7.2 Steam Basics
	7.3 How to Estimate Requirement of Steam?
	7.4 Steam-Distribution System
	7.5 Pressure
	7.6 Piping
	7.7 Losses in Steam-Distribution Systems
		7.7.1 Quantify and estimate of steam leak
		7.7.2 Insulation on steam-distribution lines and condensate return lines
		7.7.3 Flash steam
		7.7.4 Condensate recovery
		7.7.5 Pipe size
	7.8 Energy-Conservation Methods
		7.8.1 Use of two different-capacity steam generators for two different pressure requirements
		7.8.2 Install turbine between high-pressure steam generator and end use in new set-up or replace pressure-reducing valve with turbine in existing set-up
		7.8.3 Use steam-turbine drive instead of electric motor
		7.8.4 Cover open vessels containing hot water
		7.8.6 Use steam at lowest possible pressure
		7.8.7 Use low-pressure waste steam to run vapour-absorption refrigeration system
		7.8.8 Enhance heat transfer
		7.8.9 Proper selection of steam trap
		7.8.10 Use of vapour recompression
		7.8.11 Use of dry steam
	Checklist
	Housekeeping Checklist
	Thumb Rules
	Descriptive Questions
	Short-answer Questions
	Numerical Problems
	Multiple-Choice Questions
8. Compressed Air System
	8.2 Types of Compressors
		8.2.1 Positive-displacement compressors
		8.2.3 Reciprocating air compressors (1 CFM to 6300 CFM)
		Thermodynamics of a reciprocating air compressor
		8.2.4 Rotary screw compressors (30 CFM to 3000 CFM)
		8.2.5 Vane compressor (40 CFM to 800 CFM)
		8.2.6 Centrifugal compressors (400 CFM to 15000 CFM)
	8.3 Compressed Air-System Layout
	8.4 Energy-Saving Potential in a Compressed-Air System
		8.4.1 Analyze compressed-air quality and quantity need
		8.4.2 Inappropriate use of compressed air
		8.4.3 Leakage in a compressed-air system
		Leak-detection methods
		8.4.4 Pressure drop in a compressed-air system
		8.4.5 Controls of a compressed-air system
		Individual compressor controls
		Modulating or throttling control
		Multiple compressor control
		8.4.6 Compressed-air storage
		8.4.7 Regular maintenance
		8.4.8 Heat recovery in compressed-air systems
	Checklist
	Thumb Rules
	Descriptive Questions
	Short-answer Questions
	Fill in the Blanks
	Multiple-Choice Questions
9. Energy Audit of HVAC Systems
	9.1 Introduction to HVAC
	9.2 Components of an Air-Conditioning System
		Outside air damper
		Mixing chamber
		Filter
		Heating and cooling coils
		Fan
	9.3 Types of Air-Conditioning Systems
	9.4 Human Comfort Zone and Psychrometry
		Psychrometry
		Dry-bulb temperature
		Wet-bulb temperature
		Relative humidity
	9.5 Vapour-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
		9.5.1 Performance of vapour-compression refrigeration cycle
		9.5.2 Parameters affecting the performance of vapour-compression refrigeration cycle
		9.5.3 Parts of a vapour-compression refrigeration cycle
		Condenser
		Expansion valve
		Evaporator
		Refrigerant
	9.6 Energy Use Indices
	9.7 Impact of Refrigerants on Environment and Global Warming
	9.8 Energy-Saving Measures in HVAC
		9.8.1 CAV vs VAV
		CAVs with terminal reheat systems
		CAV systems with terminal reheat in interior spaces and perimeter induction or fan-coil units
		All-air induction systems with perimeter reheat
		CAV double-duct systems
		Variable air volume (VAV) systems
		9.8.2 Optimize ventilation air
		9.8.3 Use of variable-speed drive
		9.8.4 Replace existing chiller
		9.8.5 Use of boost-up systems or alternative systems
		9.8.6 Duct-leakage repair
		9.8.7 Heat-recovery wheel
		9.8.8 Exhaust fans
		9.8.9 Reducing cooling load
		9.8.10 Operate the system at higher evaporator temperature and lower condenser temperature
		9.8.13 Use of a vapour-absorption refrigeration system
		9.8.14 Replace vapour-compression-based cooling with evaporative cooling
		9.8.15 Use of alternative refrigerant
		9.8.16 Encourage green building concept in india
		9.8.17 Promote use of BMS and DDC systems
		9.8.18 Thermal energy storage (TES) based air-conditioning system
		Advantages of a VRF system
	9.9 Star Rating and Labelling by BEE
	Checklist
	Thumb Rules
	Descriptive Questions
	Short-answer Questions
	Fill in the Blanks
	Multiple-Choice Questions
10. Electrical-Load Management
	10.1 Electrical Basics
	10.2 Electrical Load Management
		10.2.1 Electricity and its cost
		10.2.2 Load-management techniques
		Use of storage system
		Change in technology
		Decentralized power generation
		Reduce electricity use during peak hours
		Use of demand controllers
	10.3 Variable-Frequency Drive
		Use of variable-frequency drive
	10.4 Harmonics and Its Effects
		10.4.1 Cause and effect of harmonics
		10.4.2 How to control harmonics
	10.5 Electricity Tariff
		PART A: Residencial premises (at low and medium voltage)
			PART B: Tariffs for high-tension consumers contracted for 100 kVA and above (3.3 kV and above, 3-phase, 50 cycles/second) and extra high tension
			Power-factor penalty
			Power-factor rebate
	10.6 Power Factor
		10.6.1 How to improve power factor
	10.7 Transmission and Distribution Losses
		Why do technical losses occur in transmission and distribution of electricity?
