Handbook of Disability: Critical Thought and Social Change in a Globalizing World

Handbook of Disability
	Acknowledgments
	Contents
	About the Editors
	About the Associate Editors
	About the Section Editors
	Contributors
Part I: Introduction, Prominent Figures, and Voices of Impact
	1 Nothing Without Us: Disability, Critical Thought, and Social Change in a Globalizing World
		Introduction
		Origin of the Book and Ideas Behind It
		Evolution of Critical Disability
			Medical Paradigm
			Social Paradigm
			Human Rights Paradigm
			Disability Justice Paradigm
		Disability Studies Programs
		About the Handbook
			How to Read and Access the Book
			Overview of Parts
		References
	2 Marcia Rioux: A Voice for Impact
		Introduction
		Early Years
		Mid-Career: Becoming a Thought Leader
		Establishing Critical Disability Studies and International Rights Monitoring
		Disability Rights Promotion International (DRPI)
		Impacts and Achievements: An Illustrious Career
		Lifetime Summary of Publications
			Books and Monographs
			Chapters in Books
			Articles in Refereed Journals
			Scholarly and Professional Publications and Research Reports
			Other Publications - Non-refereed Journal Articles
		References
	3 New Politics of Disablement
		Introduction
		The Social Model of Disablement
		Class Politics and Institutionalization
		The Role of Professionals
		Disability Rights Activism and the Left
		References
	4 Bengt Lindqvist: A Prominent Figure and Advocate
		Short Biography and Introduction to Bengt
		Marcia Rioux´s Remembrance of Bengt
		Bengt´s DRPI Welcome Message
		Excerpts from Bengt´s Writings
			The Development of Human Rights for People with Disabilities in the International Context
			A Special Rapporteur on Disability and Human Rights Appointed
			The Issue of a Special Convention About Disability
			Two Other Important Steps Forward
			A Special Convention
		References
	5 2020 Pandemic and Refugees with Disabilities
		The CRPD: A Game Changer
		The COVID-19 Pandemic and People with Disabilities
		The Plight of Refugees with Disabilities
		References
Part II: History of Disability
	6 Disability History: Introduction
		Introduction
		References
	7 Prosthetics for Osiris: Evidence for Assistive Technology in Ancient Egypt
		Introduction
		Definitions
		Mobility Aids as Assistive Technology
			Sticks and Staves
				Artistic Depictions of Canes and Staves
				Actual Canes and Staves
			Prostheses
				Functional Prostheses
				Nonfunctional Prostheses
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	8 European Medieval Disability History: An Overview
		Introduction
			Historical Context(s)
			Critical Context(s)
		I. Disability, Poverty, and Charity
		II. Ambivalence: Salvation and Sin, Inclusion and Exclusion
		III. Integration of Disabled People Within the Social Fabric
		Conclusion
		References
	9 Disability in US History
		Introduction
		Indigenous Cultures and Colonial America
		Race and Slavery
		Industrial Society and Medical Authority
		Reclaiming Rights, Resisting Ableism
		Conclusion
		References
	10 Disability History of Modern East Asia: An Overview
		Introduction
		Disability and Its Contexts
		Conclusion
		References
	11 Transnational History of Disability: Reflections
		A Field of Research That Has Emerged Internationally Over the Last Decade
		Unexpected and Surprising Results, Which Lead to Changing the Way We Look at the Scales of Public Action and Social Movements
		A Complex Methodology to Implement
		Conclusion
		References
Part III: Disability Paradigm Shifts
	12 Disability Paradigm Shifts: Models, Perspectives, and Philosophical Orientations Driving Change - Introduction
		Introduction
		References
	13 UK Social Model of Disability and the Quest for Emancipation
		Introduction
		Origins of the UK Social Model
		UK Social Model and Disability Activism
		The Future of the Social Model
		Conclusion
		References
	14 Disabled People´s Mobilization Around a Human Rights Approach to Enhance Their Participation in Law and Policy Making in Ic...
		Introduction
		Call for a New Way of Doing Disability Law and Policy
		The New Approach in Practice
		What Changed and Why?
		Conclusion
		References
	15 Models of Disability and Judicial Interpretation in India
		Introduction
		Models of Disability - An Overview
			Medical Model
			Social Model
			Human Rights Model
		Disability-Rights Based Adjudication in the Pre-RPWD Act Era
		Socio-human Rights Model of Disability in Judicial Discourse Post RPWD Act 2016
		Conclusion
		References
	16 Disability Rights Advocacy in China: Inclusive Education, Civil Society, and Mobilizing Ideas
		Introduction
		Background Information
			Demographic Context
			Closing Social Space for Disability Rights Advocacy
			Inclusive Education in China
		Three Campaigns for Inclusive Education in China
			Aim of the Case Studies
			General Information About the Three Campaigns
			Awareness of the Equal Rights of Each Individual
			From Personal Needs to Public Issue
			Being Recognized as Disability Experts
		Conclusion
		References
	17 The African Disability Protocol: Toward a Social and Human Rights Approach to Disability in the African Human Rights System
		Introduction
		Unearthing Deficiencies and Strengths in the Various Approaches to Disability
		A Deficient Approach to Disability in the African Human Rights System Prior to the African Disability Protocol
		Contextual Gap in the CRPD
		Addressing Gaps at the Global and Regional Levels: The African Disability Protocol and Other Relevant Regional Documents
		Conclusion
		References
			Legislation, Treaties, and Other Official Documents
Part IV: Studying Critical Disability: A Consolidating Field
	18 Studying Critical Disability: A Transformative and Inclusive Agenda for Social Change - Introduction
		Introduction
		Closing Reflections
		References
	19 Globalization and the Changing Face of Inclusive Development
		Introduction
		Case Study: Tonga Families with Children with Cerebral Palsy in Zimbabwe
		The Families in the Case Study Experienced Intersection of Poverty and Disability
		Structural Violence
		Decolonial Coping Mechanisms
		Lessons Learned from the Tonga Case Study
		Concluding Remarks: Embodied Inequalities and Vulnerability as the Starting Point of Inquiry
		References
			International Policies and Laws
	20 Rethinking Power and the Complexities Between Critical Disability Studies and Decoloniality in Higher Education
		Introduction
		Decolonization in HE
		Decolonization and Transformation of HE
		Transformation and Inclusive Student Support in HE
		The Case Study of the Inclusive Student Walk at UNISA
		Addressing Structural Discrimination and Social Injustices in HE
			Institutional Level
			Inclusive Policy and Practices Initiatives
			Awareness Programs for Staff
			Strategy on Decolonization of Curriculum Inclusively
			Change and Quality Assurance Programs
			Faculties/Departments and Departmental Support
		A Framework for Decolonization and Inclusivity
		Conclusion
		References
	21 Towards the Integration of Critical Disability Studies in Rehabilitation Sciences Curricula
		Introduction
		Historicizing Rehabilitation in South Africa
		Southern CDS and Rehabilitation Sciences Curricula: The Shortcomings
		Re-framing Rehabilitation Sciences Curricula Within Southern CDS
			Case 1: A Case of Annie D: The Humble Servant
			Case 2: Re-designing a Curriculum for Disability Inclusion in Occupational Therapy
			Case 3: Training a New Cadre of Community-Based Workers: Interdisciplinary Collaboration in the Higher Certificate in Disabili...
