Handbook of Emerging Communications Technologies: The Next Decade

INDEX.PDF......Page 0
Table of Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 3
Editor......Page 4
Contributors......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 7
Dedication......Page 10
Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP)......Page 12
1.2 WHAT IS RSVP?......Page 13
1.2.1 Components of an RSVP-Capable Router......Page 14
1.3 RSVP FEATURES......Page 15
1.3.3 Soft State......Page 17
1.3.4 RSVP Reservation Styles......Page 18
1.4.1 Message Formats and Message Processing......Page 20
1.4.1.1 PATH Message......Page 21
1.4.1.2 RESV Message......Page 22
1.4.1.4 Error Messages......Page 23
1.4.2 State Data......Page 24
1.4.4 Message Merging......Page 25
1.6 RSVP MANAGEMENT......Page 26
1.8.1 Integrated Services......Page 27
1.8.1.2 Controlled Load Service......Page 28
1.9.1 ATM Networks......Page 29
1.10 RSVP INTEROPERABILITY......Page 31
1.11 OPEN ISSUES AND CURRENT WORK......Page 32
1.11.1 Aggregation and Differentiated Services......Page 33
1.11.2 Policy Control......Page 34
1.11.4 Diagnostics......Page 35
Multimedia Over IP: RSVP, RTP, RTCP, RTSP......Page 40
2.1.1 The Real-time Challenge......Page 41
2.1.2 Multimedia over the Internet......Page 42
2.2.1 Development......Page 43
2.2.2 How Does RSVP Work?......Page 44
2.2.3 RSVP Features......Page 46
2.3.1 Development......Page 47
2.3.2 How Does RTP Work?......Page 48
2.3.3 RTP Fixed Header Fields......Page 50
2.3.4 RTCP — Real-time Control Protocol......Page 51
2.3.6 RTP Implementation Resources......Page 52
2.4.1 Development......Page 53
2.4.2 RTSP Operations and Methods......Page 54
2.4.4 RTSP Implementation Resources......Page 55
2.5 Summary......Page 56
Video Transmission over Wireless Links: State of t.........Page 59
3.1.1 Potential Applications of Wireless Video......Page 60
Car videophone......Page 61
3.1.2 Present and Future Wireless Communications S.........Page 62
3.1.4 Outline of the Chapter......Page 63
3.2.1 Architecture......Page 64
3.2.2.1 Physical Channel Characteristics......Page 65
3.2.2.2 Channel Coding for Wireless Channels......Page 66
3.2.3 Channel Modeling......Page 67
3.3.1 Typical Video Compression Algorithms......Page 68
3.3.2 Delay Constraints in Video Communications......Page 70
3.3.3 Coding for Low Rate Channels......Page 72
3.3.4 Power Constraints and System Level Trade-off.........Page 73
3.4.1 The Separation Principle and the Need for Jo.........Page 74
3.4.2 Packetization and Synchronization......Page 76
3.4.3.1 Diversity and Multiple Description Coding......Page 78
3.4.4 Unequal Error Protection and Scalable Coding.........Page 79
3.4.4.2 Scalable Video Coding Techniques......Page 80
3.4.5 Adaptation to Channel Conditions and Rate Co.........Page 81
3.5 Conclusions......Page 84
4.1 What it is......Page 92
4.2.1 Browser User Interface......Page 93
4.2.2.1 HTTP Server......Page 94
4.2.3.2 Agent Object Instance......Page 95
4.4 JMAPI and the Industry......Page 96
4.5 What’s Ahead for JMAPI......Page 97
Cable Modem and HFC......Page 99
5.2 Market Pull/Technology Push......Page 100
5.3.1 History of the Cable Network......Page 101
5.3.2 Legacy Cable Network......Page 102
5.3.3 HFC Network......Page 104
5.3.5 Digital Cable Network......Page 105
5.3.7 HFC Access Drawbacks......Page 106
5.3.9 Noise......Page 107
5.3.9.1 Noise Characteristics in the Upstream Direction......Page 108
5.3.9.2 Noise Characteristics in the Downstream Direction......Page 109
5.3.10 Approaches to Suppress Noise......Page 110
5.4.1 Standards Perspective......Page 111
5.4.2 Abstract Cable Modem Operation......Page 112
5.4.3.1 Physical Layer......Page 114
5.4.3.2 MAC Layer......Page 115
5.4.4.1.1 PMD Sublayers......Page 116
5.4.4.1.2 Upstream Frame Structure......Page 118
5.4.4.1.4 Downstream Frame Structure......Page 119
5.4.6 Overview of MAC......Page 122
5.4.6.1 Initializations at the Upper Layers......Page 123
5.4.6.2 Security and Privacy in the HFC Network......Page 124
5.4.6.3 Fundamentals of Collision Resolution......Page 125
5.4.6.5 Request for Upstream Bandwidth......Page 126
5.4.6.6 Contention Resolution......Page 127
5.4.7.1 Review of Cable Modem Operation......Page 129
5.4.7.2 Cable Modem Service Aspects......Page 130
6.1 Introduction......Page 138
