Handbook of Ecological Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Health, Second Edition (Applied Ecology and Environmental Management)

Cover Page......Page 1
Title: Handbook of Ecological Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Health, Second Edition......Page 4
ISBN 1439809364......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Editors......Page 10
Contributors......Page 12
Section I. Ecological Indicators......Page 16
1.1 The Role of Ecosystem Health Assessment in Environmental Management......Page 18
1.2 The Conceptual Flow in This Volume......Page 21
Contents......Page 24
2.1 Criteria for the Selection of Ecological Indicators for EHA......Page 25
2.2 Classification of Ecosystem Health Indicators......Page 27
2.3 Indices Based on Indicator Species......Page 29
2.3.3 A MBI (Borja et al. 2000)......Page 31
2.3.4 BENTIX (Simboura and Zenetos 2002)......Page 32
2.3.6 Benthic Response Index (Smith et al. 2001)......Page 33
2.3.7 Conservation Index (Moreno et al. 2001)......Page 34
2.4.1 Nematodes/Copepods Index (Rafaelli and Mason 1981)......Page 38
2.4.3 Infaunal Index (Word 1980)......Page 39
2.4.4 Feldman Index......Page 40
2.5 Indices Based on the Diversity Value......Page 41
2.5.1 Shannon–Wiener Index (Shannon and Wiener 1963)......Page 42
2.5.5 Simpson Index (Simpson 1949)......Page 43
2.5.8 Average Taxonomic Diversity (Warwick and Clarke 1995)......Page 44
2.6 Indicators Based on Species Biomass and Abundance......Page 45
2.6.1 ABC Method (Warwick 1986)......Page 46
2.7 Indicators Integrating All Environment Information......Page 47
2.7.2 Coefficient of Pollution (Satsmadjis 1982)......Page 48
2.7.4 B-IBI (Weisberg et al. 1997)......Page 49
2.7.6 Fish Health Index (FHI) (Cooper et al. 1993)......Page 50
2.7.8 Estuarine Fish Importance Rating (FIR ) (Maree et al. 2000)......Page 51
2.8 Presentation and Definition of Level 7and 8 Indicators—Holistic Indicators......Page 52
2.9 An Overview of Applicable Ecological Indicators for EHA......Page 69
2.10.1 Direct Measurement Method......Page 70
2.10.2 Ecological Model Method......Page 71
2.10.3 Ecosystem Health Index Method......Page 72
2.11 An Integrated, Consistent Ecosystem Theory That Can Be Applied as a Fundament for EHA......Page 73
References......Page 79
3.1 Thermodynamic Concepts as Super-Holistic Indicators......Page 92
3.2 Eco-Exergy as Ecosystem Health Indicator......Page 93
3.3 Illustrative Examples of Eco-Exergy as Ecosystem Health Indicator......Page 98
References......Page 102
4.1 Introduction......Page 104
4.2 A Systems View of Ecosystem Health......Page 105
4.3.1 Emergy and Transformity: Concepts and Definitions......Page 107
4.3.2 Hierarchy......Page 111
4.3.3 Transformities and Hierarchy......Page 112
4.3.4 Transformity and Efficiency......Page 114
4.4 Emergy, Transformity, and Biodiversity......Page 115
4.5 System-Level Diversity Index......Page 117
4.6 Emergy and Information......Page 118
4.7 Measuring Changes in Ecosystem Health......Page 119
4.8 Restoring Ecosystem Health......Page 122
References......Page 124
5.1 Introduction......Page 128
5.2 Eco-Exergy and Emergy......Page 129
5.3 The Ratio of Eco-Exergy to Emergy Flow......Page 131
5.4 ΔEx versus ΔEm......Page 133
5.5 Integration of Analytical and Systems Approaches for the Description of the Influence of Mercury Emissions on Mount Amiata Ecosystem......Page 135
5.6 Preliminary Results......Page 137
References......Page 138
6.1 Ecosystem Health, Integrity, and Security: Diverse Notions for One Possible Single Frame......Page 140
6.2 Environmental Security in SESs......Page 142
6.3 Exercising Environmental Security from a Landscape Perspective......Page 144
6.4 Disturbance of What, and to What......Page 145
6.5 Ecosystem Service Providers......Page 147
6.6 Scales and Patterns of Coupled Disturbance and ESPs in a Panarchy of SELs......Page 150
6.7 Disturbance Patterns at Multiple Scales......Page 151
6.8 Discussion: ESP Vulnerability/Security across Multiple Scales......Page 155
6.9 Conclusions......Page 157
References......Page 159
7.1 Introduction......Page 164