		Discussion: Imperatives of Southern CDS for Rehabilitation Sciences Curricula
		Conceptual Framework - Reconceptualizing Disability and Rehabilitation Within Rehabilitation Sciences
		Organizational Attitude: The Importance of Critical Reflexivity and Agency in Affecting Social Change
		Vision and Strategy: A Transformative Rehabilitation Sciences Curriculum as a Change Agent Within Itself Through CDS
		Vision and Strategy: CBR as Tenet of a Transformative Rehabilitation Sciences Curriculum
		Navigating the Interplay Between Socio-Political Hegemony and Curricula
		Conclusion
		References
	22 Reciprocity in Knowledge Production: A Cornerstone for Disability Inclusion
		Introduction
		The Experience of Parenting a Child with Disabilities in a Rural South African Setting
			The Emotional Impact of Parenting
			Family and Friend´s Attitude
			Fear of Health Professionals
			Diagnosis Discovered Professionals Quantifying and Naming the Disability (Parents and Therapist)
			Educational Assessment
			Negative Experiences of Parenting
			Fear of Societal Stigma
			Finding a Way Forward: The Value of Local Support Groups
			The Future Practice for Health Professional and Parents of Children with Disabilities
		Hope Amid Symbolic Violence
		The AmaBomvane People and Their Obligations
		The Relationship Between AmaBomvane Community and Allopathic Health Care Providers
			Elite Older Women as Agents of Health and Care
		Learning from and with the Other
			Lindsey Writing About Her Relationship with Lucia
			Meeting Lucia
			Breaking Down and Breaking Through My Fear
			Lucia Writing About Working with Dany Nobus and Lindsey
			Confidence and Self-Belief Building
			Continuing Prejudice and Discrimination
			Where the Difficulty Can Lie
			Some Further Reflections
		Concluding Comments
		References
	23 Leadership and Disability Studies: Inclusive Development
		Introduction
		The Politicization of Disablement
		The Arrival of Disability Studies
		Disability Policy, Disability Studies, and its Future
		A Final Word
		References
Part V: Qualitative Research
	24 Qualitative Research: Introduction
		References
	25 Decolonizing Disability: Indigenous Māori Perspectives of Disability Research in the Modern Era
		Introduction
		Māori Methodologies: Purakau and Wānanga
		Kaupapa (Purpose): Perspectives of Indigenous Researchers with Lived Experience of Disability
			Tino Rangatiratanga/Self-Determination Over Qualitative Research: Storytelling and Sense Making
			Qualitative Research and Māori Ontologies and Epistemologies: Power, Context, and Connection
			Challenges of Qualitative Disability Research: Paradigm Clashes, Status, Barriers, Institutional Racism, and Ethical Issues
			Strengthening Indigenous Disability Research
		Conclusion
		Glossary of Māori Words
		Appendix - Ko Wai Au?/Who Am I? Positioning Ourselves in Connection to the Kaupapa
		References
	26 Role of Culture and Legacy of Colonialism in Qualitative Research Methods with Persons with Disabilities in the Global South
		Introduction
		Review of Models/Theories of Disability
		Conceptualizations of Mental Health
		Disability Studies Models and Research Methods
		Language in Qualitative Research
		Conclusion
		References
	27 Inclusive Research: Doing Participatory and Emancipatory Research with People with Intellectual Disabilities
		Introduction
		The Origins of Inclusive Research
		Inclusive Research Projects
		The Conceptual Framework of Inclusive Research
		Inclusive Research Methods
		Providing Support in Inclusive Research
		How Inclusive Research Is Written About
		Conclusion
		References
	28 Whose Vulnerability? Challenges in Conducting Participatory Research with Children with Multiple and Complex Disabilities
		Edging up the Mosaic Approach for a Participatory Research
		Challenges of Participatory Research
		Opening the Field and the Challenges of Our Positionality
		Coupling Methodological Tools to the AAT Sessions
		Gatekeepers´ Challenges
		Researchers´ Double Role
		Reflexivity
		Whose Vulnerability?
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	29 Qualitative Visual Methods in Research with Girls and Women with Disabilities in the Global South
		Introduction
		Participatory Visual Methodologies
		The Use of Participatory Visual Methodologies in the TDKRA Project
			The Process
		Findings
			Representations of Inclusion and Exclusion Through PVM
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
Part VI: Intersectionality
	30 Intersectionality: Introduction
		Introduction
		Intersectionality´s Intellectual Roots and Theoretical Framings
		Critical Disability Studies and Epistemic Interventions via Intersectionality
		Crippin´ Structural, Political, and Representational Intersectionality
			Intersectionality and Policy
		Embodying Intersectional Analyses: Thinking Through the Chapters in This Part
		Cross-References
		References
	31 A Conversation on Disability Justice and Intersectionality
		Introducing the Disability Justice Activists: Meet Alice Wong, Sandy Ho, Vilissa Thompson, and Jen Deerinwater.