6.2 DVD Background......Page 139
6.2.1 Recent Home Video Developments......Page 141
6.2.2 Digital VCRs......Page 142
6.2.4 DVD......Page 143
6.3.5 DVD-Audio......Page 145
6.4 Forecasting DVD Adoption......Page 146
6.6 Recent Developments in DVD-ROM......Page 149
6.7 Factors to Watch......Page 151
6.8 DVD-RAM......Page 152
6.10 Summary and Conclusions......Page 154
7.1 Introduction......Page 160
7.2 Measuring A Trunk’s Ability to Carry Traffic......Page 163
7.3 Circuit-Switched TDM Trunks......Page 165
7.4 Hybrid Trunking......Page 166
7.5 Packet-Switched Statistical Multiplexed Trunks.........Page 168
7.6 ATM Statistical Multiplexed Trunks......Page 172
7.7 Head-to-Head Comparison......Page 174
7.8 Conclusions......Page 177
8.1 Introduction......Page 181
8.2 Evolution of the Internet Backbone......Page 182
8.3.1 Multiprotocol Encapsulation......Page 183
8.3.2 IP Over ATM Using Permanent Virtual Connections (PVCs)......Page 185
8.3.3.1 Classical IP Over ATM and ATMARP......Page 187
8.3.3.2 Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP)......Page 190
8.3.3.3 Multiprotocol Over ATM (MPOA)......Page 194
8.4.1 IP Switching......Page 195
8.4.2 IP Navigator......Page 196
8.4.3 ARIS......Page 199
8.4.4 Tag Switching......Page 200
8.4.5 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)......Page 201
9.1 Introduction......Page 206
9.2 Motivation......Page 209
9.2.2 Multipoint Optical Network......Page 210
9.2.3 Standalone ATM versus Multipoint Optical......Page 211
9.3.1 Preliminary Work......Page 212
9.3.2 Future Work......Page 213
9.4.1 Preliminary Work......Page 214
9.5 Conclusion......Page 215
10.1 Introduction......Page 219
10.2 Point-to-Point WDM Networks......Page 220
10.3 WDM Optical Cross-connect Mesh (W-Mesh)......Page 221
10.4 Wavelength Bidirectional Line-Switched Rings (W-BLSR)......Page 224
10.6 Comparison of Network Architectures......Page 228
10.7 Conclusion......Page 232
11.1 Introduction......Page 235
11.2 Integrated Services......Page 236
11.2.1 QoS Service Definitions and Service Invocation......Page 238
11.2.2 QoS Service Provision......Page 239
11.3 Differentiated services......Page 242
11.3.1 Service Differentiation......Page 243
11.3.2 Providing Differentiated Services......Page 244
11.4.1 High Speed Bearer Services......Page 246
11.4.2 Fast Forwarding Mechanisms......Page 247
11.5 Technology components for future IP Integrated Services......Page 249
11.5.1 Dynamically Adaptable Applications......Page 250
11.5.2 Active Networks......Page 251
11.5.3 Security......Page 252
11.6 Summary......Page 253
Satellite Communication Systems......Page 258
12.1 Introduction......Page 259
12.2.1 Circular Equatorial Orbit (Geostationary)......Page 260
12.2.2 Circular Polar Orbit......Page 261
12.3 Frequency......Page 262
12.4.1.1 SPADE......Page 264
12.4.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)......Page 266
12.4.2.2 Traffic Burst......Page 267
12.4.2.5 Unique Word......Page 268
12.4.2.6 Traffic Data......Page 269
12.4.2.9 Advanced TDMA......Page 270
12.4.3 CDMA......Page 272
12.4.4 Satellite Packet Communications......Page 273
12.4.4.1 Statistical Channels......Page 274
12.4.4.2 Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSAT)......Page 275
12.5 Mobile Satellite Communications......Page 278
12.5.1 Frequency......Page 279
12.5.2 Low Earth Orbit (LEO)......Page 280
12.5.2.1 Globalstar (Commercial Service Planned fo.........Page 281
12.5.2.2 Iridium (Operational)......Page 282
12.5.3 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) System Concept......Page 284
Unique Word Detection (False or Miss!)......Page 285
Internet/Mbone Audio......Page 289
13.1 Introduction......Page 290
13.2 Characteristics of the technology......Page 291
13.2.1.1 Characteristics of Speech and Human Conversation......Page 292
13.2.1.2 Speech Compression Algorithms and Standards......Page 293
13.2.1.3 Characteristics of the Human Auditory System......Page 294
13.2.1.4 Music Compression Algorithms......Page 295
13.2.2.1 Routers and Network Effects......Page 296
13.2.2.2.1 Transport Level Protocols......Page 298
13.2.2.3 Multiway Media Delivery......Page 299
13.3 structure and technology of packet audio systems and tools......Page 300