7.2 Driving Forces of Change......Page 166
7.3 Spatial Aspects of Biodiversity and Species Richness: From Ecosystem to the Landscape......Page 168
7.4 Temporal Aspects of Biodiversity and Species Richness: From the Past to the Future......Page 174
7.5 Conclusion......Page 179
References......Page 180
8.1 Introduction......Page 186
8.2 Emergy, Time, and Area......Page 187
8.2.3 Environmental Empower Density......Page 188
8.3.1 Area Weighted LDI Calculation......Page 189
8.3.2 Renewable Background Areal Empower Intensity LDI Calculation......Page 191
8.4 Pollutant Emergy and Empower Density......Page 194
8.4.1 Pollutant Density Index......Page 195
8.4.2 Pollutant Empower Density......Page 197
8.5 Summary......Page 199
References......Page 200
Appendix 8.1......Page 202
9.1 What Are Ecosystem Services?......Page 204
9.2 Intermediate versus Final Goods and Services......Page 205
9.3 Classifying Ecosystem Services......Page 206
9.4 Complex Systems and Ecosystem Services......Page 208
9.5 Valuation of Ecological Systems and Services......Page 209
9.6 Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services......Page 210
9.7 Uncertainty and Ecosystem Services......Page 211
References......Page 212
Section II. Assessment of Ecosystem Health......Page 214
10.1 Introduction: The Importance of Wetlands......Page 216
10.3 Types of Wetlands and Wetland Processes......Page 217
10.4 Ecological Indicators Applied to Assess the Ecosystem Health for Wetlands......Page 219
10.5 Ecological Indicators and Wetland Development—A Case Study......Page 222
10.6 Conclusions......Page 223
References......Page 224
Contents......Page 226
11.1 How Does Environmental Health Relate to Pressures, Human Well-Being, and Ecological Sustainability?......Page 227
11.1.1 Building Management Scenarios to Relate Environmental Pressures, Human Well-Being, and Ecological Sustainability......Page 229
11.1.2 Ecological Indicators and Ecosystems’ Health Evaluation......Page 233
11.2 Brief Review of the Application of Ecological Indicators in Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystems......Page 234
11.2.1 Indicators Based on Species Presence versus Absence......Page 236
11.2.2 Biodiversity as Reflected in Diversity Measures......Page 237
11.2.3 Indicators Based on Ecological Strategies......Page 238
11.2.5 Multimetric Indices......Page 239
11.2.6 Thermodynamically Oriented and Network-Analysis-Based Indicators......Page 240
11.4.1 Study Areas and Type of Data Used......Page 241
11.4.3.1 Mondego Estuary......Page 251
11.4.3.2 Mar Menor......Page 259
11.5 Was the Use of the Selected Indicators Satisfactory in the Two Case Studies?......Page 262
11.5.1 Application of Indicators Based on the Presence versus Absence of Species: AMBI......Page 264
11.5.4 Indicators Based on Species Biomass and Abundance: W-Statistic......Page 265
11.5.5.2 Ascendancy......Page 266
11.5.6 Brief Conclusions......Page 267
References......Page 269
Contents......Page 278
12.1.1 Ecosystem Type and Problem......Page 279
12.2.1 A Theoretical Frame......Page 280
12.2.2.2 Lake Data for Developing Indicators......Page 281
12.2.2.3 Responses of Lake Ecosystems to Chemical Stresses......Page 284
12.2.2.4 Indicators for Lake Ecosystem Health Assessment......Page 285
12.2.4 Methods for Lake Ecosystem Health Assessment......Page 287
12.3.1.2 Calculating Sub-EHIs......Page 288
12.3.1.3 Determining Weighting Factors (ωi )......Page 292
12.3.1.4 Assessing Ecosystem Health Status for the Italian Lakes......Page 293
12.3.2 Case 2: Ecosystem Health Assessment for Lake Chao Using DMM and EMM......Page 294
12.3.2.1 Assessment Using DMM......Page 295
12.3.2.2 Assessment Using EMM......Page 296
12.4.1.1 Assessment Results for Lake Chao......Page 305
12.4.1.2 Assessment Results for the Italian Lakes......Page 306
12.4.2 About Assessment Indicators......Page 307
12.4.3 About Assessment Methods......Page 308
12.5 Conclusions......Page 309
Acknowledgments......Page 310
References......Page 311
Contents......Page 316
13.1 Introduction......Page 317
13.2 International and National Policies ImpactingEI Application to SFM in SSA......Page 318