		Thinking with and Through Embodied Intersectionality
			Alice Wong
			Sandy Ho
			Vilissa Thompson
			Alice Wong
			Vilissa
			Jen Deerinwater
		Disability Justice: Key Issues
			Sandy Ho
			Alice Wong
			Vilissa Thompson
			Jen Deerinwater
		Disability Justice and the Academy: Activist Critiques
			Alice Wong
			Sandy Ho
			Vilissa Thompson
			Jen Deerinwater
		The Future of Intersectional Activism for Disability Justice
			Alice Wong
			Jen Deerinwater
			Vilissa Thompson
		Further Resources
		References
	32 Disability and Disablement in Settler Colonial States: Indigenous Perspectives of Disability Since Time in Memorial
		Introduction
		Disability Prior to Contact
		Initiation of Colonization
		Disability Across the Life Span: Intersecting with Indigeneity
			Childhood and Early Intervention
			Older Indigenous Adults
		Re-imagining Disability in Indigenous Communities
		References
	33 Madness as Response-Ability Against State Terror: A Case Study from Iranian Revolution
		Chapter Overview
		Theoretical/Critical Constructs
			Fetishization
			Bodymind
			Dialectical Historical Materialism
			Transnational Disability Model
		Enigmas and Aporias of Maddening Torture
		Madness as Response-Ability: The Case of Darya
			Raindrop in a Swamp
		Madness Is Intersectional, Political, and Historical
		References
	34 Monstrous Intersectionalities
		Introduction
		Cripping Trans and Transing Disability
		``All Base, All Barbarous´´: Genealogies of the Monstrous
		Toward a Feminism of the Monstrous
		References
	35 Black-Abundance, Fat-Revolt, and Crip-Desire: Intersectionality as Interference in the Life and Death of Rohan Garfield Sal...
		Introduction
		Mr. Rohan Garfield Salmon: September 27, 1968-January 30, 2020
		Intersectionality-as-Interference
			Food
			Cologne
			Mobility Devices
			Fat
		Reimagining Long-Term Care
		Conclusion
		References
Part VII: Monitoring and Indicators of Disability Rights
	36 Monitoring and Indicators of Disability Rights: Introduction
		References
	37 Role of National Human Rights Institutions and Organizations of Persons with Disabilities in the National Monitoring of the...
		Introduction
		International Normative Framework: National Monitoring and Civil Society´s Participation
			Composition of the Framework
			Independence of the Framework
			Designation of an Independent Mechanism
			Resourcing of Independent Mechanisms
			Role of Independent Mechanisms
			Relationship with Organisations of Persons with Disabilities
		Current Situation of National CRPD Monitoring
			Monitoring Frameworks Not Including NHRIs
			Monitoring Frameworks Composed of NHRIs and OPDs
			Monitoring Frameworks Including NHRIs Alongside Other Statutory Bodies
			Monitoring Frameworks Solely Designated NHRIs
		Effective Collaboration Between Independent Monitoring Frameworks and Civil Society Organizations
			Collection of Data
				Monitoring CRPD Recommendations
			Developing New Analytical Approaches
			Independent Investigation
		Conclusion
		References
	38 Bridging the Gap: Harnessing the Synergies Between the CRPD and the SDG Monitoring Frameworks
		Introduction
		The CRPD and SDG Monitoring Frameworks
			The Importance of Monitoring and Data
			Monitoring of the CRPD
				Obligation to Collect and Disaggregate Data
				Monitoring Mechanisms Under the CRPD
			Monitoring of the SDGs
				Sustainable Development Goals: Data-Specific Targets and SDG Indicators Framework
				SDG International Monitoring Processes: Voluntary National Reviews
			Differences and Synergies of CRPD and SDG Reporting Processes: Opportunities and Threats (Table 1)
		Bridging the Gap: OHCHR´s SDG-CRPD Resource Package
			Human Rights Indicators on the CRPD
			Data Sources Guidance
			Policy Guidelines
			Training Materials and Videos
			The Added Value of the SDG-CRPD Resource Package
		Closing Considerations
		References
	39 Disability Rights Monitoring: Focus on the Sustainable Development Goals
		Introduction
		An Inclusive Global Agenda for Sustainable Development
		Monitoring the SDGs to Ensure the Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities
		The Importance of Disability Data to Measure the SDGs
		The 2030 Agenda and OPD Advocacy
		Advocacy Efforts Prior to the Adoption of the 2030 Agenda
		Advocacy Efforts in SDG Implementation
		Disability Data Advocacy in the SDGs
		Influencing National Disability Policies
		The Participation of Organizations of Persons with Disabilities at the HLPF
		The Leave No One Behind Partnership
		Conclusion
		References
	40 COVID-19 Disability Rights Monitor: State Measures´ Impact on Persons with Disabilities During the Coronavirus Pandemic
		Introduction
		The COVID-19 Disability Rights Monitor
		Launch and Methodology of the Survey
		Data Collection and Analysis
		Demographic Profile of the Respondents
		Findings of the Survey
			Violation of the Right to Life of Persons with Disabilities
			Violation of the Right to Liberty and the Right to Live Independently and be Included in the Community of Persons with Disabil...
			Violation of the Right to Health of Persons with Disabilities
			Violation of the Right to Accessible Information of Persons with Disabilities
			Violation of the Right to Freedom from Violence, Neglect, Exploitation, and Abuse of Women and Girls with Disabilities
			Violation of the Right to Education of Persons with Disabilities
			Violation of the Right to Adequate Nutrition and Food for Persons with Disabilities
			Violation of the Right to Community-Based Services for Persons with Disabilities
		Impact of the Survey
		Proposed Recommendations
		Conclusion
		References
	41 Independence and Its Meaning: ENIL´s Monitoring of Article 19 as a Struggle for Hermeneutical Justice
		Introduction
		ENIL´s Definition of Independent Living
		ENIL´s Advocacy for Deinstitutionalization
		ENIL´s Advocacy for Personal Assistance
		Conclusion
		References
	42 Disability Rights Monitoring in Practice: Applying Holistic Participatory Methodology
		Introduction
		Insights from the Ground: Value, Effectiveness, and Challenges of DRPI Holistic Methodology of Human Rights Monitoring
			DRPI Promotes a Holistic Approach to Monitoring
			DRPI Promotes the Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities to Become the Leading Force of the Change
			DRPI Promotes Solidarity and Networking of DPOs
			DRPI Promotes a Bottom-Up Model of Activism of Persons with Disabilities
		Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	43 Protecting Women and Girls with Disabilities from Violence and Upholding Their Rights: Making It Work Methodology
		Introduction
		The MIW Methodology
		Focus on the Making It Work Gender and Disability Project
		Conclusion
		References
Part VIII: Inclusive Design and Accessibility
	44 Inclusive Design: Valuing Difference, Recognizing Complexity - Introduction
		Introduction
			Jagged Edges of the Human Starburst
			Widening Disparity
			Old Ideas and Innovation
			The Dilemma of Hill Climbing
			Lessons of the Pandemic
			Harmful Patterns in Accessibility Field
			The Three Dimensions of Inclusive Design
		Practicing Inclusive Design
			Dimension One: Human Difference and Variability
				Value Human Difference or Variability
				Discover the Full Spectrum of Needs and Traits
				People Are Multifaceted
				Recognize the Ownership of Knowledge and Expertise
				Integrate to Benefit All
			Dimension Two: Inclusive Codesign Process
				Codesign with and by the Edges
				Codesign the Design Process
				Make Sure the Design Tools Do Not Exclude
				Find Deeper Commonality that Includes the Edges
				Seek Diverse Perspectives
				Who Frames the Challenge, Problems, and Goals?