13.3.1 Low-Cost General Purpose Hosts Suitable for Multimedia Internet Access......Page 301
13.3.2.1 User Interface......Page 302
13.3.2.2 Buffering......Page 303
13.3.3 Audio Tool Problems......Page 304
13.3.3.1 Cause Identification of Gaps in the Output Audio......Page 305
13.3.3.2 Cause Identification of an Unnatural Audio Environment......Page 308
13.3.3.2.1 Two-way Effects......Page 309
13.3.3.2.2 Multiway Effects......Page 310
13.4.2 Mbone Audio and Multimedia Conferencing......Page 311
13.5 Conclusion and Future Directions......Page 312
13.5.1 Future Directions......Page 313
Broadcasting in the Internet Age......Page 318
14.1 Introduction......Page 319
14.2 Convergence......Page 320
14.2.1.1 Three Revolutions of Television......Page 321
14.2.2.2 Inflection Points......Page 322
14.3.1 Radio......Page 324
14.3.2.3 Data Broadcasting......Page 325
14.3.2.4 Program-Related and Nonprogram-Related Data......Page 326
14.3.2.5 Bandwidth......Page 327
14.3.2.6 Internet......Page 328
14.4 Conclusion......Page 329
15.1 Introduction......Page 331
15.1.2 SDTV versus HDTV......Page 332
15.1.3 Why Bother?......Page 333
15.2 History......Page 334
15.3.1 Transmission......Page 335
15.3.2 Recording......Page 336
15.4 HDTV and SDTV Formats......Page 337
15.4.2 Display......Page 338
15.6 Implications and Issues......Page 339
15.7 FCC policy......Page 340
15.9 Costs to Consumers......Page 341
15.10 Analysis and predictions......Page 342
16.1 The Four-Step Process of Digital Radio Conversion......Page 345
16.1.3 Step Three: Consent from the Consumer Electronics Manufacturers......Page 347
16.2 Terrestrial DAB......Page 348
16.2.1 Step One: Approval by a governing body......Page 350
16.2.3 Step Three: Consent from the Consumer Electronics Manufacturers......Page 351
16.3 Satellite DARS......Page 352
16.3.1 Step One: Approval by a Governing Body......Page 353
16.3.2 Step Two: Acceptance by Broadcast Stations......Page 354
16.3.4 Step Four: Adoption by the public......Page 355
17.1 Background......Page 359
17.2 The Internet Versus Other Networks......Page 361
17.2.2 Public Key Infrastructure......Page 362
17.4 Other Internet Commerce Technical Concerns......Page 364
17.4.2 SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)......Page 366
17.5 Summary and Conclusions......Page 367
Emerging Security Testing, Evaluation, and Validation......Page 370
18.2 A NEW WAY OF DOING BUSINESS......Page 372
18.3 ALONG WITH E-BUSINESS COMES A NEED TO PROTECT INFORMATION......Page 373
18.4 COMPETITION HEATS UP FOR TRUSTED PRODUCTS......Page 374
18.5 SECURITY TESTING AND EVALUATION IS KEY TO ENHANCING TRUST......Page 375
18.6.3 Government-internal Approaches......Page 376
18.7 SHORTCOMINGS OF OLD APPROACHES PROVIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR A NEW APPROACH......Page 377
18.7.1 The Lack of Security Requirements Specification Standards......Page 378
18.7.4 The Lack of Security Testing and Evaluation Expertise......Page 379
18.9 SETTING THE STAGE......Page 380
18.10 STANDARDIZATION BEGINS......Page 381
18.12 WHY THE U.S. GOVERNMENT GOT INVOLVED......Page 382
18.14 THE NIAP PROGRAM – ITS VISION AND APPROACH......Page 383
18.14.1 Relying on Standards......Page 384
18.14.3 Seeding and Using Commercial Laboratories......Page 386
18.14.4 Accrediting Commercial Laboratories......Page 387
18.14.5 Validating Test and Evaluation Results......Page 388
18.14.7 Promoting R&D......Page 389
18.14.8 Conducting Outreach......Page 390
18.15.1 Developing and Using the Basic Supports......Page 391
18.15.2 Accrediting Testing and Evaluation Laboratories......Page 392
18.15.4 Mutual Recognition Maintenance......Page 393
18.16.1 Mutual Recognition Arrangements Guide Global Cooperation......Page 394
18.16.2 Profiles Are Proliferating......Page 395
18.16.3 R&D Makes Profile Development Faster, Better, Less Expensive......Page 396
18.16.4 Testing And Evaluation Laboratories Embrace The CC......Page 397
18.16.5 Products Emerging Amid More Efficient Testing and Evaluation Processes......Page 398
18.16.6.1 OMG (The Object Management Group)......Page 399
18.16.6.4 HOST (Healthcare Open Systems & Trials)......Page 400
18.17.2 Vendors......Page 401
18.17.3 Consumers......Page 402
18.17.4 Researchers......Page 403
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