			Methods to reduce technical losses
			Why do commercial losses occur in transmission and distribution of electricity?
	Methods to Reduce Commercial Losses
	Short-answer Questions
	Fill in the Blanks
11. Energy Audit of Motors
	11.2 Parameters Related to Motors
	11.4 Energy Conservation in Motors
		11.4.1 Appropriate loading of motor
		Direct electrical measurement
		Slip measurement
		Amperage readings
		11.4.2 Selection of the right motor
		11.4.3 Assessing motor and drive-system operating conditions
		Motor rewinding
		Power-factor improvement
		Power quality
		Effect of harmonics on an induction motor
		Variable-frequency drives
		11.4.4 Optimization of the complete system
		Adopting MEPS (minimum energy performance standard)
		Change the connections
		Use of soft starters
		Use of more copper
		Reduce idle and redundant operations
		Misalignment
		Regular inspection and maintenance
	11.5 BEE Star Rating and Labelling
	Thumb Rules
	Abbreviations
	Descriptive Questions
	Short-answer Questions
	Justify the Following Statements
	Fill in the Blanks
	Multiple-Choice Questions
12. Energy Audit of Pumps, Blowers, and Cooling Towers
	Part A: Pumps
	12.A.1 Centrifugal Pump
	12.A.2 Positive-Displacement Pump
	12.A.4 Flow Control and Pump Losses
	12.A.5 Series and Parallel Arrangement of Pumps
	12.A.6 Selection of Pump
	12.A.7 Energy-Saving Potential in a Pump
		12.A.7.1 Correct sizing of pumps
		12.A.7.2 Trim impeller of an oversized pump
		12.A.7.3 Keeping the pump clean and well maintained
		12.A.7.4 Select right-size motor for a pump
		12.A.7.6 Use of multiple-speed pumps
		12.A.7.7 Check pipe layout
	12.A.8 Steps to Design New Pumping System
		Step 1 Identify requirement
		Step 2 Design the pumping system
	Thumb Rules
		Part B: Fans and Blowers
		12.B.1.1 Centrifugal fans
		12.B.1.2 Axial fans
	12.B.2 Fan Laws and Curves
	12.B.3 Power Consumption by a Fan
	12.B.4 Energy-Saving Potential in Fans
		12.B.4.1 Fan selection
		12.B.4.2 Maintenance of a fan
		12.B.4.3 Identify and rectify leakage
		12.B.4.5 Use of variable-frequency driven fans
		12.B.4.6 Reduce pressure loss in the duct by proper duct design
		12.B.4.7 Fans in series and parallel arrangements
		Part C: Cooling Tower
	12.C.2 Performance of a Cooling Tower
	12.C.3 Components of a Cooling Tower
		12.C.3.1 Packing materials
		12.C.3.2 Hot-water distribution system
		12.C.3.3 Cooled water basin
		12.C.3.4 Fans and controllers
		12.C.3.5 Louvers and drift eliminators
		12.C.3.6 Tower material of a cooling tower
		12.C.4.1 Sizing of the cooling tower
		12.C.4.2 Reduce water loss
		12.C.4.3 Reduce blowdown
		12.C.4.4 Maintenance, monitoring, and optimization
		12.C.4.5 Minimizing corrosion and scale
		12.C.4.6 Variable frequency drive for fans
	Thumb rules
	Checklist for pumps, fans, and cooling towers
	Descriptive questions
	Short-answer questions
	Numerical problem
	Fill in the blanks
	Justify the following statements
	Multiple-choice questions
13. Energy Audit of Lighting Systems
	13.1 Fundamentals of Lighting
	13.2 Different Lighting Systems
		13.2.1 Incandescent lamp
		13.2.3 Fluorescent lamps
		13.2.4 High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps
		Mercury vapour
		Metal halide
		High-pressure sodium (HPS)
		Low-pressure sodium (LPS)
		Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
	13.3 Ballasts
		Magnetic ballast
		Standard core-and-coil
		Electronic ballasts
		HID ballast
	13.4 Fixtures (Luminaries)
	13.6 Lenses and Louvres
	13.7 Lighting Control Systems
		13.7.1 Timers (time-scheduling control system)
		13.7.2 Dimmer
		13.7.3 Photocell
		13.7.4 Infrared presence sensors
		13.7.5 Ultrasonic presence sensor
	13.8 Lighting System Audit
		Step 1 Observation
		Step 2 Output measurement
		Step 3 Input measurement
		Step 4 Compilation of results
		Step 5 ILER analysis
	13.9 Energy-Saving Opportunities
		13.9.1 Daylighting
		13.9.2 Task lighting
		13.9.3 Solar-powered lighting
		13.9.4 Group re-lamping
		13.9.5 De-lamping
		13.9.6 Daylight saving
			Use of metal halide lamps
			Use of high-pressure sodium-vapour lamps
			Use of light emitting diode (LED) lamps
			Use of electronic ballast
			Bachat lamp yojana
	Checklist
	Descriptive Questions
	Short-Answer Questions
	Numerical Problem
14. Energy Audit Applied to Buildings
	14.1 Energy-Saving Measures in New Buildings
		14.1.2 Envelop heat gain
		14.1.3 Equipment selection
		14.1.4 Insulation
		14.1.5 Cool roof
		14.1.6 Improving air-tightness
		14.1.8 Co-ordination between designer and developer
		14.1.9 HVAC sizing and number of lightings
		14.1.11 Adopt solar water heating
		14.1.12 Promote use of decentralized power plants
		14.1.13 Energy-saving measures in existing buildings
	14.2 Water Audit
		Water-audit methodology
		Part A: Planning and preparation
		Part C: Data collection
		Part D: Analysis
	14.3 How to Audit Your Home?
	14.4 General Energy-saving Tips Applicable to New as Well as Existing Buildings
	Descriptive Questions
	Short-answer Questions
	Fill in the Blanks
	Multiple-Choice Questions
15. Thermal Insulation and Refractory Materials
	15.2 Heat Transfer Mechanism in Thermal Insulation
		15.2.1 Conduction
		15.2.2 Convection
		15.2.3 Radiation
		15.2.4 Thermal conductivity
		15.2.5 R-value of insulation
		15.3.1 Fibrous insulation
		15.3.2 Cellular insulation
		15.3.3 Granular insulation
	15.4 Different Forms of Insulation Materials Available In The Market
	15.5 Selection of Insulating Material
	15.6 Calculation of Insulation Thickness
	15.7 Economic Thickness of Insulation
	15.8 Refractory Material
	15.9 Properties of Refractory Materials
		Melting point
		Porosity
		Bulk density
		Pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE)
		Thermal expansion
		Thermal conductivity
		Cold crushing strength
	15.10 Commonly Used Refractory Materials
		Fireclay bricks
		High-alumina refractory
		Silica bricks
		Magnesite refractory
		Dolomite, chromite, zirconia, and monolithic refractory
	15.11 Selection of Refractory Material
	15.12 How to Improve Life of a Refractory Material
	Checklist
	Descriptive Questions
	Short-Answer Questions
	Fill in the Blanks
	Multiple-Choice Questions
16. Energy Audit of Heat Exchangers, Waste-Heat Recovery, and Co-generation
	16.1 Basics of a Heat Exchanger
	16.2 Heat-Exchanger Applications
		Preheater
		Radiator
		Evaporator and condenser
		Steam condenser
	16.3 Performance of a Heat Exchanger
		16.3.1 Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
		16.3.2 Effectiveness — NTU method
		16.3.3 Pinch analysis
	16.4 Fouling
		Sedimentation fouling
		Inverse solubility fouling
		Chemical reaction fouling
		Corrosion-product fouling
		Biological fouling
		Prevention and removal of fouling
	16.5 Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association
	16.6 Selection of a Heat Exchanger
		Heat-exchanger tube inserts
		Use of deformed tubes
	16.8 Waste-Heat-Recovery Equipment
		16.8.1 Recuperator (gas-to-gas or gas-to-air heat exchanger)
		16.8.2 Rotary wheel (heat wheel)
		16.8.3 Heat-pipe heat exchanger
		16.8.4 Waste-heat boiler
		16.8.5 Thermoelectric generator
		16.8.6 Heat-recovery steam generator (HRSG)
	16.9 Hurdles in the Waste-Heat-Recovery Process
	16.10 Co-Generation
	16.11 Types of Co-Generation
		16.11.1 Internal-combustion-engine based co-generation
		16.11.2 Steam-turbine-based co-generation
		16.11.3 Gas-turbine-based co-generation
		16.11.4 Microturbine-based co-generation
		16.11.5 Fuel-cell-based cogeneration
	16.12 Feasibility of a Combined Cycle
	Energy-saving tips in heat exchangers
	Descriptive Questions
	Short-Answer Questions
	Numerical Problem
	Fill in the Blanks
	Multiple-Choice Questions
17. Computer Software and Formats for Energy Audit
	17.1 Name of Software: Energy Lens
		by Doe for Calculating Home and Building Energy Use
	17.3 Name of Software: Iheat by Hancock
	17.4 Name of Software: Matrix 4 Utility Accounting System
	17.6 Name of Software: 3E Plus (for Insulation Thickness Calculator)
	17.7 Name of Software: Pump-Flo (to Select Pump)
	17.8 Name of Software: Eco2.0 To Calculate Energy Saving Due to Variable Speed Drive Instead of Conventional Drives.
	17.9 Name of Software: Honeywell VFD, Energy-Saving and Payback Calculator
	17.10 Name of Software: Canmost—Motor Selection Tool
	17.11 Name of Software: Motormaster+
Annexure I
Annexure II
References
Index