				No Winners and Losers
				No Solution or Fix
				Understand the Value of Mistakes and Failures
				Ask Who Is Missing and Iterate Toward the Edge
			Dimension Three: Designing in a Complex Adaptive System in Flux
				Be Aware of the System
				Beware of Cobra Effects
				Go Deeper and Broader
				Discover the Friction Points
				Recognize Potential and What Is Possible
				Scale by Diversification
				Recognize the Importance of the Experience of Vulnerability and Fragility
		Situating Inclusive Design
		Part Overview: Diversity of Perspectives and Implementations
		Conclusion
		References
	45 Inclusive Co-research with Experts with Disabilities
		Introduction
			Existing Co-design Research Methods
			Our Approach to Co-design Research
		Inclusive Co-design Mindset
			Appreciating: Supporting and Promoting the Role of Persons with Disabilities
			Scaffolding: Building Capacity and Fostering Success
			Keeping: Building Knowledge and Ownership
		Applying the Inclusive Co-design Mindset
			Appreciating in Action
				Community Engagement and Leadership
				Co-designer Researchers Are Experts
				Compensation
			Scaffolding in Action
				General Planning
					Collaboration Space
					Recruitment
					Mindset
					Participation Supports
				Research Activities
					Research Techniques and Tools
				Facilitation
				Iterative Design
			Keeping in Action
				Co-analysis and Synthesis
				Dissemination
		Conclusion
		References
	46 CO-CREEMOS: A Strategy to Attend Diversity in Colombia
		Introduction
		A Pedagogical Model to Attend Diversity
		Adopting the UDL from the Teaching Project
		CO-CREAR
		OER-Rubric
		Evaluation
			SCENARIO, Training in Educational Practices in and for Diversity
			Evaluation Concept
			Participants
			Instruments
			Method
			Results and Discussion
		Conclusion and Future Work
		References
	47 Recommendations to Production and Sharing of Open Educational Resources with Accessibility: The ProEDU Experience
		Introduction
		Open Access and Open Education
		Open Access Movement
		Open Educational Resources (OER)
		ProEDU Development History
		ProEDU Structure and Characteristics
		Accessibility in Repositories and in OER
		Planning and Production of Open Educational Resources with Accessibility
		Final Considerations
		References
	48 ICT to Support Inclusive Education in the Republic of Argentina
		Introduction
		Inclusive Education in Argentina
			Regulatory Framework
				People with Disabilities
				Indigenous Peoples and Migrants
				LGBTIQ
			Inclusive Education in Argentine Universities
				Actions for the Inclusion of People with Disabilities
				Actions for Aboriginal Peoples
				Actions for LGBTIQ
				Examples of Actions in Two Argentine Universities
		Inclusive Education and ICT
			Resources and Strategies
				Technologies for General Learning
				Assistive Technologies
			Developments in Argentina
			Developments and Proposals in Local Universities
				Mathematics and Sounds App for Pupils with Hearing Impairment at the Preschool Level
				Higher-Level Learning Environments for People with Hearing Impairment
				Inclusive Communicator for Children with Cerebral Palsy
				Sustainable M-Learning Model for Isolated Regions
				Architecture Based on Ontological Models for the Development of Inclusive Ubiquitous Learning Applications
		Conclusions
		References
	49 Inclusive and Equitable Education in Postcolonial Caribbean
		Introduction
		Literature Review
			A History of Exclusion
			The Need for Change in Barbados´ Education System
			Classroom Approach to Creativity
		Methods
			Prototype
				Framework
				Learning-by-Doing
				Subject
			Data Analysis
		Results
			Questionnaire
				Where the Teachers Are at (Before Activities):
				The Workshop Activities That Were Most Impactful:
				What Resonated the Most with Teachers (After Activities):
			Themes from the Research Workshop
				Before Activities
					Motivation
					Pressure
					Perception
					Time
					Evaluation
				After Activities
					Empathy
					Evaluation
					Objective
					Support
			Key Insights
		Design Decisions
			Prototype Design
				Manual for Teaching Creative Thinking
					What´s Inside the Manual
				Activity Cards for Teaching Creative Thinking
					How the Cards Work
		Future Work
			Limitations
		Conclusion
		References
	50 Interdisciplinary Center on Open and Accessible Educational Resources: 10 Years Building Inclusive Education in Uruguay and...
		Introduction
		Interdisciplinary Center for Open and Accessible Educational Resources
		Interdisciplinary Areas of Development
			Areas
			Lines
		Milestones in Building Inclusive Education
			Accessible Digital Library: Digitization of Libraries Within the Framework of Compliance with the Marrakesh Treaty
			Smart Ecosystems for Learning and Inclusion (SELI)
		The Way Forward
		References
	51 Improving Inclusive Pedagogical Competences of Educators While Facing Pandemic Restrictions
		Introduction
		COVID-19 Impact
		Inclusive Education
		Inclusive Education in Pandemic Crisis with Lockdowns
			New Normal of the Pandemic Era
			(Not) Challenging for Pupils/Students with Disabilities
				Advantages of Remote Education
				Disadvantages of Remote Education
			Challenges and Solutions
		Post-COVID-19: How the Educational System May Adapt Toward an Inclusive Pedagogical Approach
		Conclusion
		References
	52 Pre-braille Implementation into Early Education: Tactile Activities to Introduce Braille Concepts to Kindergartners
		Introduction
		Literature Review
			Braille: A Tactile Writing System
			Pre-braille: Strategies and Exploration of the Hands
			Montessori Education: Tactile Activities in Use
			Ontario´s Kindergarten Classroom: Play-Based and Student-Led Learning
			Toys as Learning Tools
			Review and Next Steps
		Methodology and Methods
			Participants and Recruitment
			Semi-structured Interviews and Understanding Data
				The Value of Incorporating Sensory Activities
				Technology
				Support: For Teachers, Parents, and Students with Disabilities
				Unexpected Findings
			Co-design
				Co-design Session Reflection
				Asynchronous Activity Co-creation
				Review and Response to the Asynchronous Activity
			Feedback Sessions
		Working Practices
			Inspiring the Design
			Material Exploration
			Design Ideation
				Research Questions Revisited
			Tactile Pouch
			Activity Prompt System
			Inclusive Considerations
		Designed Outcomes
			Proposed Tactile Pouch
			Proposed Activity Prompt System
		Conclusion
			Limitations
			Recommendations for Further Research
		References
	53 Remote Co-design in the Digital Age
		Introduction
		Performing Co-design
		Study 1: Group Co-design with a Technical Prototype over Zoom
			Study Summary
			Materials and Methods
			What Happened
			Discussion
		Study 2: Longitudinal Remote Methods for Needs Assessment and Formative Evaluation
			Study Summary
			Materials and Methods
			What Happened
			Discussion
		Study 3: Group Co-design with Digital and Physical Prototypes
			Study Summary
			Materials and Methods
			What Happened
			Discussion
		Study 4: Individual Co-design and Evaluation with a Technical Prototype
			Study Summary
			Materials and Methods
			What Happened?