13.3.1 Assessing Forest Health, Ecological Role, and Biodiversity Conservation with EI......Page 320
13.3.2 EI Integration in Principles, Criteria, and Indicators (PCI) for Forest Management......Page 321
13.3.4 EI Application in Forest Zoning, Conservation Easements or Restrictions, Natural Heritage Sites, and Forests Enrolled in High Conservation Value......Page 323
13.3.5 EI Application by Stakeholders Involved in Forest Management......Page 325
13.3.6 EI Application in Natural Forests Restoration......Page 328
13.3.7 EI Education and Training in Forest Management......Page 329
13.3.8 EI Application and Forest Products Management......Page 331
13.3.9 EI Application by Private Sector to Forest Management......Page 333
13.3.10 EI as Basis of Forest Certification and Forest Law Enforcement, Governance, and Trade Process......Page 335
13.4 Progress Assessment in EI Application to SFM......Page 336
13.5.2 Participation of Local Communities and Stakeholders in Forest Management......Page 340
13.5.4 Funding Forest Management, Administration, Research, and Human Resource Development......Page 341
13.5.6 Training and Research Institutions......Page 342
References......Page 343
Contents......Page 350
14.1 Introduction......Page 351
14.2 Indicators......Page 352
14.2.1 Environmental and Habitat Indicators......Page 353
14.2.2 Species-Based Indicators......Page 354
14.2.3 Size-Based Indicators......Page 355
14.2.5 Network Analysis......Page 356
14.2.7 Fishing Down the Food Web......Page 357
14.2.8 Fishing-in-Balance......Page 358
14.3 Application of Indicators......Page 359
14.3.1 Environmental and Habitat Indicators......Page 360
14.3.3 Trophodynamic Indicators......Page 361
14.4 Conclusion......Page 365
Acknowledgments......Page 366
References......Page 367
Contents......Page 372
15.1 Introduction......Page 373
15.2.1 Biological Indicators......Page 374
15.2.2 Water Quality and Trophic Status Indicators......Page 376
15.2.3 Ecosystem Thresholds and Quality Class Boundaries......Page 379
15.3 Sacca di Goro Case Study......Page 380
15.3.1.1 Biogeochemical Model......Page 383
15.3.1.2 Discrete Stage-Based Model of R. philippinarum......Page 385
15.3.1.4 Cost/Benefits Model......Page 386
15.3.3.1 The Existing Situation......Page 387
15.3.3.2 Harvesting Ulva Biomass......Page 390
15.3.3.4 Reduction in Nutrient Inputs......Page 394
15.4 Conclusions......Page 396
References......Page 398
16.1 Introduction......Page 406
16.2.1 Ecosystem Theory—Conceptual Background......Page 409
16.3 Ecosystem Analysis—Empirical Background......Page 414
16.4 Ecosystem Health and Ecological Integrity—Normative Background......Page 415
16.4.1 The Selected Indicator Set......Page 418
16.5.1 Indicating Health and Integrity on the Ecosystem Scale......Page 420
16.5.2 Indicating Landscape Health......Page 423
16.5.3 Application in Sustainable Landscape Management......Page 427
16.5.4 Indicating Dynamics in Marine Ecosystems......Page 429
16.5 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 431
References......Page 432
17.1 Introduction......Page 440
17.2.1 Exergy-Based Indicators......Page 442
17.2.2 Emergy-Based Indicators......Page 444
17.2.3 Ecological Footprint-Based Indicators......Page 446
17.3 Results and Discussion......Page 448
17.3.1 Exergy Analysis......Page 449
17.3.2 Emergy Evaluation......Page 451
17.3.3 Ecological Footprint......Page 453
17.3.4 Comparing Indicators......Page 454
17.4 Conclusion......Page 456
References......Page 457
18.1 Introduction......Page 462
18.2 Biological Indicators......Page 463
18.2.1 Phytobenthos......Page 464
18.2.2 Benthic Macroinvertebrates......Page 466
18.2.3.2 Index of Biotic Integrity: Species Guild Approach......Page 468
18.2.3.3 Metrics Selection and Scoring......Page 469
18.3 European versus U.S. Approaches......Page 471
References......Page 475
Appendix......Page 480
B......Page 482
C......Page 484
D......Page 485
E......Page 486
G......Page 489
I......Page 490
M......Page 492
N......Page 493
P......Page 494
S......Page 495
T......Page 497
W......Page 498
Z......Page 499
Back Page......Page 500