			Discussion
		Discussion and Reflection
		References
	54 Cocreating Inclusive Interviews: VR Technologies for Job Interview Training of Individuals on the Autism Spectrum and Strat...
		Introduction
			ASD and Employment Rate
			Employment Initiatives
			Virtual Reality (VR) Benefits
			VR Job Interview Training and Video Modeling (VM)/Video Self-Modeling (VSM)
			Interview Questions
			Purpose of the Study
		Research Design: Cocreating Inclusive Interviews
			Methodology
		Method
			Participants
				Phase 1: Codesign Development and Deployment
					Phase 1: Process
				Phase 2: Codesign Evaluation and Revision
					Phase 2: Process
						Answering the Questions
						Responding to the Survey
						Analyzing the Quality of the Questions
		Data Analysis
			Interview Quality
				Technology: App
				Video Performance Feedback
			Questions: Scaffolding Affordances
				Question Creation
			Communication
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		Appendix A: Additional Material
		Appendix B: Scaffolding Sequence of Questions
		References
	55 Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities by Design: From Product Centered to Justice and Person Centered Inclusive Co-design
		Introduction
		The Exclusion of Persons with Disabilities by Design
		Methodology
		Inclusive Design and Persons with Disabilities
			The Inclusive Design School of Thoughts and Practices
				The UK Inclusive Design School of Thought and Practices
					The British Standards Institute´s Inclusive Design
					The UK User-Sensitive Inclusive Design
				The Canadian Inclusive Design School of Thought
				The Technology Industry´s Inclusive Design School of Thought and Practices
				The Justice or Person-Centered Inclusive Co-design School of Thought
		The Justification for the Justice or Person-Centered Inclusive Co-design
			The Exclusion of Assistive Technology (AT) Needs of Persons with Disabilities
			The JPCICD as a Social Justice Tool for Distribution of Power and Resource
			The Dynamic Personal Features and Environment and Human Diversity
			From the Product to the Justice or Person-Centered Inclusive Co-design (JPCICD)
			The Design for All and JPCICD
			The Universal Design for Learning and JPCICD
			The Universal Design and JPCICD
			The JPCID Wider Beneficial Impact
		JPCIC-Related Practices, Processes, and Tools
			The Inclusive Processes, Tools, and Practices
			The JPCICD Normative and International Legal Framework
			The JPCICD-Related Practices
				The Individual Rehabilitation and Vocational Rehabilitation Plans
				The Individual Education Plan
		Conclusion
		References
	56 Compassion as a Tool to Enhance Communication Between Nurses and Children in the Oncology Pediatric Ward
		Introduction
		Literature Review
			Illness Narratives
			Compassion Training
			EBCD
		Materials and Methods
			Interviews with Field Experts
			REB Approval
			Workshops
				Activity 1
				Activity 2
				Activity 3
				Participants
				Analysis
				Findings
					Children
					Nurses
			Design of Prototype
		Results and Discussion
			Prototype #1 (P1)
				Evaluation of P1
				Workshops #1 and #2
				Workshops #3, #4, #5, and #6
			Prototype #2 (P2)
				Color Palette
				Script
				Illustrations
		Discussion
		References
Part IX: Poverty and Economic Inclusion
	57 Poverty and Economic Inclusion: Introduction
	58 Towards a Rights-Based Policy Environment for the Employment of Persons with Disabilities
		Introduction
		The CRPD and Employment of Persons with Disabilities
		Challenges in Implementing Article 27
		General Comment on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to Work and Employment
		Key Aspects of the General Comment
			Policy, Assumptions, and Value Systems
			Complexity of Policy and Legal Reform
			Affirmative Action
			Segregated Employment
			The Role of Families and Discrimination by Association
			Informality
		Looking Forward: Emerging and Interconnected Issues and the Right to Employment
			The Changing World of Work
			Unpaid Care
			Social Protection
		Conclusion
		References
	59 Aligning Employment Promotion with Poverty Prevention
		Introduction
		Poverty, Employment, and Disability
			A Large Share of People with Disability Live in Poverty Across OECD Countries
			Intergenerational Transmission of Disadvantage Is Stronger for People with Disability
			Persons with Disabilities Face Stubbornly Low Employment Rates
			Persons with Disabilities Earn Lower Wages
		Adequate Social Protection: Breaking the Link Between Poverty and Disability
			Vulnerable Persons with Disabilities Are Well Covered by Social Protection
			The Poverty Reduction of Social Protection Is Not Very Large Despite the Broad Coverage
			Extra Costs of Disability May Not Be Well Accounted for in Social Protection Programs
			Disability-Inclusive Social Protection Must Account for the Extra Costs of Disability
		Employment Promotion: The Key to Preventing Poverty Traps
			Designing Social Protection for Early Intervention
			Tackling the Skills Mismatch of Persons with Disabilities
		Policy Discussion: A Need for Rigorous Mainstreaming
		References
	60 Access to Gainful Employment for Women and Youth with Psychosocial Disabilities in Africa: A Case Study
		Introduction
		Analytical Framework
		Barriers and Enablers: Learnings from the KII Discussions
			Job Placement and Affirmative Action
			Recruitment Processes, Including Advertising, Selection, and Interviewing
				Case Study: The Job Interview (Nigeria)
			Participation of OPDs and Professional Training Programs for Staff
				Case Study: Isaac (Uganda)
			Addressing Discrimination and Harassment
				Case Study: Mark (Uganda)
			Providing Reasonable Accommodation
				Case Study: Support from Staff (Uganda)
			Equal Pay for Equal Work
			Career Advancement
				Case Study: Stigma-Based Evaluations (Uganda)
			Access to Technical and Vocational Training and Rehabilitation
				Case Study: No Accommodation (Malawi)
			Access to Self-Employment, Entrepreneurship, the Development of Cooperatives, and Starting One´s Own Business
			Exploitation and Forced Labor
				Case Study: ``Keeping Her Occupied´´ (Uganda)
			Impact of COVID-19
		Observations on Legal Reform and Policy Initiatives
			In Uganda
			In Kenya
		Recommendations
			Recommendations to States Parties
			Recommendations to the Private Sector
			Recommendations to Organizations of Persons with Psychosocial Disabilities
		Conclusion
		Annexure 1: Key Terminologies
		Annexure 2: Researcher Standpoint and Background
		Annexure 3: Methodology of the Study
			Limitations
			Participants
		References
	61 The ``Welfareization´´ of Disability Incomes in Ontario
		Introduction
		Two Observations Concerning the Welfareization of Disability Incomes
			Social Assistance for Persons with Disabilities Will Remain Under Pressure and a CDB Must Recognize This Fact
			What If the Welfareization of Disability Incomes Continues?
		Two Case Studies
			Angelica
			Bob
		The Rise of Disability Income Expenditures
			Ontario´s Disability Programs
			Ontario Disability Support Program
			Private Disability Insurance
			Workers´ Compensation
			Canada Pension Plan
			Veterans´ Disability Pensions and Awards
			Employment Insurance Sickness Benefit
			Tax Measures
				Disability Tax Credits
				Registered Disability Savings Plan
		Ontario´s Disability Programs: What Can We Conclude?
		Regional Variations
			Access and Eligibility to Employer-Triggered Disability Income Systems
			Generosity of Programs
		Consequences of Current Trends
		Closing Thoughts
		Conclusion
		Appendix A: Other Research Topics
			Job Security
			Lack of Knowledge
			Economic Recession and Workplace Injury
			Time Limits/Accelerated Decay of Benefits
			Disability Culture
		Appendix B: Data Sources for Further Research
			Data Sources Relating to Demographics and Labor Market Participation of People with Disabilities
			Data Sources Relating to Disability Expenditures
		Annex 1: Disability Spending in Canada, Primary Data Sources and Methodology
	62 Disability and Employment Research: Mind the Gap
		Gap in the Extant Literature
		Methodology
		Profile of the Research Studies
		Intention Versus Behaviors
		Research Quality
		Social Desirability Bias
		The Challenge
		Limitations
		Conclusions
		Appendix
		References
	63 Economic Inclusion and Empowerment of People with Disabilities
		Introduction
		Economic Inclusion Through an Intersectional Lens
			Labor Force Inclusion
				The Disability Employment Gap
				Disparities in Standard Employment
				Disparate Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic
			Financial Disparities
				Disparities in Earnings
				Disparities in Financial Inclusion
				Extra Out-of-Pocket Costs of Disability
			Attitudinal Barriers
				Discrimination
				Workplace Accommodations
				Emerging Issues-Algorithmic Hiring
			Paths Forward
		Conclusion
		References
Part X: Disability, Ethics, and Law
	64 Disability, Ethics, and Law: Introduction
		Introduction
		References
	65 Transhumanism and Disability
		Introduction
		On Transhumanism
		On Cyborgs and Enhancements
		Condition, Situation, Enhancements, and Human Rights
		References
	66 Neuroscience and ``Neurointerventions´´: Ethical and Legal Issues
		Introduction
		The Allure of Neuroscience
			Brain Surgery
			Electroconvulsive Therapy
			Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
			Deep Brain Stimulation
			Implantable Brain-Computer Interfaces
		Ethical Issues
			Consent
			Autonomy
		Legal Issues
		Beyond Neuroscience and Neurointerventions
		Conclusion
		References
	67 Genetic Engineering and Disability: Ethical Dilemmas in the Verge of Artificial Evolution
		Introduction
		Genetics in a Nutshell
		Genetics Through the Lens of Bioethics
		Genetics, Bioethics, and Disability Rights
		Framing the Ethical Dilemmas
			Reproductive Genetic Disease Prevention
			Reproductive Genetic Enhancement
		Conclusion
		References
	68 Power, Personhood, and Data-Driven Technologies in the Lives of Disabled People: The Rise of Profiling Technologies in Ment...
		Introduction
		A Note on Terminology: ``Data Concerning Disability, Health, and Mental Health´´
		Profiling Technologies and Biometric Data Generation in the Mental Health Context: A Growing Industry and Scientific Practice
		Power and Justice in the Biometric and Digital Turn
		Moving the Frame from ``What Does the Technology Do?´´ to ``Who Is Benefiting and Who Is Not?´´
		Conclusion
		References
	69 The Exercise and Enjoyment of Sexual, Reproductive, and Non-reproductive Rights: Gender and Disability Intersectionality
		Introduction
		Right to Autonomy
		Legal Capacity
		Sexual, Reproductive, and Non-reproductive Rights
		Right to Have Sex
		Sexual Assistance
		Barriers
		Forced Sterilizations
			Jurisprudence: In Re Eve
			Ashley X
		Tools: Accessibility, Accommodations, and Supports
		The Path Forward
		References
Part XI: Implementing Policy and Law from a Rights Perspective
	70 Implementing Policy and Law from a Rights Perspective: Introduction
		References
	71 Law-Making Within a Critical Disability Rights Framework
		Introduction
		Fundamental Objectives of the CRPD
		Role of the CRPD in Legislative and Policy Development
		Fundamental Objectives of the CRPD as Critical Guidance in Legislative and Policy Development: Examples from Canada
			Deinstitutionalization and the Unrealized Promise of Article 19 in Ontario
				Foundational Principles as Critical Guidance in Legislative and Policy Development
			Advancing Inclusive Education Within an Exclusionary Framework
				Foundational Principles as Critical Guidance in Legislative and Policy Development
			Accessibility Legislation: An Opportunity for Meaningful Participation in Law-Making
				Foundational Principles as Critical Guidance in Legislative and Policy Development
		Conclusion
		Appendix
		References
	72 Article 6: How Human Rights Instruments Can Support Movements and Build Bridges
		Introduction
			What Is Intersectionality?
			Multiple Marginalization and International Human Rights Law
			Disability in International Human Rights Law
			Recognition of Multiple Marginalization in UNCRPD
			Reproductive Rights Within the CRPD
		How Does International Human Rights Law Support Social Movements
			Abortion Campaign
			Use of International Human Rights Law by Abortion Rights Campaign
			International Law Building Bridges: Conflict of Rights
			Feminist Organizations of Persons with Disabilities
		Conclusion
		References
	73 Article 19: Deinstitutionalization and Full Inclusion in Community
		Introduction
		Article 19(a): Choice of Residence and Accessibility
			The Legal Regulation of Accessible Housing in Canada
			Accessibility Problems in the National Building Code
			Improving Accessibility in Canada
		Article 19(b): Access to Community and In-Home Supports
			Problems with the Quality of Supports
			The Absence of Appropriate Quality Control Mechanisms in Attendant Care Services
			Problems Related to Legal Capacity
		Article 19(c): Access to Services/Facilities Available to General Population
			Access to the Security of Tenure and the Means to Enforce It
			Gaps in the Right to Security of Tenure
			Other Barriers to Accessing Residential Tenancy Tribunals
				Failure to Apply Human Rights Guarantees
				Accommodation at Residential Tenancy Tribunals
			Limitations of Current Processes
		Conclusion
		References
	74 The Case of the UNCRPD: Fostering a Human Rights-Based Approach to Disaster Risk Reduction and Implementation Monitoring
		Introduction
		Human Rights: The Normative Nexus Between Climate Change, Disasters, and Development
		The Need for a Human Rights-Based Approach to DRR and CCA
		The Disability Rights Perspective and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
			CRPD´s General Principles and Relevance in Disaster Management
			CRPD: Vulnerability Paradigm, Social Development, and Good Governance
		CRPD and Inclusive DRR and CCA
		Monitoring the Implementation of DRR in Times of Soft Law
			The ILC Draft Articles on the Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters
		Conclusion
		References
			Bibliography
Part XII: Disability Activism and Advocacy
	75 Disability Activism and Advocacy: Introduction
		Introduction
		References
	76 Women Human Rights Defenders: A Case of Activism of Mothers of Children with Albinism in Tanzania
		Introduction
		Background
			Albinism
			Parents´ Advocacy and Albinism
			Locating the Activism of Mothers Impacted by Albinism within an International Human Rights Framework
				Human Rights Defenders
		Extending the Disabilities Discourse: Lessons from Fieldwork
			Describing the Study
			Firsthand Accounts of Human Rights Violations and the Activism of Mothers of Children with Albinism
				Poverty and the Intervention of Mamas´ Groups
				The Social Support of Mamas´ Groups to Counter Attitudinal Barriers
				Mamas´ Groups as Source of Support Against Gender-Based Violence
				Mamas´ Group as Protection from Attacks and Harmful Practice
			The Activism of Mamas as Implementers of Human Rights Recommendations
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	77 Building Cities for All: Amplifying Advocacy, Access, and Equity in the Urban Century
		Introduction
		The Medical Model of Urban Planning
		Disability Rights and Advocacy and the Urban Revolution
		Conclusion
		References
	78 Parent-Led Activism and Children with Disabilities in South Africa
		Introduction
		Advocacy and Activism by Parents and Caregivers
			Parent-Led Advocacy and Its Historical Roots in South Africa
			The Context of and Tools for Activism
			The Child Participation Imperative
			Literature on Parent-Led Activism in South Africa
		Children with Disabilities Experience Barriers to Full Participation
			The Right to Basic Education
				Massive Gaps in Educational Provision for Children with Disabilities
				Admission to School
				Basic Necessities and Psychosocial Support for Children in Alternative Care
				Reasonable Measures, Including Financial, to Secure the Right to Basic Education
				Sign Language Provision in Schools
				Access to Learning Materials, Including Books
				Transport to Schools
				Affect of COVID-19 on Schooling for Children with Disabilities
			The Right to Access Health Care
			The Right to Social Assistance
			The Rights to Freedom from Violence and Access to Justice
		Parents as Protectors, Advocates, and/or Violators
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	79 Genesis and the Current State of the Global Maxim ``Nothing About Us Without Us´´
		Introduction: ``Nothing About Us Without Us´´ in the Elaboration of the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of Persons wi...
		Sustainable Development
		United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
		Other Readings of ``Nothing About Us Without Us´´
			``Nothing About Us Without Us´´: Psychosocial and Intellectual Disability
			Human Rights and the Path to the CRPD
			Participation: Nothing About Us Without Us
		Deinstitutionalization
		Independent Life
		Conclusions
		References
	80 Advocacy in Inclusive Humanitarian Action
		The Challenge
		The Context
			Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Contexts
			Older Persons in Humanitarian Crises
			Mental Health Conditions and Psychosocial Disabilities in Humanitarian Contexts
			Advocating for Change: Global Advocacy and Normative Frameworks
		Advocating for Change: Strategies to Promote Access and Inclusion
		Conclusion
		Case Study
			The International Disability Alliance (IDA) - Global Leaders in Inclusive Humanitarian Action
		References
	81 Disability-Driven Innovation: The True Future of Work
		Introduction
		Now Is the Moment in History to Transform Workplace Inclusion to Truly Harness the Ingenuity of the Wider Workforce
		Literature Review
			Theme #1: The Business Case
			Theme #2: The Market Opportunity
			Theme #3: Product-Specific Innovation
			Theme #4: How-to Guides and Playbooks
			Areas for Additional Scholarship
			Our Contribution to This Topic
		Forging the Connection Between Disability and Innovation
		Current State of Innovation in the Disability Community
			Challenges: Stigmas, Metrics, and Structures
			Opportunities
		Case Studies
		Recommendations
			Build Organizations Centering Belonging
			Integrating Disability Inclusion into VC Funding and Board Diversity
			Create a Culture to Seize the Market Opportunity of Disability-Led Innovation
			Earn Disabled Talent: Flip the Narrative
		Conclusion
		References
	82 Disability and Aging: A Literature Review on Advocacy and Activism for Sustainable and Resilient Community Living
		Introduction
		Methodology
		Findings
			Profiling the Resources Used for the Study
			Literature-Review Discussion
				Rationale of Advocacy and Activism
					Advocacy
					Activism
				Historical Overview of Advocacy and Activism on Aging Population
					Rationale for Advocacy and Activism for Aging Population
				Aging with Disability and Disability with Aging Advocacy and Activism
				Overview of Advocacy and Activism on Disabled People and Community Living
				Cases of Advocacy and Activism by Disabled Persons on Community Living
					Print Media
					Public Demonstrations and Protests
					Global United Nations (UN) Observances
					Lawsuits
					Support by Other Organizations, Research, and Position Papers
					Online Workshops
					Social Media
				Community Living Advocacy and Activism Opportunities on Aging Population
					Understanding Institutionalized Living´s Setbacks
				Lessons from Disability Movement on Community Living - The Independent Living Movement (ILM)
					Framing Aging in Advocacy and Activism for Sustainable and Resilient Community Living
				Conceptualizing a Framework Toward Community Living of the Aging Population Informed by Literature Review
					Similarities, Difference, and the Interconnection in Disability and Aging Activism
					Conceptual Framework
		Conclusion
		References
Part XIII: Disaster, Conflict, and Environmental Conditions
	83 Disability, Conflict, and Environmental Conditions: Introduction
		Introduction
		Outline of Part Chapters
		Cycles of Disaster
		Cross-References
		References
	84 Disaster and Climate Change-Induced Displacement of Persons with Disabilities: A Human Rights Perspective
		Introduction
			Displacement Dynamics
			Displaced Persons with Disabilities: An Invisible Group
			Overview
		Human Rights in Disaster Contexts
			Relevance
			Obligations
		Conceptualizing Displacement in the Context of Disasters and Climate Change
		Protecting Persons with Disabilities Throughout the Displacement Cycle
			Helping Persons with Disabilities to Stay
			Helping Persons with Disabilities to Move out of Harm´s Way
			Protecting Displaced Persons with Disabilities
		Finding Durable Solutions
		Conclusion
		References
	85 The Flow of a Treaty Practice: Article 11 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Disasters
		Introduction
			Disaster and Disability: The Context
			Action, Process, and Flows: Framing a Treaty Practice for Disability-Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction and Response
		Disaster, Risk, and Article 11
			Article 11 and Risk in Protection in Risk Situations
			Applying the CRPD Framework to Natural Disaster
		Article 11 Treaty Practice as Flows of Policy Commitments and Operational Guidance
			A Dynamic Notion of Article 11 Treaty Practice
			Disability-Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction Guidance
			Article 11 and Disability-Inclusive Humanitarian Action and Disaster Risk Reduction
			Article 11 and Domestic Flows of Treaty Practice
			Article 11 and UN Special Procedures
			Article 11 Treaty Practice Analysis
		Toward Disability Inclusion in an International Instrument on Disaster?
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	86 Disability and Disaster Risk Preparedness
		Building Resilience
		Overview of Disaster Risk Reduction and the Inter-relationship with the CRPD
		The Role of Vulnerability Theory in Disaster Risk Reduction and Developing Resilience for Persons with Disabilities
		Recognizing the Role of Land Use Planning in Enhancing Disaster Resilience for Persons with Disability
			Physical Assets
			Human Assets
			Social Assets
			Environmental Assets
		Conclusion
		References
	87 Disability and Refugee Protection
		Introduction: Towards Inclusive Protection in Conflict-Induced Displacement
		The CRPD and International Protection Initiatives
		Rights to Protection: Disability and Refugee Status
			Well-Founded Fear
			Persecution
			``For Reasons of´´ and the Five Convention Grounds
		The Importance of Process: Disability and Refugee Status Determination
			COVID-19 and Immigration Detention
		Durable Solutions: Ending Refugee Status
		Cross-References
		References
			CRPD Committee Concluding Observations
			Cases
	88 Widening the Scope of Non-refoulement? The CRPD and the Protection of Persons with Disabilities in Displacement
		Introduction
			General Introduction
			The Refoulement Prohibition in International Human Rights Law
		Status Quo: The Scope of the Refoulement Prohibition for Persons with Disabilities
			The ECtHR Non-refoulement Case Law in ``Medical Cases´´
			Critical Appraisal of the ECtHR´s Approach based on Disability Rights
			The CRPD Committee on Non-Refoulement
		A New Approach to Non-refoulement of Persons with Disabilities
			The Practice of Other UN Committees
			The Role of the CRPD Committee
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	89 Inclusive Processes for Refugees with Disabilities: Improving Communication for Deaf Forced Migrants
		Introduction
		International Rights and Rules on Communication and Procedural Fairness
			International Rights
			UNHCR Rules and Guidance
		Communication in Refugee-Related Procedures
		Research on Deaf Refugees and Communication in Decision-Making
			Access to Adequate Interpreting
			Access to Language Acquisition and Training
			Access to Community Participation and Advocacy
			Disclosure, Identification, and Discrimination
			Reflecting on RSD, Communication, and Credibility for Deaf Refugees
		Next Steps
			Policy and Practice
			Research
		Cross-References
		References
	90 Women and Girls with Disabilities in the Heart of the COVID-19 Crisis: Safeguarding Sex and Reproductive Health Rights
		Introduction
		SRHR for WGWD: Rights and Obligations
			Securing the SRHR for WGWD
			Human Rights in Provision of Adequate Resources Framework
			Resource Allocation and (Prudent) Utilization
		Violations Associated with the Lack of Inadequate Resources
			Discrimination and Stigma
			Lack of Autonomy, Dignity, and Informed Consent
			Barriers of Access to Health Services by WGWD
		Interventions to Safeguard the SRHR of WGWD during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Three Proposed Strategies
			Strategic Litigation: Potential and Challenges
			Beyond Litigation: Human Rights Education
			Policy Interventions: An Additional Protection Layer
		Conclusion: Beyond the Rhetoric
		References
Part XIV: Conclusion
	91 Disability Advocacy in Uncertain Times: An Interview with José Viera
		Introduction
		Highlights
		Conversation in Full
			``Everyone´s Afraid of What´s Going to Happen´´
			Showing People They Can Be Part of the Change
			Choice as a Foundation for Change
			A Common Root: Getting Support from Disability Organizations
			Tensions in the Movement and Representation
			We Will Have to Play Two Games from Now On
			Understanding the Progress that´s Been Made
			``We Need to Perceive Ourselves as Constantly Moving´´
			Sharing the Responsibility for Change
			``Start with Something Small, Close to You´´
	92 Conclusion: Moving Forward
		Introduction
		References
Index